( ) 28 4 () 2003 - -:.. ( 1, 2), .. ( 12), .. ( 1, 2, 4), .. ( 7), .. ( 8), .. ( 11), .. ( 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 12), .. ( 1, 2), .. ( 4), .. ( 6), .. ( 3, 10, 12), .. ( 6), .. ( 5), .. ( 1, 2), .. ( 7) . () . : . 28. 4 / .. - .: - , 2003. () , , . . , , , . . - ( ) - ( 19.03.01 32) . 31. . 4 . 4 . 6 . 7 1 . 8 1 . 92. .. 10 .. 12 2 . 15 2 . 173. . 17 3 . 28 3 . 324. . 324.1. . 324.2. . 344.3. .. 374.5. , .. 494.6. . 584.7. . 594.8. . 634.9. .. 674.10. . 734.11. . 754.12. . 77 4 . 82 4 . 96 4 . 1115. . 112 5 . 1246. () 128 6 . 1347. . 136 .. 136 . 142 . 143 . 147 . 149 7 . 1538. () 160 . 160 . 161 8 . 1639. - . 165 .. 165 .. 166 .. 169 . 170 9 . 171 9 . 17410. , . 174 10 . 17911. . 181 11 . 19112. . 194 . 194 . 195 . 198 . 198 . 199 12 . 200

() , . , , , , , , . , , . , , ( ). , ( ), . . , , , , ,, ., , . . , , . - , , , . - (), (, ). , , , , , . ( ) , . , . :1 . .2 . .3 . .4 . .5 . .6 . ().7 . .8 . ().9 . - .10 . , .11 . .12 . . , ( ), ( ) . , , ( ). , . . , . , , (). . , .1 . 1.1 . (Safetyofatransactions)- , [1].1.2 . (Safetyofanindustrialequipment)- , - [ 1 ].1.3 . (Safetyprecautions)- , [ 1 ].1.4 . (Industrialsafetyofhazardousproductionfacilities)- [ 2 ].1.5 . (Industrialsafetyexpertise)- , [ 3 ].1.6 . (Objectsofexpertise)- , , , , [ 3 ].1.7 . (Expertorganisation)- , [ 3 ].1.8 . (Expert)- , [ 3 ].1.9 . (Quality)- , [ 4 ].1.10 . () (Normativeparametersofquality)- .1.11 . (Technologicalprocess)- , () [ 5 ].1.12 . (Production)- , [ 6 ].1.13 . (Upstate)- , , , () () [ 7 ].1.14 . (Industrialcatastrophe)- , , , , [ 8 ].1.15 . (Accident)- () , , () [ 2 ].1.16 . (Incident)- , , , , , [ 2 ].1.17 . (Unnominalsituation)-, [ 9 ].1.18 . (Failure)-, [ 7 ].1.19 . (Refusal)- , [ 7 ].1.20 . (Failurecriterion)- , () () [ 7 ].1.21 . (Limitingcondition)- , [ 7 ].1.22 . (Criterionofalimitingcondition)- , ( ) [ 7 ]*.* * : , .1.23 . (Lifetime)- [ 7 ].1.24 . (Residuallife)- [ 7 ]. 1.25 . (Technicalstandard)-, , , [ 10 ]*.. .1.26 . (Specification)- , , , [ 10 ].1.27 . (Standard)-, , , , , , , . , , , [ 15 ].1.28 . (Nationalstandard)-, [ 10 ].1.29 . (StatestandardofRussianFederation)- , [ 10 ].1.30 . (Internationalstandard)- , , , [ 10 ].1.31 . (Branchstandard)- , [ 10 ].1.32 . (Standardoftheenterprise)-, [ 10 ].1.33 . (Harmonizedstandards)-, , , , [ 10 ].1.34 . (Unifiedstandards)- , [ 10 ].1.35 . (Identicalstandards)- , , [ 10 ].1.36 . (Certificateofconformance)-, , , [ 10 ].1.37 .- , , , [ 10 ].1.38 . (Instruction)-, , [ 10 ].1.39 . (Recommendation)- , [ 10 ].1.40 .- , , [ 10 ].1.41 . -, [ 10 ].1.42 .- , , , , , , (, , , , , , , ) [ 15 ].1.43 . (Technicalrules)-, , , , [ 10 ].1.44 . -, , , , , [ 10 ].1.45 . [, , ]- , - () , , [, , ], [ 10 ].1.46 . [, , ]- , - () , , [, , ], [ 10 ].1.47 . - , , [ 10 ]. 1.48 . (Technicaldiagnostics)- , , [ 11 ].1.49 . (Technicaldiagnosis)- [ 11 ].1.50 . () (Testparameter)- , () [ 11 ].1.51 . (Technicalconditionofanobject)-, , , [ 11 ].1.52 . (Testingcondition,inspection)- [ 11 ].. , , , , , .. [ 11 ].1.53 . (Technicalconditionprediction)- [ 11 ].1.54 . (Measurement)- [ 12 ].1.55 . (Measuringequipment)- , [ 13 ].1.56 . (Calibration)- , () , [ 13 ].1.57 . (Governmentinspection)- , (), [ 13 ].1.58 . (Test)- () , () [ 10 ].1.59 . (Testprogram)- - , , , , , , , , [ 14 ]*. 1 ( Accident ) 1.15 ( Safety of an industrial equipment ) 1.2 ( Safety of a transactions ) 1.1 ( Harmonized standards ) 1.33 (State standard of Russian Federation) 1.29 () ( Test parameter ) 1.50 (Identical standards) 1.35 (Measurement) 1.54 (Instruction) 1.38 ( Incident ) 1.16 ( Test ) 1.58 ( Calibration ) 1.56 ( Quality ) 1.9 1.44 ( Testing condition , inspection ) 1.52 ( Failure criterion ) 1.20 ( Criterion of a limiting condition ) 1.22 ( International standard ) 1.30 1.41 ( National standard ) 1.28 (Unnominal situation) 1.17 () ( Normative parameters of quality ) 1.10 ( Technical standard ) 1.25 (Objects of expertise) 1.6 ( Residual life ) 1.24 ( Failure ) 1.18 ( Government inspection ) 1.57 1.37 [, , ] 1.45 ( Limiting condition ) 1.21 ( Technical condition prediction ) 1.53 ( Test program ) 1.59 ( Production ) 1.12 (Industrial safety of hazardous production facilities) 1.4 ( Industrial catastrophe ) 1.14 ( Up state ) 1.13 1.42 [, , ] 1.46 (Recommendation) 1.39 (Refusal) 1.19 (Certificate of conformance) 1.36 ( Measuring equipment ) 1.55 1.47 ( Lifetime ) 1.23 (Standard) 1.27 (Branch standard) 1.31 (Standard of the enterprise) 1.32 ( Safety precautions ) 1.3 ( Technical diagnostics ) 1.48 ( Technical rules ) 1.43 ( Technical diagnosis ) 1.49 (Technical condition of an object) 1.51 ( Specification ) 1.26 ( Technological process ) 1.11 1.40 ( Unified standards ) 1.34 ( Expert ) 1.8 ( Industrial safety expertise ) 1.5 ( Expert organisation ) 1.7 11 . 12.0.002-80 . . .2 . 21.07.97 116-.3 . ( 03-246-98 ), 06.11.98 64.4 . 8402 . : . ISO 8402:1994 (E/F/R).5 . 3.1109-82 . . .6 . 14.004-83 . . .7 . 27.002-89 . . . .8 . 22.0.05 . . .9 . , ( 09-170-97 ), 22.12.97 52.10 . 1.12-99 . . .11 . 20911-89 . . .12 . 16263-70 . . .13 . 27.04.93 4871-1.14 . 16504-81 . . . .15 . 27.12.02 184- ( . 52. . 1. . 5140).2 . 2.1 . (NDT)-, , [ 1 ].2.2 . (NDTsystem)- , , , , , , [ 2 ].2.3 . (OutcomeofNDT)- , .2.4 . (ObjectofNDT)- , , .2.5 . (AmountofNDT)- , ( : , , ) () .2.6 . (NDTmethod)- , , [ 3 , 5 ]*.2.7 . (KindofNDT)- , [ 3 ].. :) , ;) ;) ;) ;) .2.8 . (Suitabilitytotesting)- , , [ 4 ]*.2.9 . (NDTduringmanufacturing)- , [ 5 ]*.2.10 . (InserviceNDT)-, [ 5 ]*.2.11 . (NDTonaninput)- , [ 5 ]*.2.12 . (NDTonoperations)- [ 5 ]*.2.13 . (AcceptanceNDT)- , () [ 5 ]*.2.14 . (FullvolumeNDT)- [ 5 ]*.2.15 . (SelectiveNDT)-, [ 6 ]*.2.16 . (MeasuringNDT)-, [ 5 ]*.2.17 . (EquipmentofNDTandtechnicaldiagnostics)- , , , , .2.18 . (Testprocedure)-- , , , , , , , , [ 5 ]*.2.19 . (TechnologicalprocedureofNDT)-, .2.20 . (TechnologicalflowchartofNDT)- (), .2.21 . (NDTconclusion)-, , .2.22 . (MainparametersofNDT)- , , .2.23 . (ReliabilityofNDT)- ( ), .2.24 . (Sizing)- .2.25 . (Realsensitivity)- , .. .2.26 . (Overreject)- , .2.27 . (Missing)- , .2.28 . (Maintestingparameters)- , .2.29 . (Spatialresolution)- [ 4 ]*.2.30 . / (Signaltonoiseratio)- ( ) , , ( ) [ 4 ]*.2.31 . (NOTfirm)- (), , (), , [ 1 ].2.32 . (NDTemployee)- (), , .2.33 . (Independentagency)-, , , .2.34 . (Personnelcertification)- ( 03-440-02 ) - () [ 7 ].2.35 . (Qualification)- , , , , , [ 7 ].2.36 . (Qualifyingcertificate)-, , , () [ 7 ]. 2.37 . (Defect)- , [ 4 ].2.38 . (Rejectedpart)- , .2.39 . (Rejecteddefect)-, , .2.40 . (Defectiveitem)-, [ 8 ]*.2.41. (Obviousdefect)-, , , , [ 8 ].2.42 . (Latentdefect)-, , , , [ 4 ].2.43 . (Criticaldefect)- , [ 8 ].2.44 . (Significantdefect)- , () , [ 8 ].2.45 . (Insignificantdefect)- , [ 8 ].2.46 . (Correcteddefect)- , [ 8 ].2.47 . (Incorrigibledefect)-, [ 8 ].2.48 . (Defectindication)- , () [ 4 ]*.2.49 . (Defectdetection)- [4]*.2.50 . (Defectevaluation)- , , [ 4 ]*.2.51 . (Falseindication)-, [ 4 ]*.2.52 . (Recording)- , [ 4 ]*.2.53 . (Discontinuity)- , - , , , ... : , , , .. , , , , - (, ), . 2.54 . (Crater)-, [ 9 ].2.55 . (Crack)- () [ 9 ].2.56 . (Branchedcrack)- , [ 9 ].2.57 . (Shrinkagecavity)- , [ 9 ].2.58 . (Rootconcavity)- [ 9 ].2.59 . (Worm-hole)- [ 9 ].2.60 . (Gaspore)- , [ 9 ].2.61 . (Linearporosity)- , [ 9 ].2.62 . (Lackoffusion)- [ 9 ].2.63 . (Burn-through)- , [ 9 ].2.64 . (Slaginclusion)- [ 9 ].2.65 . (Non-metalinclusion)- [ 9 ].2.66 . (Spatters)- [ 9 ].2.67 . (Undercut)- [ 9 ].2.68 . (Overlap)- [ 9 ].2.69 . (Edgedisplacement)- [ 9 ]. 2.70 . (Hotcrack)- , [ 10 ].2.71 . (Coldcrack)- [ 10 ].2.72 . (Intergranularcrack)- [ 10 ].2.73 . (Blowhole)- , [ 10 ].2.74 . (Draw,contractioncavity)- , , [ 10 ].2.75 . (Microporosity)- [ 10 ].2.76 . (Chillhardspots)- , , - [ 10 ].2.77 . (Mottleness)- [ 10 ].2.78 . (Flakes)- , [ 10 ]. 2.79 . (Hairline,spill)- , [ 11 ].2.80 . (Delamination)- , , , [ 11 ].2.81 . (Sliver,rolledscab)- , , , , [ 11 ].2.82 . (Sliver,rolledskin)- , , , , , , [ 11 ].2.83 . (Ridge)- , , , [ 11 ].2.84 . - , [ 11 ].2.85 . (Lap)- , , , , [ 11 ].2.86 . (Forgingfold)- , , [ 11 ].2.87 . (Groove,guidemark)- , [ 11 ]. 2.88 . (Burr)- , , , , [ 11 ].2.89 . (Hacks)- , [ 11 ].2.90 . (Grindingcracks)- , , , , [ 11 ].2.91 . (Compressionmarks)- , , , [ 11 ].2.92 . (Scratch)- , , , [ 11 ]. 2 (Personnel certification) 2.34 (Rejected part) 2.38 ( Spatters ) 2.66 ( Kind of NDT ) 2.7 (Compression marks) 2.91 (Root concavity) 2.58 (Hairline, spill) 2.79 ( NDT on an input ) 2.11 ( Selective NDT ) 2.15 ( Blowhole ) 2.73 ( Hot crack ) 2.70 ( Defect ) 2.37 ( Defective item ) 2.40 ( Sizing ) 2.24 ( Reliability of NDT ) 2.23 ( Hacks ) 2.89 ( Lap ) 2.85 HK ( NDT conclusion ) 2.21 (Forging foid) 2.86 (Burr) 2.88 (Significant defect) 2.44 ( Measuring NDT ) 2.16 (Defect indication) 2.48( Qualifying certificate ) 2.36 (Qualification) 2.35 (Suitability to testing) 2.8 (Crater) 2.54 (Critical defect) 2.43 HK (NDT firm) 2.31 (False indication) 2.51 (Insignificant defect) 2.45 (Intergranular crack) 2.72 ( NDT method ) 2.6 ( Test procedure ) 2.18 ( Overlap ) 2.68 ( Missing ) 2.27 ( Rejected defect ) 2.39 ( Independent agency ) 2.33 ( Non - metal inclusion ) 2.65 (Lack of fusion) 2.62 ( NDT ) 2.1 ( Discontinuity ) 2.53 ( Incorrigible defect ) 2.47 ( Defect detection ) 2.49 ( Object of NDT ) 2.4 ( Amount of NDT ) 2.5 ( NDT on operations ) 2.12 ( Main testing parameters ) 2.28 ( Main parameters of NDT ) 2.22 (Chill hard spots) 2.76 / (Signal to noise ratio) 2.30 (Defect evaluation) 2.50 (Over reject) 2.26 2.84 ( Undercut ) 2.67 ( Mottleness ) 2.77 ( Gas pore ) 2.60 ( Acceptance NDT ) 2.13 (Burn-through) 2.63 ( NDT during manufacturing ) 2.9 (Sliver, rolled skin) 2.82 ( Spatial resolution ) 2.29 ( Branched crack ) 2.56 ( Delamination ) 2.80 ( Real sensitivity ) 2.25 ( Recording ) 2.52 ( Outcome of NDT ) 2.3 (Groove, guide mark) 2.87 (Microporosity) 2.75 (Worm-hole) 2.59 ( NDT system ) 2.2 (Latent defect) 2.42 (Sliver, rolled seab) 2.81 ( Edge displacement ) 2.69 ( NDT employee ) 2.32 ( Full volume NDT ) 2.14 (Equipment of NDT and technical diagnostics) 2.17 (Technological procedure of NDT) 2.19 (Technological flow chart of NDT) 2.20 ( Crack ) 2.55 (Ridge) 2.83 (Draw, contraction cavity) 2.74 ( Shrinkage cavity ) 2.57 (Corrected defect) 2.46 (Flakes) 2.78 (Cold crack) 2.71 (Scratch) 2.92 (Linear porosity) 2.61 ( Slag inclusion ) 2.64 ( Grinding cracks ) 2.90 ( In service NDT ) 2.10 (Obvious defect) 2.41 21 . // . : . 28. 1. 2- ., . . .: - , 2002. 104 .2 . ( 03-372-00 ). // . : . 28. 1. 2- ., . . .: - , 2002. 104 .3 . 18353-73. . .4 . . , 1900-2000 .: / .. , .. , .. .; . .. . .: , 2001. 616 .5 . 16504-81 . . . .6 . 8402 . : . ISO 8402:1994 (E/F/R).7 . // . : . 28. 3. .: - , 2002. 120 .8 . 15467-79 . . . .9 . 2601-84 .. .10 . 19200-80 . . .11 . 21014-88 . . .3 . 3.1 . (Radiationnondestructivetesting)- , .:1. ( Industrial radiology ) - -, .2 . , , . . , (, , ..).3.2 . -, .. .3.3 . - , , , .. , , - .3.4 . - , , () .. , .3.5 . - , .3.6 . (Primaryradiation)-, .3.7 . - , .3.8 . (X-rays)- 1-0,0001 , .3.9 . (Scatteredradiation)-, .3.10 . (Qualityofbeamofradiation)- , .3.1 1 . (Build-upfactor)- , , , .3.12 . (Comptonscatter)- -, .. 100 10 .3.13 .-, , , .3.14 . (Narrowbeamofionizingradiation)- , , - , .3.15 . (Broadbeamofionizingradiation)- , , - , , .3.16 . (Build-upofionizingradiation)- ( , . .) .3.17 . (Radiationsource)- (, -), .3.18 . (Radiograph)-, , . , , , ..3.19 . (Activity)- .3.20 . (Radiationthickness)- .3.21 . (Attenuation) - - .3.22 . (Halfvaluethickness)- , , -, .3.23 . (Attenuationcoefficient)- (I0) , , ( I ) ( t ), I = I0(- t ).3.24 . (Absorption)-, .3.25 . (Averagegradient)- , .3.26 . - , .3.27 . - .3.28 . - .. [ 2] ( Incident beam axis ) - , .3.29 . (Focalspot)- , , .3.30 . (Focalspotsize)- , .3.31 . (Effectivefocalspotofionizingradiationsource)- , .3.32 . - [Focus-to-filmdistance(ffd)] - .. [ 2 ] - ( Source - to - film distance ) - , .3.33 . - (Object-to-filmdistance)- , .3.34 . (Radiationimage)-, .3.35 . (Shadowradiationimage)- , .3.36 . (Lightimage)- , , .3.37 . (Panoramicexposure)- , - , , , .3.38 . (Radiogram)- , .., .3.39 . (Fogdensity)- , , , . , , , , .3.40 . (Exposure)-, .3.41 . (Exposurecalculator)- (, ), .3.42 . (Exposurechart)- , .3.43 . (Exposurelatitude)- , .3.44 . (Exposuretime)- .3.45 . () [Charasteristiccurve(ofafilm)]- , lg D.3.46 . (Radiographicfilm)-, , , .3.47 . (Filmbase)- , .3.48 . (Screentypefilm)- , .3.49 . (Clearingtime)- , .3.50 . (G) [Filmgradient(G)]- D.3.51 . (Usefuldensityrange)- , . , - .3.52 . (Ageingfog)- , , .3.53 . (Beamangle)- .3.54 . (Radiationimageconverter)- .3.55 .- (Radiation-opticalimageconverter)- .3.56 . (Inherentfiltration)- , , .3.57 . (Unsharpness)- - .3.58 . - , () .3.59 . - , , .. [ 2 ] ( Geometric unsharpness ) - , - . - -. : .3.60 . (Inherentunsharpness)- , , . , .3.61 . (Movementunsharpness)- , ( ) , .. [ 2 ] - - , .3.62 . (Spatialresolution)- , .3.63 . (Collimation)- , .3.64 . (Collimator)-, , , , , .3.65 . (Sourceholder)-, , - ( ) .3.66 . (Sourcesize)- .3.67 . (Contrastmedium)- , , .3.68 . (Radiationcontrast)- , - .3.69 . (Imagecontrast)- .3.70 . (Objectcontrast)- .3.71 . (Visualcontrast)- .3.72 . , (Contrastsensivity,thicknesssensivity)- , , .3.73 . (Imagedefinition)- .3.74 . (Imageenhancement)- , () . . .3.75 . - , .3.76 . (Backscatter/backscatteredradiation)- -, , 90 .3.77 . (Imageintensifier) - , , , .3.78 . (Intensifyingfactor)- .3.79 . - (Intensificationfactor)- - .3.80 . (Imagequality)- , .3.81 . (IQI) [Imagequalityindicator(IQI)]-, , . .3.82 . , IQI(Imagequalityvalue,IQIsensivity)- , .3.83 . - , ( ), .3.84 . - 1 , , , .. 1 , .3.85 . (Pressuremarks)- , , , .3.86 . - , , .3.87 . (Projectivemagnification)- .3.88 . (Projectivemagnificationtechnique)- , .3.89 . - .3.90 . - .3.91 . - , .. [ 2 ] ( ) [ artefact ( false indication )] - , , , , , .3. 92 . (Absolutesensitivityofradiationinspection)- , .3.93 . (Relativesensitivityofradiationinspection)- , .3.94 . (Sensitivitystandardofradiationinspection)- , - , .3.95 . - , , .3.96 . (Duplexwireimagequalityindicator)- , , .3.97 . - , , .3.98. - , , .3.99. (Radiography) , .3.100.- (Gamma-radiography) -.3.101.- (Gamma-rays) , .3.102. - (Gamma-raysource) , .3.103. (Radioisotope) , , - .3.104. (Halflife), .3.105. (Specificactivity) .3.106. - (Gamma-raysourcecontainer), , , , , .3.107. , .3.108. , .3.109 . () [Computerizedtomography()]-, , , , , .. . .3.110 . - , - , .3.111 . - - , , .3.112 . - - , , .3.113 . - , , .3.114 .- , , - .3.115 . (Radioscopy) - , , , .3.116 . - , .3.117 .- , , .3.118 .- , , , , .. [ 2 ] ( Stereo radiography ) - , .3.119 . - , .3.120 . - , .3.121 . - ( ) , , ( ), , .3.122 .- , - .. [ 2 ] ( Fluoroscopy ) - , , .3.123 .- , , , , .3.124 . (Microfocusradiography)- , - 100 . .3.125 . - (), .3.126 . (Equalizingfilter,beamflattener)- , , .3.127 . (Edge-blockingmaterial)-, , .3.128 . (Blockingmedium)- , .3.129 . - , .3.130 . (Filter)- , , , .3.131 . -, , .3.132 . -, .3.133 . - , .3.134 . - - , , , - 1.3.135 . - - , , , - ( ).3.136 . (Intensifyingscreen)-, () , .. [ 2 ] - ( Metal screen ) - , ( ), -.3.137 . - - , .3.138 . (MTF) [Modulationtransferfunction(MTF)]- .3.139 . (Latentimage)- , .3.140 .- , .. [ 2 ] [ Film illuminator ( viewing screen )] - , , .3.141 . (Viewingmask)- , .3.142 . (Flawsensivity)- , .3.143 . (Filmsystemspeed)- .3.144 . - , () .3.145 .- , - .. [ 1] - .3.146 . (Fluorescentintensifyingscreen)- , , -.3.147 . (Fluorometallicintensifyingscreen)-, ( ), , -.3.148 . (LINAC) [Linearelectronaccelerator(LINAC)]- . , .3.149 . (Betatron)-, .3.150 . - , - , .3.151 . (Dosemeter,dosimeter)- -.3.152 . (Doseratemeter)- -.3.153 . (Decaycurve)- , . , - .3.154 . (Densitometer)- .3.155 . (Filmprocessing)-, , , , .3.156 . ( ) (Developmentofafilmorpaper)- , .3.157 . (Fixing)- .3.158 . (Graininess)- .3.159 . (Granularity)- , , .3.160 . (X-raytube)- , , , .3.161 . (Rodanodetube)- , ; .3.162 . (Target)- , .3.163 . (Dualfocustube)- .3.164 . (Anode)- .3.165 . (Cathode)- .3.166 . (Tubedlafragm)-, , , .3.167 . (Tubehead)- , .3.168 . (EquivalentX-rayvoltage)- , , -, -.3.169 . (Tubeshield)- , .3.170 . (Tubeshutter)- , , , .3.171 . (Tubewindow)- , .3.172 . (Tubevoltage)- , .3.173 . (Unsealedsource)- , .3.174 . (Constantpotentialcircuit)- , .3.175 . (Diffractionmottle)- , .3.176 . (Anodecurrent)- , .3.177 . (Continiousspectrum)- , .3.178 . (Cassette)- .3.179 . (Vacuumcassette)- , , .3.180 . (Calibrateddensitystepwedge)- , , .3.181 . (Stepwedge)- , . 3 (Absolute sensitivity of radiation inspection) 3.92 3.13 ( Activity ) 3.19 (Anode) 3.164 (Anode current) 3.176 3.91 ( Betatron ) 3.149 ( Blocking medium ) 3.128 ( Vacuum cassette ) 3.179 ( Clearing time ) 3.49 3.7 ( Ageing fog ) 3.52 3.121- ( Gamma rays ) 3.101- ( Gamma - radiography ) 3.100 3.59 3.90 (G) [Film gradient (G)] 3.50 (Granularity) 3.159 (Dual focus tube) 3.163 ( Densitometer ) 3.154 ( Source holder ) 3.65 3.132 ( Tube diafragm ) 3.166 3.61 ( Diffraction mottle ) 3.175 ( Exposure time ) 3.44 (Dosemeter, dosimeter) 3.151 ( Fixing ) 3.157 ( Graininess ) 3.158 ( Tube head ) 3.167 ( Dose rate meter ) 3.152 ( IQI ) [ Image quality indicator ( IQI )] 3.81 3.2 - ( Gamma - ray source ) 3.102 ( Radiation source ) 3.17 ( Calibrated density step wedge ) 3.180 ( Exposure calculator ) 3.41 3.97 (Cassette) 3.178 (Cathode) 3.165 (Quality of beam of radiation) 3.10 ( Image quality ) 3.80 3.117 ( Collimator ) 3.64 3.133 (Collimation) 3.63 (Equalizing filter, beam flattener) 3.126 3.125 ( Compton scatter ) 3.12 () [ Computerized tomography ( CT )] 3.109 - ( Gamma - ray source container ) 3.106 ( Image contrast ) 3.69 ( Object contrast ) 3.70 , (Contrast sensivity, thickness sensivity) 3.72 ( Contrast medium ) 3.67 3.3 ( Build - up factor ) 3.11 (Build-up of ionizing radiation) 3.16 (Attenuation coefficient ) 3.23 (Intensifying factor) 3.78 - (Intensification factor) 3.79 (Edge-blocking material) 3.127 ( Decay curve ) 3.153 ( LINAC )[Linear electron accelerator (LINAC)] 3.148 ( Constant potential circuit ) 3.174 ( Viewing mask ) 3.141 3.89 ( Pressure marks ) 3.85 3.110 - 3.112 - 3.111 ( Microfocus radiography ) 3.124 ( Target ) 3.162 (Duplex wire image quality indicator) 3.96 ( MTF )[Modulation transfer function (MTF)] 3.138 ( Tube voltage ) 3.172 3.140 ( Unsealed source ) 3.173 3.27 3.3 (Continious spectrum) 3.177 ( Unsharpness ) 3.57 3.75 3.58 (Film processing) 3.155 (Back scatter/back scattered radiation) 3.76 (Tube window) 3.171 ( Fog density ) 3.39 ( Visual contrast ) 3.71 ( Attenuation ) 3.21 3.28 (Relative sensitivity of radiation inspection) 3.93 3.131 ( Panoramic exposure ) 3.37 ( Primary radiation ) 3.6 3.5 ( Half life ) 3.104 3.98 ( Screen type film ) 3.48 ( Absorption ) 3.24 ( Film base ) 3.47 , IQI(Image quality value, IQI sensivity) 3.82 ( Useful density range ) 3.51 3.84 ( Radiation image converter ) 3.54 3.95 (Projective magnification) 3.87 3.86 ( Spatial resolution ) 3.62 ( ) (Development of a film or paper) 3.156 3.26 ( Radiation thickness ) 3.20 3.113 3.120 ( Radiation image ) 3.34- (Radiation-optical image converter) 3.55 3.150 ( Radiation contrast ) 3.68 ( Radiation nondestructive testing ) 3.1 3.144 - 3.137 ( Radiograph ) 3.18 ( Radiographic film ) 3.46 3.108 ( Radiogram ) 3.38 ( Radiography ) 3.99 ( Radioisotope ) 3.103 3.107 ( Radioscopy ) 3.115 ( Source size ) 3.66 ( Focal spot size ) 3.30 ( Image definition ) 3.73 (Scattered radiation) 3.9 - (Object-to-film distance) 3.33 - (Focus-to-film distance (ffd)) 3.32 ( X - ray tube ) 3.160 ( X - rays ) 3.8 ( Light image ) 3.36 ( Latent image ) 3.139 ( Half value thickness ) 3.22 ( Inherent unsharpness ) 3.60 ( Inherent filtration ) 3.56 (Projective magnification technique) 3.88 (Average gradient) 3.25 3.118 3.123 ( Step wedge ) 3.181 ( Exposure chart ) 3.42 ( Shadow radiation image ) 3.35 ( Rod anode tube ) 3.161 ( Beam angle ) 3.53 ( Specific activity ) 3.105 ( Narrow beam of ionizing radiation ) 3.14 ( Image enhancement ) 3.74 (Intensifying screen) 3.136 ( Image intensifier ) 3.77 3.134 - 3.135 ( Filter ) 3.130 3.129 ( Fluorescent intensifying screen ) 3.146 3.145 3.114 (Fluorometallic intensifying screen) 3.147 3.122 ( Focal spot ) 3.29 () [ Charasteristic curve ( of a film )] 3.45 3.119 ( Flaw sensivity ) 3.142 ( Film system speed ) 3.143 (Broad beam of ionizing radiation) 3.15 (Exposure latitude) 3.43 (Tube shutter) 3.170 3.83 ( Equivalent X - ray voltage ) 3.168 (Tube shield) 3.169 ( Exposure ) 3.40 3.116 (Sensitivity standard of radiation inspection) 3.94 (Effective focal spot of ionizing radiation source) 3.31 31 . . , 1900-2000 .: / .. , .. , .. .; . .. . .: , 2001. 616 .2 . European Standart EN 1330:1997 Terms used in Industrial Radiographic Testing.4 . 4.1 . 4.1.1 . (Homogeneousmedium)-, .4.1.2 . (Elasticity) - .4.1.3 . (Elasticbody)-, .4.1.4 . (Elasticmedium)-, .4.1.5 . ( ) (Isotropicmaterial,isotropicmedium)- (), () .4.1.6 . (Elasticanisotropy)- .4.1.7 . (Linearelementofabody)- .4.1.8 . , (Deformationofsolid)- () .4.1.9 . - (Tension-compressionstrain)-, .4.1.10 . (Shearstrain)- , . ( ). .4.1.11 . (Elasticdeformation)-, [ 15 ].4.1.12 . (Plasticdeformation)-, [ 15 ].4.1.13 . (Tensorofdeformation)- , - ( ) .4.1.14 . (Generalizedforce)- . .. , .4.1.15 . , (Mechanicalforce)- . . .4.1.16 . (Externalforce)-, . .4.1.17 . (Internalforce)- . .4.1.18 . (Elasticforce)- , ( ) () . .4.1.19 . (Stress)- , . .4.1.20 . (Normalstress)- , . .4.1.21 . (Tangentialstress,shearstress)- , , . .4.1.22 . (Pressure): - . . ; - . , . .4.1.23 . (Tensorofstress)- , , () .4.1.24 . (Limitofproportionality)- , ( ). .4.1.25 . (Limitofelasticity)- , , () . .4.1.26 . (Yieldstrength)- , . -. .4.1.27 . (Ultimatestrength)- , , . .4.1.28 . (Rupturelimit,ultimatestrength)- [ 16 ]. .4.1.29 . (Adhesivestrength)- , . .4.1.30 . (Cohesivestrength)- , . .4.2 . 4.2.1 . (Oscillation)- ( ), .4.2.2 . (Oscillatingvalue)-, . , , , , , .4.2.3 . (Periodicoscillation)- .4.2.4 . (Oscillatingsystem)-, (, , ..).4.2.5 . (Equilibrium)- , .4.2.6 . (Elasticoscillations,vibrations)-, .4.2.7 . (Displacement)- . . .. , .4.2.8 . (Particlevelocity)- , . /.4.2.9 . (Oscillationcycle)- , , .4.2.10 . (Period):1 . , . - , . .2 . , . [ 10 ].4.2.11 . (Amplitude)- , , .4.2.12 . , (Oscillationfrequency,frequency)- () ( ). ().1 - 1 , 1 - 1000 , 1 - 1000000 [ 10 ].4.2. 13 . , , (Angularfrequency)-=2f= 2/, f- , - .4.2.14 . (Audiofrequency)-, 16 20 . 20 . .4.2. 15 . (Ultrasonicfrequency)-, . 20 , - 1 =109. .4.2.16 . (Phase):1 . , . .. , , .2 . , [ 10 ].4.2.17 . (Forcedoscillations,constrainedoscillations)- , .4.2.18 . (Freeoscillations,freevibrations)- .. vibrations .4.2.19 . (Harmonicaloscillation)- , .4.2.20 . (Linearoscillatingsystem)- , .4.2.2 1 . (Non-linearoscillatingsystem)- , .4.2.22 . (Mechanicalimpedance)- , ( ) . . /.. .4.2.23 . (Mass)- . .4.2.24 ., (Flexibility,compliance)- . , . /.4.2.25 . (Stiffness)- . , . /.4.2.26 . (Activeresistance)- , . 1 /=1 /.4.2.27 . (InertialImpedance)- , . /=1 /.4.2.28 . (Elasticimpedance)- , . 1 /=1 /.4.2.29 . (Systemwithlumpedparameters)-, - , .4.2.30 . (Systemwithdistributedparameters)-, , .4.2.31 . (Naturalfrequency)- . .4.2.32 . , (Fundamentalfrequency,firstharmonic)- . .4.2.33 . (Harmonic)- , . .4.2.34 . (Resonancefrequency)- , . .4.2.35 . (Antiresonancefrequency)-, . .4.2.36 . (Overtone)- , . .4.2.37 .(Quality factor, Q-factor):1 . , ,W- ;W- [ 20].2 . . , , .3 . 0,707 .. 2 3 (Q>(5-10)), 1 .4.2.38 . ( ) (Attenuationcoefficient)- - , . -1.4.2.39 . , (Logarithmicdecrement)- , tt+.. , - ; - .4.3 . 4.3.1. 4.3.1.1 . , (Elasticwave,acousticwave):1 . .2 . [ 10 ].4.3. 1.2 . (Ultrasonicwave)- , ( 20 ) [ 10 ].4.3. 1.3 . (Audio-frequencywave,sonicwave)- , ( 16 20 ).4.3.1.4 . , (Soundpressure)- ( - ), . 1 =1 /2[ 14 ].4.3. 1.5 . (Particlevelocity)- . . /.4.3. 1.6 . , (Soundvelocity,velocityofpropagation):1 . . /.2 . [ 10 ].4.3.1.7 . (Waveamplitude)- ( - ).4.3.1.8 . (Waveintensity)- , , [ 14 ]. /2.. .4.3.1.9 . (Wavelength)- , , [ 10 ]. .4.3.1.10 .(Running wave):1 . , .2 . , [ 15 ].4.3.1.11 .(Standing wave, stationary wave):1 . , () , .2 . , , [ 10 ].4.3.1.12 . (Wavenumber)- , , :k=/. -1.4.3.1.13 . (Wavevector)-, [ 15 ].4.3.1.14 . (Inhomogeneouswave)- , , , .4.3.1.15 . (Diffraction)- , () , . , , , , ..4.3.1.16 . (Waveinterference):1 . , .2 . , , [ 10 ].4.3.1.17 . (Wavephase)- , .. , , . .4.3.1.18 . (Wavefront):1 . () - , , . - , , (. . 4.1.17).2 . , , [ 10 ].4.3.1.19 . (Ray,beam)- , .4.3. 1.20 . , (Wavetrain)- , .4.3.2. 4.3.2. 1 . (Planewave):1 . .2 . , [ 10 ].4.3.2.2 . (Sphericalwave)- [ 10 ].4.3.2.3 . (Cylindricalwave)- [ 10 ].4.3.2.4 . , - (Longitudinalwave,compressionalwave).1 . , .2 . , [ 10 ].

. 1. () () :- ; - ; 4.3.2.5 . , (Transversewave,shearwave)-, [ 10 ].4.3.2.6 . (Volumetricwave)-, . .4.3.2.7 . , (Rayleighwave,surfacewave):1 . , , , .2 . , , [ 10 ].4.3.2.8 . (Planeofincidence)- , .4.3.2.9 . (Additionalplane)-, .4.3.2.10 . (Polarization)- .4.3.2.11 . ,SV- (Shearverticalwave,SVwave)- , .4.3.2. 12 . ,SH- (Shearhorizontalwave,SHwave)- , .4.3.2.13 . (Normalwave)- (, ), , .4.3.2.14 . , (Lambwave,platewave):1 . , h f. hf.. , .2 . , , , [ 10 ].4.3.2.15 . (Wavemode)- , .4.3.2.16 . (SymmetricalLambwave)- , () , .

. 2. 4.3.2.17 . (AntisymmetricalLambwave)- , () : , - , .4.3.2.18 . (Lambwaveofzeroorder)- , h f, hf=0.4.3.2.19 . (Bendingwave,flexuralwave)-, , . - .4.3.2.20 . (Longitudinalwaveinarod)- , . :.4.3.2.21 .(Head wave, creeping wave):1 . , , . .2 . , . , [ 10 ].4.3.2.22 . (Lateralwave)- , . .4.3.2.23 . (Lovewave)- SH, , ( ) . . , , .4.3.2.24 . (Stoneleywave)- SV, ( ) , , , . .4.3.2.25 . (Diffractionwave)-, . .4.3.2.26. (Dispersionwave)-, . .4.3.2.27 . (Indispersionwave)-, .4.3.2.28 . (Runroundwave)- , (, , ). , .4.3.2.29 . (Slideoffwave)- , .4.3.2.30 . (Coherentwaves)- , .4.3.3. 4.3.3. 1 . (Phasevelocity):1 . . /.2 . [ 10 ].4.3.3.2 . (Groupvelocity):1 . . /.2 . [ 10 ].4.3.3.3 . (Velocitydispersion)- , ( ), () . - , .4.3.3.4 .(Wave attenuation):1 . .2 . [ 10 ].4.3.3.5 . (Absorption)- , ( ) [ 10 ].4.3.3.6 . (Scattering):1 . , () ( ) .2 . , () [ 10 ].4.3.3.7 . () (Attenuationcoefficient):1 . , ( ) , . . /, /.2 . , , , . / [ 10 ].4.3.3.8 .(Absorption coefficient):1 . , ( ) . /, /.2 . , [ 10 ].4.3.3.9 . (Scatteringcoefficient)-, ( ) . /, /.4.3.3.10 . (Node)- (, ), , , [ 14 ].4.3.3. 11 . (Antinode,crest)- (, ), , , [ 14 ].4.3.3.12 . (MaterialQ-factor)- , :Q=k/2.4.3.3. 13 . , (Characteristicacousticimpedance)- . :z=. z- . /.. Rayl (), 1 Rayl =1 /.4.3.3.14 . (Acousticimpedance)- , . /.. . /3[ 14 ].4.3.3.15 . (Pathlength)- [ 10 ]. .4.3.3.16 . (Pathdifference)- [ 10 ]. .4.3.3.17 . (Dopplereffect)- , .4.3.4. 4.3.4. 1 . (Interface,boundary):1 . .2 . , [ 10 ].4.3.4.2 . (Incidentwave)-, .

. 3. :1 - ; 2 - ;3 - ;4- ; a - ; a1- ; b - 4.3.4.3 .(Angle of incidence):1 . .2 . [ 10 ].4.3.4.4 . (Normalincidence)- , .4.3.4.5 . (Angularincidence)- , .4.3.4.6 .(Reflection, wave reflection):1 . , .2 . . [ 10 ].4.3.4.7 . (Reflectedwave)-, , , .4.3.4.8 . (Multiplereflections,multipleecho)- [ 10 ].4.3.4.9 . (Reverberation)- .4.3.4.10 . (Angleofreflection)- . .4.3.4.11 . , (Reflectioncoefficient):1 . .2 . [ 10 ].4.3.4.12 . (Energyreflectioncoefficient)- .4.3.4.13 . (Totalreflection):1 . , , , .2 . , , , , [ 10 ].4.3.4.14 . (Refraction) - [ 10 ].4.3.4. 15 . (Refractedwave)-, [ 10 ]. .4.3.4.16 .(Angle of refraction):1 . .2 . [ 10 ].4.3.4.17 . (Refractiveindex):1 . .2 . [ 10 ].4.3.4. 18 . , (Transmissioncoefficient):1 . , , .. , : , ..2. , , [ 10 ].4.3.4. 19 . (Energytransmissioncoefficient)- , , .4.3.4.20 .(Wave transformation, mode conversion, wave conversion):1 . .2 . [ 10 ].4.3.4.21 . , (Snellslow)-, , .4.3.4.22 . (Refraction)- , .4.3.4.23 . (Criticalangle)- , ( ) .4.3.4.24 . (firstcriticalangle)- , .4.3.4.25 . (Secondcriticalangle)- , .4.3.4.26 . (Thirdcriticalangle)- , .4.3.4.27 . (Cornereffect)- .4.3.4.28 . (Beamdisplacementduetoreflection)- . . ( 45) [ 10 ].

. 4. 4.3.4.29 . (Acousticshadow):1 . , , , .2 . , , , [ 10 ].

. 5. ( )4.4. 4.4. 1 . (Acousticfield,soundfield):1 . . .2 . , [ 10 ].4.4.2 . , (Nearfield,Fresnel-zone):1 . , , , . ,D- ; - .2 . , . [ 10 ].

. 6. :1 - ;2- ;3 - ;4- ; r- ; - 4.4.3 ., (Farfield,Fraunhoferzone):1 . , . .2 . , [ 10 ].4.4.4 . (Transitivezone)- , . .4.4.5 . (Searchlightzone)- , , .4.4.6 . , , (Acousticbeam,soundbeam,ultrasonicbeam):1 . , .2 . , , [ 10 ].4.4.7 . (Effectiveacousticcenter)- , , .. . , , .4.4.8 . (Probeaxis):1 . , , .:1. .2 . , , .3 . , .4 . , , .2 . , , , [ 10 ].4.4.9 . , (Beamaxis,centralray)-, , .:1. .2 . , , .4.4.10 . (Quasibendofacousticaxis)- , , , , , . .4.4.1 1 . (Beamedge)- , [ 10 ].. .4.4.12 . (Beamprofile)- , [ 10 ].4.4.13 . (Beamdivergence,beamspread)- , .4.4.14 . (Divergenceangle)- , , .4.4.15 . (Focusingofacousticfield)- , .4.4.16 ., (Focus,focalpoint):1 . , .2 . , [ 10 ].4.4.17 . - (Focusofdualsearchunit)- - , . , .4.4.18 . (Focaldistance)- .4.4.19 .(Focal zone, depth of focus):1 . , .2 . , [ 10 ].4.5 . , 4.5.1. 4.5.1.1 . (Electro-acousticaltransducer)-, .4.5.1.2 . ( ) (Probe,searchunit):1 . , () .2 . , (, ), () [ 10 ].4.5.1.3 . ( ) (Transducer,crystal):1 . , () (, ).2 . , [ 10 ].4.5. 1.4 . (Vibrator)- , () . .4.5.1.5 . (Piezoelectricprobe):1 . , () .2 . , () (), [ 7 ].4.5.1 .6 . (Transmittingprobe)-, .4.5.1.7 . (Receivingprobe)-, .4.5.1.8 .(Normal probe, straight beam probe):1 . () .2 . , [ 10 ].4.5.1.9 . (Angleprobe):1 . () , .2 . , [ 10 ].4.5.1.10 . (Variableangleprobe):1 . , .2 . [ 10 ].4.5. 1.11 . (Singlecrystalprobe,transceiver):1 . , .2 . ( ), , [ 10 ].4.5.1.12 . (CombinedprobeofMIAflawdetector)-, .4.5.1.13 . (DifferentialcombinedprobeofMIAflawdetector)- , , .4.5.1.14 .- (Dualsearchunit,dualprobe,send/receiveprobe,double(twin)probe)-, , , , - [ 10 ].

. 7.- :- ; - ; -4.5.1.15 . (Longitudinalwaveprobe,compressionalwaveprobe)- () [ 10 ].4.5.1.16 . (Transversewaveprobe,shearwaveprobe)- () .4.5. 1.17 . , (Surfacewaveprobe,Rayleighwaveprobe)- () [ 10 ].4.5.1.18 . (Lambwaveprobe)- () [ 10 ].4.5.1.19 . (Contactprobe)-, , .4.5. 1.20 . (Immersionprobe), .4.5. 1.21 . (Wheelprobe):1 . , . .2 . , , . [ 10 ].4.5.1.22 . (Jetprobe,squirterprobe)-, ( ).4.5. 1.23 . (Bubblierdevice)- , . - .4.5.1.24 ., ; , (Counteredprobe):1 . , .2 . , [ 10 ].4.5.1.25 . (Chordtypeprobes)- ( ) , , , . .

. 8. :1 - ; 2 - ;3- ;4- ; 5 - 4.5. 1.26 . (Drypointcontactprobe)-, .4.5.1.27 . (Noncontactprobe)-, . .4.5. 1.28 . (Aircoupledtransducer)-, () .4.5.1.29 .- , - (Electromagneticacoustictransducer,EMAT,electrodynamictransducer):1 . , () .2 . , , ( ) [ 10 ].. , , , , , , .4.5.1.30 . () (Electrostatictransducer)-, () , . .4.5. 1.31 . (Magnetostrictivetransducer)- , , [ 10 ].4.5. 1.32 . (Transducermosaic):1 . , .2 . , [ 10 ].4.5.1.33 . (Focusingprobe):1 . , ( , , ..) .2 . , ( , , ..) [ 10 ].4.5.1.34 .(Phased array, transducer array probe):1 . ( ), .2 . ( ), [ 10 ].4.5.1.35 . (Linearphasedarray)- , .4.5. 1.36 . (2Dphasedarray)- , ( ) .4.5.1.37 . (Ringphasedarray)- , .4.5. 1.38 . (Bimorphtransducer,flexingpiezoelectricelement)- , ( ), , , , .4.5.1.39 . () (Opticallasertransducer)- , () .4.5.2. 4.5.2.1 . (Piezoelectricity)- ( ) ( ) .4.5.2.2 . (Piezoelectricelement,crystal)- , .4.5.2.3 . (Metalplatedcrystal,metalplatedtransducer)- .4.5.2.4 . () (Barecrystal,baretransducer)- .4.5.2.5 . (Protectedcrystal,protectedtransducer)- .4.5.2.6 . (Wearplate,wearface,diaphragm):1 . , , .2 . , [ 10 ].4.5.2.7 .(Damping element, damper, transducer backing, buffer):1 . , . , .2 . , [ 10 ].4.5.2.8 . () (Wedge,shoe):1 . ( ), () , , .2 . ( ), [ 10 ].4.5.2.9 . (Focusingcrystal,focusingtransducer)- , .4.5.2.10 . (Acousticlens)- , , .4.5.2.11 .- (Plane-concavelens)- , .4.5.2.12 . (Biconcavelens)- .4.5.2.13 . (Matchingtransducertothemedia)- ( ) .4.5.2.14 .(Matchinglayer)- , .4.5.2.15 . (Bariumtitanate)- - , iO3.4.5.2.16 .- , (Leadzirconate-titanate,PZT)- .4.5.2.17 . (Leadmetaniobate)- , PbNb2O6.4.5.2.18 . (Quartz)- , SiO2.4.5.2.19 . (Lithiumsulphate)- , Li2SO4H2O .4.5.2.20 . (Lithiumniobate)- .4.5.2.21 ., (Polyvinildenftoride,PVDF)- , .4.5.2.22 . - (X-cutcrystal)- ( ), , Y . () [ 10 ].4.5.2.23 .Y- (Y-cutcrystal)- ( ), , Y . () [ 10 ].4.5.2.24 . , (Delayline,bufferrod,standoff)- ( ), .4.5.2.25 . (Contacttip)- , , , (, , ..).4.5.2.26. (Lap)- , ( ) .4.5.2.27 . (Backingmass)- , .. () .4.5.2.28 . (Housing,probecase,probecasing)- , .4.5.2.29 ., (Waveguide)- , (, ).4.5.3. 4.5.3.1 . (Probeoperatingsurface)- , () .4.5.3.2 . (Probeindex)- . [ 10 ].4.5.3.3 . (Wedgeangle)- ( ) . .4.5.3.4 . (Angleofprobe)- , , .4.5.3.5 . (Nominalangleofprobe):1 . , () .2 . [ 10 ].4.5.3.6 . (Nominalfrequency)- , ( ).4.5.3.7 . (Directivitycharacteristic,directivityfunction)- ( ) , . .. , .4.5.3.8 . (Directivitycharacteristic)- .4.5.3.9 . (Mainlobeofdirectivitycharacteristic) - , ( 0,1 =0,316 ) .4.5.3.10 . (Sidelobesofdirectivitycharacteristic)- , .4.5.3.11 . (Sidelobeslevel)- [ 5 ].4.5.3. 12 . (Directivitycharacteristicwidth)- . 3 , - 6 , - 10 20 .4.5.3.13 . (Operationfrequency)-, , () , , . .. , , .4.5.3.14 . (X-value)- [ 2 ].4.5.3.15 . (Probetransferfunction)- . : - , , - . : - , - , .4.5.3.16 . (Probeconversioncoefficient)- .4.5.3.17 . (Probedoubleconversioncoefficient)- .4.5.3.18 .- , (Frequencyresponse)- .4.5.3.19 . (Transducersbandwidth,probesbandwidth)- , 0,707 ( ) 0,5 ( -) .. .4.5.3.20 . (Frequencyofmaximumconversion)-, - .4.5.3.21 . (Acousticload)- (, ), . .. , .4.5.3.22 . (Electricload)- , .4.5.3.23 . (Matchingtransducertotheelectricload)- ( ) , , .4.5.3.24 . (Piezoelectricconstants)-, .4.5.3.25 . (Electromechanicalcouplingcoefficient,couplingcoefficient)- , , W W W . b . b =0,094, -19 - b =0,4.4.5.3.26 ., (Piezoelectricmodulus)-d q, , F:d=q/F. /.4.5.3.27 . (Curiepoint)- , . .4.5.3.28 . (Maximumoperationtemperature)- , . . .4.5.3.29 . (Pollingvoltage) , . .4.5.3.30 . (Slack)- . , .4.5.3.31 . (Probedampingfactor)-, , [ 10 ].

. 9. . 25 % (4), 1/4=0,254.5.3.32 . (Transducersize)- [ 10 ].4.5.3.33 . (Effectivetransducersize):1 . , . .2 . , [ 10 ].4.5.3.34 . (Delaypath)- [ 10 ]. .4.5.3.35 . (Aperture)- , . . , , , . 2.4.6 . 4.6.1 . (Acousticcontact)- , .4.6.2 . , (Couplant,couplingmedium,couplingfilm)-, .4.6.3 . (Contacttechnique)- , , .4.6.4 . (Immersiontechnique)- , , [ 2 ].4.6.5 . (Gaptestingtechnique)- [ 2 ].4.6.6 . (Jettechnique,squirtertechnique)- , [ 2 ].4.6.7 . (Drycontact)- , .4.6.8 . (Drypointcontact)- ( ), .4.6.9 . (Noncontactingtechnique)- () .4.6.10 . (Aircoupledtechnique)-, ( ) .4.6. 11 . (Contactflexibility,contactcompliance)- . .4.6.12 . (Staticcontactflexibility)- , , . - .4.6.13 . (Dynamiccontactflexibility)- Fm . F0, Fm