1

s a

r C

e v

i• arqeologiuri daijesti 5

• qvemo qedi - maisi - 2013 4

• sagarejo - ivnisi - 2013 5

• Waladidi - ivlisi - 2013 7

• imiri - seqtemberi - 2013 8

• dvani - oqtomberi - 2013 9

• interviu 12

• saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

arqeologiis centris ufrosTan,

baton zurab maxaraZesTan 12

• axali arqeologiuri aRmoCena 24

• dedoflis gora 24

• statiebi 30

• qristianobis sakiTxi fxovSi 30

• ialoiluTefes tipis arqeologi-

uri Zeglebis qronologiis problema

ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi 84

• Tvalsazrisi 100

• alaverdis kaTedralis

daTariRebisaTvis 101

s a

r C

e v

i

ydaze: wminda eqvTime RvTiskacis xati da misive saxelobis eklesia

• studenturi gverdi 152

• dedoflis goris adreuli Sua

saukuneebis namosaxlari 153

• muzeumebi da artefaqtebi 182

• borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi

daculi sanawile jvris atribuciis

sakiTxisaTvis 183

• gaicaniT saqarTvelo 206

• xerTvisis cixe 206

• xevsureTi 214

• bagratis arqeologia 222

• zemo svaneTi 246

• saintereso gamocemebi 256

• adresamiwaTmoqmedo kultura

samxreT kavkasiaSi 256

• atenis sioni 258

• muzeumi 260

• ufliscixis istoriul-arqeologiuri

muzeum-nakrZali 262

eqvTime TayaiSvili - qarTveli istorikosi, arqeologi da sazogado moRvawe,

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, profesori, Tbilisis sax-

elmwifo universitetis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli, marTlmadidebeli eklesi-

is wmidnani. wels Sesrulda eqvTime TayaiSvilis dabadebidan 150 wlisTavi.

2013 weli iuneskos egidiT eqvTime TayaiSvilis saiubileo wlad gamocxadda.

4

qvemo qedi - maisi - 2013

dedofliswyaros sakrebulos SetyobinebiT, sof. qvemo qed-

Si gzis mSeneblobis dros aRmoCnda Tixis WurWeli da adamianis

Zvlebi. viTareba adgilze Seiswavles saqarTvelos kulturuli

memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos arqeologiuri mem-

kvidreobis marTvis sam-

saxuris ufrosma iulon

gagoSiZem da amave samsax-

uris ufrosma special-

istma zurab giorgaZem.

sof. qvemo qedSi mSene-

bare gzis me-7 km-ze, 66-e

piketTan saniaRvre milis

Casadgmelad mSeneblebs gza gadauWriaT eqskavatoriT. Txril-

is sigane 3 m-ia, siRrme - 2 m, Txrilis fskerze arqeologiuri ma-

salis kvali ar SeiniSneba. rogorc Cans, arqeologiuri masala

eqskavatoriT amoRebul

miwas gahyva, radgan orive

WrilSi, gzis marjvena

Txrilis samxreT naxevar-

Si Cans samarxebis naSTebi.

arqeologiuri masala -

Tixis WurWeli TariRdeba

q.w. I saukuniT da ekuTvnis

a r q e o l o g i u r i

5

e.w. alaznis anu ialoiluTefes arqeologiur kul-

turas. eqskavatoris mier dazianebuli samarxidan

amoyrili WurWeli fotofiqsaciis Semdeg dedofli-

swyaros mxareTmcodneobis muzeums gadaeca da daisva

sakiTxi aq dacviTi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis ganxor-

cielebis Sesaxeb.

sagarejo - ivnisi - 2013

saqarTvelos kulturuli

memkvidreobis dacvis erovnu-

li saagentos TanamSromlis

arsen xatiaSvilis informaci-

iT sagarejos municipalitet-

Si, ramdenime punqtSi SemTxve-

viT aRmoCenila arqeologiuri

siZveleebi. kulturuli mem-

kvidreobis dacvis erovnuli

saagentos arqeologiuri mem-

kvidreobis marTvis samsax-

uris ufrosi iulon gagoSiZe

adgilze Cavida mdgomareobis

Sesaswavlad. iulon gagoSiZis

cnobiT:

d a i j e s t i

6

da

ij

es

ti

1. sofel patarZeulis CrdiloeTiT, daaxloebiT 2-km man-

Zilze, xevSi Sua saukuneebis qviTkiris ramdenime Senobis

nangrevebi Cans. SedarebiT srulad SenarCunebulia gegmaSi

kvadratuli (4X4) koSkisebri nageboba, romlis samxreTi da

dasavleTis kedlebi TiTqmis 3 m-is simaRlezea SemorCenili.

kedlebi nagebia riyis qviT, gamoyenebulia qviSaqvis Txeli

filebis natexebic. orive kedelze interierSi mowyobilia

oTxkuTxa TaxCebis rigebi, romelTagan kargad aris Semor-

Cenili dasavleTis kedelze ramdenime qveda rigi. TaxCebis

zomebia: simaRle - 15 sm, sigane - 18 sm, siRrme - 25 sm. amrigad, aq

saqme gvaqvs e.w. “afTiaqTan”, anu “kolumbariumTan”. amgvari

“afTiaqebi” Sua saukuneebis samonastro kompleqsebSi gvx-

vdeba (saqarTveloSi, somxeTSi, kabadokiaSi da sxv.).

kolumbariumis CrdiloeTiT, ramdenime metrSi sxva nage-

bobis dasavleTis kedelia SemorCenili. kedelze ori TaxCaa,

maT Soris, ki kedelSi keramikuli wyalsadeni mili Cans. ked-

lis win, miwaSi qvevrebis kvali SeimCneva da duRabSi Casmuli

qvevris natexebic yria.

2. sagarejodan, kodisken mimaval gzaze 1,5 km-Si, e.w. yva-

vis saydris nangrevebia, romlis aRdgena adgilobrivebs

gadauwyvetiaT da mZime teqnikis saSualebiT mis garSemo

saZirkvlamde gauTxriaT miwa. Txris dros dazianda samarxe-

bi (qvayuTebi). “yvavis saydari” mcire zomis yofila (6X4,5),

kedlis sisqe 70 sm-ia, nagebia didi zomis riyis qviT, Tumca

saZirkvelsa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi qviSaqvac aris

gamoyenebuli. kari samxreT kedelSia gaWrili, aqvs swor-

kuTxa sakurTxeveli, SemorCenilia kankeli, romelic imave

teqnikiTaa nagebi, rogorc kedeli. yvavis saydarTan napov-

nia arqeologiuri masala.

7

da

ij

es

ti

Waladidi - ivlisi - 2013

xobis municipalitetis gamgeblis movaleobis Sems-

rulebelma b-n k. beniZem saqarTvelos kulturisa da Ze-

glTa dacvis saministros acnoba, rom Waladidis Temis

sofel saRvamiCaoSi, rionis marjvena napirze mdinarem

gamorecxa Zveli samarxi. adgilze viTareba Seiswavla

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnu-

li saagentos arqeologiuri memkvidreobis marTvis sam-

saxuris ufrosma iulon gagoSiZem.

saRvamiCaos saZovari mdebareobs uSualod rionis pi-

ras da mas sistematurad recxavs mdinare, gazafxulis

yoveli wyaldidoba 2-3 m-is siganis zols aklebs saZ-

ovars. mdinarispira flate, sadac aRmoCnda samarxis naS-

Ti 2-3 m-is simaRlis Tixnaria da aSkarad emCneva mdinaris

zemoqmedebis kvali. am flateSi 200 m-is manZilze 7 adg-

ilas zedapiridan 1.70 m-is siRrmeze SeiniSneba ormoe-

8

bis kvali, romelTa Zirzec gamoCnda naxSiri, Zvlebi,

keramikis fragmentebi da brinjaos natexebi. aSkaraa,

rom es aris ganapira mxareebi ormoebisa, romelTa

ZiriTadi nawili an mdinaris mitacebulia, an miwis

siRrmeSia dafluli, Zneli saTqmelia, ra xasiaTis an

ra drois ZeglebTan gvaqvs saqme, SesaZlebelia, isini

marTlac samarxebi iyos.

WaladidSi SemTxveviT gamovlinda marmarilos qa-

ndakebis fragmenti - adamianis Tavis naturaluri

zomis gamosaxuleba. TeTri marmarilos qandakebis

aRmoCena saqarTvelosTvis didi iSviaTobaa. qanda-

keba antikuri xanisaa, misi gamovlena WaladidSi mniS-

vnelovani arqeologiuri obieqtis arsebobas mianiS-

nebs.

imiri - seqtemberi - 2013

marneulis municipalitetis sofel imiris maxlo-

blad, adgil gadaWril goraze, qarTul-frangulma

arqeologiurma eqspediciam (saqarTvelos erovnu-

li muzeumisa da safrangeTis samecniero kvlevis

erovnuli centris (CNRS) proeqtis I (Laboratory Interna-

9

tional Associate) –“GATES Project“) farglebSi ganaxorciela ar-

qeologiuri samuSaoebi arqeolog mindia jalabaZis xelmZ-

RvanelobiT.

am savele kampaniis gansakuTrebul monapovrad SeiZle-

ba CaiTvalos 6 m diametris, gegmaSi wriuli nagebobis aR-

moCena, rac erTgvarad moulodneli iyo neoliTuri xanis

Sulaver-SomuTefes

k u l t u r i s a T v i s ,

romlisTvisac dam-

axasiaTebelia To-

losiseburi tipis

alizis nagebobebi,

romelTa diametre-

bi, Cveulebriv, 3 m

ar aRemateba. 6 m di-

ametris nagebobis

alizis cru TaRiT (Tolosiseburad) gadaxurva teqniku-

rad SeuZlebelia, e.i. aq gadaxurvis sxva konstruqciasTan

gvaqvs saqme. amdenad es mniSvnelovani faqtia saqarTveloSi

xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis istoriisTvis.

dvani - oqtomberi - 2013

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnu-

li saagentos monitoringis samsaxuris ufrosis g.gagoSiZis

cnobiT, sofel dvanSi SemTxveviT Zveli samarxi gamoCeni-

la. viTareba adgilze Seiswavles saqarTvelos kulturu-

10

li memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos arqe-

ologiuri memkvidreobis marTvis samsaxuris ufrosma

iulon gagoSiZem da amave samsaxuris ufrosma special-

istma zurab giorgaZem.

md. aRmosavleT fronis xeobaSi, mdinaris marcxena

napiras, qarelis municipalitetis sof. taxtiZiris

CrdiloeTiT, sof. dvanis sazRvarze, adgil wiTelbe-

gebze, saRolaSoeni-dvani samanqano gzis piras, fer-

dobis Camorecxvis Sedegad gzidan 1,5 m-is simaRleze

gamoCenila miwaSi horizontalurad dafluli qvevri.

qvevri damsxvreuli iyo da natexebi gzis piras eyara.

gairkva rom aq saqme gvaqvs Zvel samarxTan. qvevrSi ori

- mozrdilisa da bavSvis ConCxebi aRmoCnda. mozrdils

11

brinjaosa da rkinis samajurebi ekeTa xelze, bavSvs

ki - spilenZis mavTulovani sayureebi. qvevri da brin-

jaos samajuri TariRdeba q.w. III-II saukuneebiT.

i. gagoSiZem da z. giorgaZem qvevris natexebi da sama-

juri gadasces qarelis municipalitetis amJamad mo-

qmed doRlauris arqeologiuri eqspediciis bazas qa-

relis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi gansaTavseblad.

12

- pirvel yovlisa, minda aRvniSno, rom saqarT-

velos arqeologiaSi mniSvnelovani progresi Sein-

iSneba, Tumca, problemebi arsebobs. mag.: mimaCnia,

rom Cveni kanonmdebloba ar aris idealuri da mniS-

vnelovanwilad dasaxvewia. garda amisa, Zireulad

unda aRmoifxvras kanondarRvevis mcdelobac

ki. rac Seexeba erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiis

centris saqmianobas, Cveni mTavari prioriteti

interdisciplinaruli kvlevebia da proeqtebi,

romlebsac ucxoelebTan erTad vaxorcielebT.

am erToblivi proeqtebis mTavari miRweva is aris,

“erovnuli muzeumis arqe-

ologiis centris ZiriTadi

prioriteti interdisci-

plinaruli kvlevebia”

- batono zurab, Tqven xelmZRvan-

elobT saqarTveloSi umsxviles ar-

qeologiur dawesebulebas, Sesabam-

isad, saqmis kursSi brZandebiT, ra

viTarebaa dRes saqarTvelos arqeo-

logiaSi, ra problemebi da gamowveve-

bia mis winaSe da ra warmatebebs veliT

uaxloes periodSi?

i n t e r v i u saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

arqeologiis centris ufrosTan, baton

zurab maxaraZesTan

13

rom Cven CaverTeT saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaSi,

vurTierTobT msoflioSi saukeTeso centrebTan da

gvaqvs saSualeba, ucxoel kolegebTan erTad sazR-

vargareT gavakeToT masalaTa analizebi Tanamedrove

tipis saukeTeso laboratoriebSi, rac xarisxobrivad

cvlis miRebul Sedegebs, anu, obieqturad, dRes ufro

meti informaciis miReba SeiZleba, vidre Tundac uax-

les warsulSi.

mogexsenebaT, arqeologiis centri adre damoukide-

beli organizacia iyo akademiis daqvemdebarebaSi,

Semdeg erovnul muzeums SeuerTda. mimaCnia, rom es

yvelaze msxvili arqeologiuri dawesebulebaa saqa-

rTveloSi, Cven 60-ze meti mecnier-TanamSromeli anu

arqeologiuri centris ZiriTadi birTvi Sevinar-

CuneT, rac metad mniSvnelovani faqtia. axla Segvi-

Zlia, muSaobis dasawyisidan, e.i. masalis mopovebidan,

mis publikaciamde Tvali vadevnoT monapovars, anu

Camoyalibda erTi sistema da Cven uSualod vmonaw-

ileobT yvela procesSi - laboratoriul kvlevebSi,

restavracia-konservaciasa Tu gamofenebis mowyobaSi.

sistemaSi Seiqmna uwyveti jaWvi. vfiqrob, amis gakeTe-

ba aucilebeli iyo, radgan aseTi aqtivoba yovelTvis

dadebiTad isaxeba muSaobis processa Tu Sedegebze.

centris warmatebul saqmianobas, mniSvnelovani kon-

taqtebis damyarebas, bunebrivia, xels uwyobs erovnu-

li muzeumis direqtoris b-n daviT lorTqifaniZis av-

toriteti.

14

- ukve meore welia qarTul-avstraliuri eqspedi-

cia muSaobs aspinZis municipalitetis sofel WobareT-

Si, sadac mtkvar-araqsis kulturis nasaxlari iTxre-

ba, qarelis municipalitetis sofel doRlaurTan,

dedoflis goraze muSaobs qarTul-italiuri arqe-

ologiuri eqspedicia. bolnisis municipalitetSi, say-

drisis oqros sabadoze dawyebuli proeqti xorcield-

eba, folqsvagenis fondis dafinansebiT. aruxloze ki,

neoliTuri xanis nasaxlaris gaTxrebi gagrZelda, aseve

germanelebTan erTad.

- rogor xdeba erToblivi

proeqtebis dafinanseba?

- erTobliv eqspediciebs ucxouri fondebi afi-

nansebs. gaTxrebs erToblivad vawarmoebT, Cvenia ma-

terialuri baza, specialistebi da sxva resursebi.

- qarTuli eqspedicia, Tqveni xelmZRvane-

lobiT, ukve sami welia ucxoeTSi muSaobs.

ram ganapiroba qarTveli arqeologebis

aseTi dafaseba da ras SeiswavliT Tqven iq?

- diax, qarTuli misia sami welia kuveitSi muS-

aobs ise, rogorc safrangeTis, inglisis, poloneTis,

daniisa da sxva qveyanaTa misiebi. am proeqtis xelmZR-

- amJamad romeli interdisciplin-

aruli proeqtebi xorcieldeba?

i n t e r v i u

15

vaneli b-n daviT lorTqifaniZe gaxlavT, me ki savele

direqtori var. Cvens eqspedicias “kuveit-qarTuli eqs-

pedicia” hqvia, organizatori gaxlavT kuveitis mxare,

rac Cveni muSaobis damoukideblobas ar uSlis xels.

kuveitSi vmuSaobT kunZul failakaze, sparseTis yure-

Si. gaTxrebi saintereso aRmoCnda Tundac imiT, rom iq

gamovlinda dilmunis kultura. dilmunis kultura da-

dasturebulia kunZul bahreinze da ukavSirdeba Sum-

erul civilizacias. es gaxlavT adreuli brinjaos xana

- III aTaswleulis dasasruli. periodi, rodesac dilmu-

nis kultura ukavSirdeba Sumers, q.w. 2200-1750 wlebiT

TariRdeba. dilmunis kultura Sumerul civilizacias

amaragebda (samxreTidan sazRvao gziT) liToniT -

i n t e r v i u

failaka, savele samuSaoebi

16

spilenZiT, arsebobs varaudi, rom iq kalac SehqondaT.

dilmunis kultura sakmaod Taviseburia, CvenTvis im

kuTxiTac sainteresoa, rom saqarTvelo am winaaziuri

civilizaciis CrdiloeT periferiaa, xolo dilmunis

kultura samxreTis - anu ikveTeba Sumeris civiliza-

ciis liToniT momaragebis ori sxvadasxva gza.

patara kunZuli failaka evfratisa da tigrosis Ses-

arTavTan axlos mdebareobs da erTgvari forposti

gaxlavT. gaTxrebi iq danielebma daiwyes (jefri bibim).

gamovlinda taZari, sasaxle, sabeWdavebi, erTad aris

aRmoCenili dilmunuri da Sumeruli masalebi, rac,

TavisTavad, sainteresoa. am kulturis aRzevebis meo-

re periodi elinisturi xanaa, frangebma gaTxares in-

doeTTan savaWro forposti elinisturi forti, ar-

temidas taZriT.

- ra gaTxara qarTulma eqspediciam?

- qarTvelebs failakaze gamogviyves is teritoria,

romelic Seuswavleli iyo, anu am kunZulis Crdilo-

aRmosavleT nawili. Cven gavTxareT da failakaze

pirvelad aRmovaCineT yorRnis tipis samarxi. sa-

marxi marTalia gaZarculi dagvxvda, magram tipuri

dilmunuri keramika axlda, garda amisa, gavTxareT,

ucxoelTaTvis ucnobi qvayuTebi (adrebrinjaos xanis

III aTaswleulis dasasruli - II aTaswleulis dasawyisi).

aRmovaCineT mTeli rigi Zeglebi (aseve ucxo maTTvis),

es gaxlavT qurebi - qviT naSeni, TixiT Selesili ork-

i n t e r v i u

17

ameriani qurebi, romlebic adreul rkinis xanas, anu I

aTaswleulis I naxevars unda ekuTvnodes, magram prob-

lema is aris, rom ar viciT, risTvis gamoiyeneboda es

qurebi, rac, TavisTavad, Zalian sainteresoa. qviSaSi

qvis 100-mde ucnobi konstruqcia davafiqsireT. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom qarTuli eqspediciis paralelurad

kunZulze sxvadasxva qveynis eqspediciebi muSaobs,

anu profesionalizmi maTTvis ar aris ucxo, imdenad

moewonaT Cveni jgufis saqmianoba, rom gagvigrZeles

xelSekruleba. es kontraqti xuTwliania, garda amisa,

metad sasixaruloa is, rom SemogvTavazes meore eqs-

pediciis Catareba. anu, failakaze muSaobas gaagrZe-

lebs b-n guram kvirkvelia, me ki kontinentze gadaval.

momavali wlidan saqarTvelodan warmodgenili iqneba

ori paraleluri eqspedicia, rac, bunebrivia, ufro

meti profesionalisa da studentis dasaqmebis saSu-

i n t e r v i u

failaka, yorRani

18

alebas mogvcems. Cven vcdilobT axalgazrdebis integ-

rirebas msoflio arqeologiur sivrceSi, miT umetes,

rom axalgazrdebis interesi didia.

- ramdenadac viciT, gasuli wlis Semodgomaze,

Tqveni xelmZRvanelobiT, alaznis WalaSi arqe-

ologiurma eqspediciam q.w. mesame aTaswleu-

lis yorRani gaTxara, iqneb gviTxraT, riTi iyo

mniSvnelovani es samarxi da ra SesZina misma Ses-

wavlam saqarTvelos arqeologias?

- diax, SarSan lagodexis municipalitetSi, sofel

WabukianTan, gavTxareT ori yorRani, gaTxrebs Tavad

vxelmZRvanelobdi, radgan am periodis specialisti

var. erTi ananauris 3 grandiozuli yorRania, 100 m-is

diametris 12 m-is simaRlis uzarmazari gora, romelic

qviT iyo dafaruli, rogorc gairkva, mTeli yrili

i n t e r v i u

an

an

au

ri

3

, y

or

Rn

is

yr

il

is

Wr

il

i

19

datkepnili Tixisgan Sedgeboda, zemodan riyis qvis ja-

vSani hqonda gadafarebuli. am yorRnis qveS aRmoCnda

ormoSi Cadgmuli xiT nagebi dasakrZalavi kamera, mTe-

li moedani (daaxloebiT 25X15-ze) muxis morebiT iyo

dafaruli. TviTon ormos Sida farTobi 9.5X6 m-ia. is

xiT nagebia, ormagi kedlebiT, ormagi gadaxurviT, am

ormag xis fenilSi Wilofi iyo Cafenili xaliCasaviT,

gamovlinda sami sayrdeni sveti, agreTve, aRmovaCi-

neT 2 dasakrZalavi oTxTvala etli, rac TavisTavad

sainteresoa imitom, rom yvela yorRanSi, romelic

gaTxrilia saqarTvelosa Tu Crdilo-kavkasiaSi, mx-

olod TiTo etlia aRmoCenili. amgvari grandiozuli

da mdidruli yorRani 40-50 weliwadia ar gaTxrila

saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom yorRani brin-

jaos xanaSive gauZarcvavT da, samwuxarod, ConCxebi

areulia (maTi mxolod narCenebi dafiqsirda, Tumca

i n t e r v i u

an

an

au

ri

3,

ga

xs

ni

li

ka

me

ra

20

es narCenebic mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs), is

mainc unikaluria. es xis nageboba mTlianad TixaSi iyo,

zemodan 12 m TixiT dafaruli, is imdenad kargad da-

icva Tixam da Wilofma, rom yorRanSi gansakuTrebuli

mikroklimati Seiqmna, Sesabamisad, miuxedavad alaznis

velis nestisa (an SesaZloa swored amis gamo) SemorCa

is organuli nivTierebebi, romlebic Cveulebriv nad-

gurdeba xolme. TiTqmis dauzianebeli dagvxvda 30-35

sm-is diametrisa da 8-9 m-is sigrZis xis morebi, isini

imdenad kargad iyo Senaxuli, rom amoReba gagviWirda.

gamovlinda didi raodenobiT Salis sxvadasxvagvarad

naqsovi materia, tyavis nivTebi, maT Soris foCebiani

CanTa, oqros nakeTobebi, samkaulebi (23 erTeuli), be-

denis kulturisTvis (romelic zogadad III aTaswleu-

i n t e r v i u

ananauri 3, oqros samkauli

21

lis II naxevriT TariRdeba) damaxasiaTebeli kaJisa da

obsidianis isrispiorebi, liTonis nivTebi. TviTon

etli fantastikurad damuSavebuli ornamentiTaa

Semkuli, gamovlenilia savarZeli, faqtiurad, taxti,

rac pirveli SemTxvevaa am periodisTvis, xis WurWe-

li, qalcedonis rgoli da qarvis mZivebis SesaniSnavi

asxma. qarvis mZivebis aRmoCena TavisTavad Zalian mniS-

vnelovani faqtia, vinaidan am periodSi ara mxolod

saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel axlo aRmosavleTSi qarva

cnobili ar iyo. savaraudoa, rom qarva Semotanilia

baltiispireTidan. yorRanSi gamovlenili qarva am pe-

riodis yvelaze adreuli qarvaa wina aziaSi. safiqrali

da samuSao bevri gvaqvs, unda gairkves, ra kontaqtebi

hqondaT Cvens winaprebs sxva kulturebTan. garda

amisa, yorRanSi gadarCa kalaTebiT Setanili Txili,

wabli - gavavseT sami tomara. gamovlinda kalaTebis

narCenebi, gadarCenilia tyis kenkra ki - ontyofa da

kvrinCxi, cacxvis marcvlebi, rko. yovelive es swored

yorRnis unikaluri mikroklimatis wyalobiT gadarCa.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom rodesac samarxSi aRmoCe-

nili Zvlebi Seiswavles gairkva, rom isini TaflSi iyo

amovlebuli, rac gvamis balzamirebis mcdelobaze me-

tyvelebs, xolo palinologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad

dadasturda, rom SeiniSneba vazis, xorblis, anu kul-

turuli mcenareebis kvali, Tumca samarxSi mxolod

tyis nobaTia warmodgenili. dRes Cven saSualeba gvaqvs,

imdenad maRal doneze SeviswavloT masala, msoflios

i n t e r v i u

22

saukeTeso specialistebTan konsultaciebis fonze,

rom xSirad masalis Seswavlis Sedegad miRebuli infor-

macia aranakleb mniSvnelovania Tavad gaTxrebze. amJa-

mad mimdinareobs yorRnis masalis kvlevis, damuSavebis,

aRdgenis procesi, restavracia-sakonservacia. amjerad,

Cveni konsultantebi germanelebi arian.

oqros nivTebi Cabarda erovnuli muzeumis oqros

fonds, danarCeni masala ganTavsda Sesabamis fondebsa

da laboratoriebSi. kvlevis Sedegebi gamoqveyndeba

samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg, droebiT eqsponirebas

erovnul muzeumSi vapirebT.

- ras gvetyviT meore yorRnis Sesaxeb?

- meore yorRani - “WinWriani gora” gacilebiT pata-

raa. yrilis diametri 50 m-ia, simaRle - 2.5 m. miwayrili

gadasworebuli iyo, magram TviTon ormo uzarmazari

aRmoCnda - 11 m diametrisa da 8 m siRrmis, xiT (Zalian

i n t e r v i u

WinWriani gora, xedi

23

saintereso konstruqciis) gadaxuruli. gruntis

wylebis gamo, am yorRanSi muSaoba gagviWirda, Tumca,

fiqsacia SevZeliT. samwuxarod, yorRani gaZarcu-

li dagvxvda. iZulebulni viyaviT,

mTeli es miwa gagverecxa. aRmovaCi-

neT ramdenime micvalebulis ConCxi,

keramikis fragmentebi, sardionis

lamazi sakidebi, mTeli asxma mTis

brolis mZivi.

fotoebi gamoyenebulia b-n zurab maxaraZis

eqskluziuri nebarTviT.

i n t e r v i u

WinWriani gora, kameris xedi

WinWriani gora, keramika

24

iulon gagoSiZe

dedoflis gora

a x a l i a r q e o l o g i u r i

dedoflis gora saqveynod cnobili arqeologiuri Ze-

glia. 1985-2007 wlebSi aq muSaobda s.janaSias saxelobis

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiuri eqs-

pedicia (xelmZRvaneli i.gagoSiZe), romelmac gaTxara da

Seiswavla antikuri xanis sasaxle - iberiis (qarTlis same-

fos) mefeTa erT-erT rezidencia. sasaxle q.w. II saukunis

dasasruls aris agebuli da daaxloebiT q.S. 80 wels Zl-

ieri miwisZvris Sedegad daingra. miwisZvras xanZari mo-

hyva, romelmac sasaxlis meore da mesame sarTulebi im-

sxverpla. marTalia, sasaxlis mcxovreblebi gadarCnen,

magram verafris gatana ver mouswriaT, radgan pirveli

sarTulis oTaxebSi, romlebic saxuravisa da kedlebis

q.w.II-q.S.I ss. sasaxlis Crdilo aRmosavleTi koSkis naSTi

25

a R m o C e n a

cecxlisgan gamlRvali masiT aris amovsebuli arqeolo-

gebs TiTqmis yvelaferi xeluxlebeli daxvdaT. gadarCa

ara Tu liTonis (oqro, vercxli, brinjao, rkina), qvis,

minisa da keramikuli nivTebi, aramed organuli warmo-

Sobis masalac ki - aveji, qsovilebi, xili (atami, Svindi,

yurZeni da sxv.), marcvleuli (xorbali, asli, qeri, Wvavi),

fqvili, gamomcxvari puri, xisa da tyavis nawarmi.

sasaxle ganfenilia goris mTel Txemze (3.500 kv.m).

2007 wlamde gaiTxara 20 oTaxi da aq aRmoCenili 10 000-

ze meti sxvadasxva tipis eqsponati gadaeca saqarTvelos

erovnul muzeums.

q.S. IV saukuneSi sasaxlis nangrevebze sofeli gaSenda,

romelmac VI saukunemde iarseba. magram, rogorc arqe-

ologiuri gaTxrebiT gairkva TviTon sasaxlec uZveles

namosaxlarze auSenebiaT. dedoflis goris samxreT

ferdobze, romelsac mdinare dasavleTis frone (fciu-

la) recxavs SeimCneva adreuli rkinisa da brinjaos xanis

kulturuli fenebi, romelTa saerTo sisqe 10-15 m aRwevs.

sul qvemoT, mtkvar-araqsis xanis (q.w. III aTaswleulis da-

sawyisi) kulturuli fenis qveS gamovlinda keramikuli

fragmentebi, romlebic savaraudod xalkoliTis epoqas

(q.w. IV aTaswleuli) miekuTvneba. es kultura maikopisa

(Crd. kavkasia) da leilaTefes (azerbaijani) saxeliTaa

cnobili da, rogorc irkveva mesopotamiuri, urukis

kulturis identuria, masve miekuTvneba 1980-ian wlebSi

Sida qarTlSi, adgil berikldeebze gamovlenili ori

26

kulturuli fena - taZari da safortifikacio sistema.

berikldeebi ki im Zveli namosaxlaris nawilia, romlis

centri dedoflis gora gaxlavT. amJamad, xalkoliTu-

ri kulturis kvleva kavkasiis arqeologiis erT-erTi

aqtualuri problemaa. swored amitom dainteresdnen

dedoflis goriT uZvelesi periodis mkvlevarebi.

2013 wlis 17 ivnisidan 31 ivlisamde qarTul-italiuri

proeqtis «Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri proeqti» far-

glebSi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumisa da veneciis

foskaris universitetis (Ca’ oscari niversity of Ven-

ice) erToblivma samecniero eqspediciam arqeologi-

uri da interdisciplinaruli kvleva Caatara qarelis

raionSi dedoflis goraze. gaTxrebSi monawileobdnen

ilias universitetis mecnier-TanamSromlebi da stu-

pirveli kulturuli fena IV s.

27

dentebi, aseve veneciis universitetis studente-

bi, saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis

erovnuli saagentos warmoadgenda iulon gagoSiZe.

eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumis mTavari kuratori, arqeologi mindia jala-

baZe.

eqspediciis ZiriTadi mizani iyo dedoflis goris

stratigrafiis garkveva, risTvisac goris samxreT

da aRmosavleT ferdobebze gaiTxara ori strati-

grafiuli Wrili, garda amisa, grZeldeboda sasaxlis

gaTxrebic, gaiwminda morigi 21-e oTaxi. marTalia,

verc stratigrafiuli Wrilebis da verc oTaxis bo-

lomde gaTxra ver moxerxda, magram miRebuli Sedegebi

metad mniSvnelovania.

1985-2007 wlebSi dedoflis goris sasaxlis gaTxrebis

dros erTma garemoebam miiqcia yuradReba, kerZod, q.S.

II saukunis bolos aSenebuli sasaxle idga adreuli

rkinis xanis fenaze an mdinareul xreSze. adreuli rki-

nis xana sasaxlis aSenebis periods win uswrebs minimum

xuTasi wliT, anu sa-

varaudo iyo, rom am

xuTasi wlis ganma-

vlobaSi dedoflis

goraze aravin sax-

lobda. xolo mdi-

nareuli xreSis

arseboba mdinaris

amJamindeli doni-

sakurTxeveli gaTxris procesi

28

dan TiTqmis 30 m-is simaRleze auxsneli rCeboda. wels

gaTxrilma stratigrafiulma Wrilma am orive sakiTxs

naTeli mohfina. aRmosavleT ferdobze gavlebuli

stratigrafiuli Wrilis meore safexurzeve gamov-

linda aqemeniduri da elinisturi xanis fenebi, amdenad

gairkva, rom sasaxlis mSeneblebs mSeneblobis dawyebis

win, samSeneblo moednis nivelirebis mizniT mouswore-

biaT goris Txemi da uSualod misi winamorbedi elinis-

turi da aqemeniduri xanis kulturuli fenebi gaunad-

gurebiaT.

stratigrafiulma Wrilma gaarkvia mdinareuli xre-

Sis warmomavlobac. Wrilis meoTxe safexurze gaiwminda

adreuli rkinis xanis adreuli etapis mZlavri galavnis

sasaxlis 21-e oTaxi sakurTxevliani

29

monakveTi. galavani uzarmazari lodebiT aris nagebi

da gamagrebulia samkuTxa kontrforsebiT. galavnis

mSeneblebs galavnis win, goris garSemo amouTxriaT

20 m siganisa da 10 m siRrmis TavdacviTi Txrili da

am Txrilidan amoRebuli mdinareuli warmoSobis

xreSiT aumaRlebiaT gora.

sruliad uCveulo aRmoCnda sasaxlis 21-e oTaxi.

5mX5m farTobis oTaxi praqtikulad carieli iyo da

mis SuaSi, SedarebiT axlos dasavleTis kedelTan

samsxverplo-sakurTxeveli idga. gamovlinda oTx-

kuTxa baqanze aRmarTuli alizis agurisave TaRovani

nageboba, romelic aRmosavleTisken aris gaxsnili.

am buxris msgavs konstruqciaSi samsxverplo cecx-

li enTo: masSi SemorCa 15 sm-is wminda nacris fena,

sakurTxevlis dabrtyelebul zedapirze idga oqro-

Ti Semkuli brinjaos ramdenime mcire zomis qandake-

ba, eyara minis mZivebi da ori kvercxi ido. qanadakebe-

bidan erT-erTi xelawvdili qali, SesaZloa, minervas

gamosaxulebaa, meore - qalis figuraa, mesame - frTeb-

mokecili arwivis skulptura. yvela maTgani cilin-

drul an kubur postamentebze idga.

fotoebi gadaRebulia iulon gagoSiZis mier.

30

s t a t i e b i

giorgi gogoWuri

saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba ganapirobebda qa-

rTvelTa saerTaSoriso istoriul misias: daecva CrdiloeT

kavkasiidan gadmosasvleli uReltexilebi. q. w. I aTaswleu-

lis meore meoTxedSi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan SemoWrilma

skviTur-kimeriulma tomebma gaanadgures mcireaziuli

civilizaciebi, asureTisa da urartus saxelmwifoebi.

CrdiloeTidan mosulma damangrevelma Zalam, rogorc Cans,

imdenad imoqmeda imdroindel wina aziaSi arsebul sax-

elfoebsa da mosaxleobaze, rom am movlenebidan TiTqmis

aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi aqtualuri gaxda kavkasionis

gadmosasvlelebis Caketvis aucilebloba. aqemeniduri ira-

nisa, Tu sasanidebis Sahin-Sahebis, romis, bizantiisa da ara-

bebis mier saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Semdeg, zavis dadebi-

sas, aqtualuri xdeboda CrdiloeTidan gadmosasvlelebis

dacvis problema. amis gamo dampyrobelsa da dapyrobil

qveyanas (iberia) Soris dadebuli zavi, zogjer, “samegobro

xelSekrulebad” moixsenieboda.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare qarTlis samefo kars mu-

dam Tval-yuri unda edevnebina mTiani regionisTvis da iq

mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis. elinistur da adreul Sua

saukuneebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi, da ra Tqma

unda fxovic, qarTlis (iberiis) samefo xelisuflebis uSu-

31

s t a t i e b i

alo gamgeblobaSi imyofeboda. samefo karis yvela politi-

kuri da religiuri aqti, rogorc Cans, pirvel rigSi, mTis

mosaxleobaSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. bunebrivia, xelis-

ufalsa da mis domens Soris, romelic qveynis CrdiloeT

sazRvris siaxloves mdebareobda da misi funqcia sazRvris

dacva iyo, aucilebeli iqneboda ideologiuri Tanxvedris

arseboba.

jer kidev antikur xanaSi, qarTlis mefisadmi uSualo mor-

Cilebam ganapiroba is, rom fSav-xevsureTis mosaxleobam

ufro metad SeiTvisa da Seisisxlxorca samefo karis relig-

ia, vidre baris regionis araerTgvarovanma da gansxvavebul

religiur aRmsareblobaTa mosaxleobam, maSin rodesac jer

kidev ar arsebobda erTiani saxelmwifo religia. aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos mTiswineTi da mTaqristianuli religiis

oficialur aRiarebamdec baris mier kargad iyo aTvisebuli.

am faqts werilobiTi wyaroebi, arqeologiuri masalebi da

eTnografiuli monacemebi adasturebs [ramiSvili 1996: 17].

IV saukunidan, qarTlis samefo karis iniciativiT mTiane-

Tis mosaxleoba inaTleba. qarTlis moqcevis qronikam

Semogvinaxa yru gamoZaxili imisa, rom qristianobas qarTl-

Si advilad ar gaukvalavs gza wm. ninos mociqulebrivi moR-

vaweobis Semdegac ki: “warvida da dadga wobens (wm. nino) da

uqadaga sarwmunoebaჲ qristჱsi. xolo maT ganuyares Tavi da

erisTavman mcired wahmarTa maxvili da SiSiT moscnes ker-

pni maTni dalewad”. asea “moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs” Satberdul

nusxaSi [ZqalZ 1963: 89].

i. gagoSiZes miaCnia, rom qarTlis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis

strategiam ganapiroba is faqti, rom mefisa da misi ojaxis

32

s t a t i e b i

monaTvlis SemdeguSualod mTa da kaxeT-kuxeTi moinaTla,

xolo zena soflis gaqristianeba samermisod gadaido. qarT-

lis (iberiis) keTildReoba didad iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu

rogor akontrolebda xelisufleba kavkasionis uReltexi-

lebs. kontrolis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad aucilebe-

li iyo xelisuflebis mier mTielTa damorCileba. mosaxleo-

bis damorCilebis saSualeba ki yovelTvis iyo mefis religiis

am mosaxleobaSi damkvidreba, Tundac Zalismieri meTodebiT,

rogorc es moxda wm. ninos dros [gagoSiZe 1999: 60].

WeliSuri nusxis mixedviT “maxvilis warmarTva” erisTavs

TviT wm. ninom ubrZana: ”xolo nino ubrZana erisTavsa, raჲTa

warmarTos mcired maჳli maT zeda, da viTarca Sebma uyves,

SiSiT misces Tavni maTni naTlis-Rebas”. ninos winaaRmde-

goba gauwies “mTielTa yovelTa”. “mTielTa, WarTalelTa,

da fxoelTa da wilkanelTa”. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTlis

xevsureTi. cixedsofeli muco

33

s t a t i e b i

mefe ukve meoTxe saukuneSi moinaTla Sida qarTlis baris

mosaxleobis nawili meeqvse saukunemde warmarTad rCeboda.

farTo saeklesio mSenebloba aq VI_VII ss-Si gaiSala [gago-

SiZe 1999: 60; 66-67].

qarTlis samefo karis gaqristianeba da mis mier aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobaSi ganxorcielebuli

politika aisaxa materialur kulturaze, rac dasturdeba ar-

qeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili ZeglebiT. qris-

tianobam mTaSi Tavisi kvali Semogvinaxa eklesia-monastrebis,

samarxeuli Zeglebis, qva-jvarebisa Tu stelebis saxiT.

saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobis sulieri da materi-

aluri kulturis kvleviT mravali ucxoeli da qarTveli

specialisti iyo dainteresebuli. mecnierebi dResac daoben

TuS-fSav-xevsureTsa da mTiuleT-gudamayarSi SemorCenil

religiur rwmena-warmodgenebis, kultmsaxurebis, sakul-

to-sasuliero teqstebisa da maTi warmomavlobis Tu ritu-

alSi CarTvis gzebis Sesaxeb. imis gamo, rom mTa gasuli sau-

kunis bolo meoTxedamde arqeologiurad Seuswavleli iyo,

mkvlevarTa umravlesobis daskvnebi emyareboda religiur

Temebs adgilze nanax da aRweril ritualebs, zepir gadmo-

cemebsa da Zalian mwir werilobiT wyaroebs. amis gamo, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, daskvnebi subieqturi da zogjer mcdaric iyo.

fxovSi qristianobis gavrcelebis sakiTxis kvlevisas,

pirvel rigSi, gansaxilvelia istoriuli fxovis lokaliza-

ciis problema, rac dRemde, gadauWrel sakiTxad rCeba qa-

rTul istoriul geografiaSi. g. rCeuliSvili, mravali sa-

mecniero literaturisa da istoriuli werilobiTi wyaros

34

s t a t i e b i

mimoxilvis Sedegad askvnis, rom fxovis samxreT sazRvari IV

saukunisaTvis orwylis midamoebSi unda yofiliyo da Sesa-

Zleblad miaCnia mogviano xanebSi misi gadmoweva karTani-

sken. igi fxovis CrdiloeT sazRvars xaxmat-daTvisjvris

uReltexilTan moiazrebs, Tumca, aseve ar gamoricxavs, rom

es sazRvari SesaZloa, anatoris nasoflaris maxlobladac

(mdinare arRunisa da ardotis wylis SesarTavi) gadioda

[rCeuliSvili 1990: 24-25; 37-38; 45; 110].

xeobis viwrobebSi, karTanas midamoebSi, aragvis orive mx-

ares, TavdacviTi nagebobebis, nasoflarebisa da qristianu-

li Zeglebis simravlec am midamoebSi administraciuli saz-

Rvris arsebobaze unda mianiSnebdes. amjerad, cxadia, Cveni

mizani fxovis lokalizaciis dazusteba ar aris. am sakiTx-

Tan dakavSirebiT viziarebT g. rCeuliSvilis mosazrebas.

Cven fxovis sazRvrebi, gvainteresebs qristianuli Zeglebis

gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis arqeologiurad Ses-

wavla mxolod oTxi aTeuli wlis win daiwyo. gasuli saukunis

70-ian wlebSi aragvis xeobaSi Jinvalis hidro-eleqtrosad-

guris mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT Camoyalibda arqeolo-

giuri eqspedicia r. ramiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, romlis

umTavres mizani iyo axalmSeneblobis zonaSi istoriul-arqe-

ologiur ZeglTa gamovlena da kvleva. mogvianebiT, arqeolo-

giurma kvleva-Ziebam moicva, ara mxolod axalmSeneblobis

zona, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos maRalmTiani regionic.

eqspediciam mTis wina zolSi gamoavlina mravali qrsitian-

uli Zegli. am ZeglTa didi umravlesoba nangrevebis saxiTaa

35

s t a t i e b i

SemorCenili da maTi Seswavla SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad. Zeglebi umetes wilad

fSavis qveda zonis soflebsa da nasoflarebSi fiqsirde-

ba, anu istoriuli fxovis gareT. es is teritoriaa, romlis

gavliTac fxovSi aRwevda “baruli” kultura da, raRa Tqma

unda, qristianobamac am gziT SeaRwia fxovis maRalmTian so-

flebSi. Cveni mizani ar aris fSav-xevsureTis qristianuli

Zeglebis stilisturi analizi, Cven saqarTvelos am region-

Si eklesia-monastrebis raodenobis mixedviT qristianobis

gavrcelebis masStabebi unda warmovaCinoT.

fSav-xevsureTSi aRricxuli qristianuli Zeglebidan sx-

vadasxva drois arqiteqturuli kompleqsebi gamoiyofa. isi-

ni, ZiriTadad, adreul, ganviTarebul da gvian Sua saukunee-

bs ganekuTvneba

fSav-xevsureTis Zeglebis mokle mimoxilva:

xeobis dasawyisSi, mdinare aragvis marcxena mxareze, naso-

flar mRvimis ganapiras, misgan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT,

gaiTxara eklesia, romelic daTariRebulia VIII_IX saukunee-

biT [sikZa 2008: 297].

sof. neZixis Tavze mdebareobs “bzianas” samonastro kom-

pleqsi, romelic arqeologiuradaa Seswavlili. kompleqsi

Sedgeba ori eklesiisa da samarovnisagan. samonastro kom-

pleqsSi, jer kidev Zeglis Txris procesSi, uZveles nagebo-

bad (VIII s.) bazilika aRiares [wereTeli 1980: 71-72], SedarebiT

mogvianod ki, darbazuli eklesia. arqeologiuri kvleva-

36

s t a t i e b i

Ziebis dasrulebis Semdeg moxerxda kompleqsSi calkeuli

nagebobebis aSenebis Tanmimdevrobis dadgena da misi TariRi

VI-VIII saukuneebiT ganisazRvra [rCeuliSvili 1990: 33-34].

neZixis teritoriazea RvTismSoblis darbazuli eklesiac,

romelic soflidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, tyiT dafarul

borcvze mdebareobs da ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebs gane-

kuTvneba. kankelis win dgas sworkuTxa formis mozrdili

qviSaqvis bloki zeda waxnagze sworkuTxa RrmuliT, rogorc

Cans, sakurTxevliswina jvris baza [sikZa 2008: 286-287].

didi kompleqsia Seswavlili sofel TvalivSi. Zegli mde-

bareobs sof. Tvalivis samxreTiT tyian ferdobze. komple-

qsi Sedgeba didi darbazuli da mcire eklesiebisagan, senak-

sacxvreblebisa da galavnisagan. Tvalivi unda yofiliyo

xarWaSneli episkoposis rezidencia, romelic ivris xeobi-

dan XV s-Si gadaitanes aragvis xeobaSi. rogorc Cans, Tva-

livis saydari XVI saukuneSi safuZvlianad gadaukeTebiaT.

miuxedavad amisa, sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli niSniT (gareT

gaSverili da nalisebri afsida, SigniT gaganierebuli sarkm-

lebi da sxv.) is moiazreba adre Sua saukuneTa xanis qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglTa wreSi da ganekuTvneba VIII-IX ss. ms-

gavsi Zeglebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad VI-VII ss.

TariRdeba [sikZa 2008: 286-287; wereTeli 1980: 73-74].

gudruxSi aris salocavi “adgilis deda”, anu RvTismSob-

lis eklesia. is mdebareobs tyian qedze, sadac dadasturebu-

lia Sua saukuneebis mZlavri namosaxlari. eklesias samxreTi-

dan aqvs gviandeli (XII-XIII ss.) minaSeni. eklesia X saukunisaa

[sikZa 2008: 240-241].

37

s t a t i e b i

sof. maRaroskaris pirdapir, kuWeWas maRali mTis wverze

(3000 m. zRvis donidan) aris nagebobis naSTi, romelic meo-

radad gamoyenebuli Sirimis kvadrebiTaa wriulad Semoz-

Ruduli. kvadrebSi gamoirCeva erTi monoliTi, romelic

safasado mxridan Semkulia sami kaneluriT da oTxi pilas-

trisagan Sedgeba. blokis orive gverdze gamosaxulia TiTo

kaneluri. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom Sirimisa da kldis

natexi blokebi im eklesiis dangreuli naSTebia, romelic

aqve unda yofiliyo, xolo Sirimis didi zomis kanelurebiT

Semkuli monoliTi am eklesiis sakurTxevlad moiazreba. ku-

WeWas mTis Zeglis magaliTze kargad Cans, Tu rogor gamoi-

yenes dangreuli eklesiis masalebi da mogvianebiT rogor

gamarTes aq xat-salocavi [wereTeli 1980: 74-75].

sofel kanatiis midamoebSi, kudos mTaze, nasoflaris

teritoriaze, mdebareobs wm. giorgis naeklesiari, romelic

ganekuTvneba VIII-IX saukuneebs. eklesias sammxrivi garSemo-

savleli hqonia, nagebia sxvadasxva zomis natexi qviT. kuTx-

eebSi, konstruqciul nawilebsa da kar-sarkmlebis wirTx-

lebis wyobaSi gamoyenebulia Sirimis kargad gaTlili qvebi

[sikZa 2008: 263].

sofel swrofavis teritoriaze aris naeklesiarebi. erT-er-

Ti eklesia mdebareobs soflis CrdiloeTiT. igi TariRdeba X

s-iT. eklesia darbazulia, naSenia natexi qviT. kar-sarkmlebis

Riobebi amoyvanilia Sirimis Tlili qviT [sikZa 2008: 313].

swrofavidan sakmaod Sors, soflis CrdiloeTiT 2 km-ze,

fSavis aragvisa da xorxis xeobebis gamyof qedze, sayviralis

mTaze mdebareobs wm. giorgis eklesiis kompleqsi. kompleqs-

38

s t a t i e b i

Si gvxvdeba VIII-IX ss. wm. giorgis darbazuli eklesia garSemo-

savleliT, aqve wm. giorgis eklesiis samxreTiT darbazuli

eklesiaa, romelic ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebs ganekuT-

vneba. kompleqsSi, agreTve egvteri, koSki, sacxovrebeli

nageboba da galavania [sikZa 2008: 313].

karTanas midamoebSi, ramdenime adgilze, Seswavlilia

eklesiebi. “karTanis eklesia” mdebareobs aragvis marjvena

mxareze, kopalas xat-salocavis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, maRal

borcvze. eklesia darbazuli tipisaa. Tavdapirvelad da-

TariRda VIII_IX ss-is mijniT, xolo mogvianebiT, misi TariRi

dazustda da ganisazRvra X-XI saukuneebiT [wereTeli 1980:

76; sikZa 2008: 272].

fSavis aragvis marcxena napirze, nasoflar karTanis terito-

riaze Seswavlilia naeklesiari. sakurTxevlis baqanze aRmoCnda

natexi qviT nagebi kuburi formis kvarcxlbeki, romelic, ro-

gorc Cans jvrisTvis iyo gankuTvnili [sikZa 2008: 273].

sofel qalilos CrdiloeTiT, aragvis marcxena Senakadis

–yofCuras xeobaSi, gaTxrilia yofCiskaris kompleqsi (dar-

bazuli eklesia, sworkuTxa koSkis nangrevebi, galavani). Zeg-

li daTariRebulia ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebiT. eklesia

gegmiT sworkuTxaa, nagebia sxvadasxva zomis natexi qviTa da

gamoyenebulia duRabi. aqa-iq gamoyenebulia Sirimis kvadre-

bic. darbazSi SemorCenilia sakurTxevlis win aRsamaravTi

jvris kvadratuli bazisi [sikZa 2008: 322-323].

yobCiskaris mopirdapire mxares, mdinare aragvis marjvena

ferdobze, sof. arbaCxanis WalaSi didi nasoflaria, romelSic

gamoirCeva mcire eklesiis nangrevi mZlavri galavnis naSTiT.

39

s t a t i e b i s t a t i e b i

darbazuli eklesiis nangrevi gaiTxara karTanas samarovnis

gaRma, aragvis marcxena napirze [rCeuliSvili 1990: 25].

arqeologiurad jerjerobiT Seswavlili ar aris fSav-

is rig soflebsa da nasoflarebSi gamovlenili uamravi Ze-

gli, romlebzec adreuli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis

nimuSebic gvxvdeba. bevri maTgani aRwerilia, gakeTebulia

fotofiqsacia da arqiteqturulad azomilia. aseTi Zegle-

bia: maRaroskaris dasavleTiT, salaRoswveris mTaze arseb-

uli eklesiis naSTi, romelic nagebia natexi qviTa da Sirimis

kvadrebiT. naeklesiari daTariRebulia VIII-IX saukuneebiT

[sikZa 2008: 273].

afSos aRmosavleTiT tyiT dafarul qedze arqiteqtu-

ruli kompleqsis nangrevebia, naeklesiariT. eklesia auS-

enebiaT kldis natexi da Sirimis Tlili qviT. nangrevebSi

aRmoCenilia Sirimis qvaSi nakveTi embazi. afSoSivea Saraos

wm. giorgis eklesiis nangrevebi. Zegli mTis wverzea, naSenia

Satili

40

s t a t i e b i

kldis nagleji qviT, gareTa kuTxeebis wyobaSi gamoyenebu-

lia Sirimic. orive naeklesiari ganviTarebul Sua saukunee-

bs miekuTvneba [sikZa 2008: 220-221].

sofel gomewris siaxloves, adgil saydarTgoraze, aris

naeklesiari (ikiTxeba mxolod gegma), romelic arqiteq-

turuli detalebis mixedviT daTariRebulia VIII-IX ss-iT.

Saraxevis xeobaSi dafiqsirebulia ramdenime naeklesiari. es

eklesiebi aRiarebelia gviandeli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebad.

sofel CargalTan, misgan samxreTiT, adgil diyelis midam-

oebSi, aris Zlier dangreuli eklesia. Caqceulia konqi da

kamara, kedlebis mxolod mcire nawilia SemorCenili [sikZa

2008: 332,236,338].

naeklesiaria SemorCenili sofel kanatiasTan, md. fSavis

aragvis marjvena napiras, WalaSi. Zegli nagebia natexi qviT.

kedlebis umetesi nawili dangreulia [sikZa 2008: 263].

Carglis zemoT, fSavis soflebSi arsebuli naeklesiarebi

arc arqeologiuradaa Seswavlili da ratomRac isini arc

saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRwerilobis

meore tomSia Setanili. marto sofel kawalxevis Semoga-

renSi dafiqsirebulia oTxi naeklesiari: adgil `saydaras-

Tan~, `jvarT goraze~, Sua ubnis mopirdapire mxares da adg-

il `cixiasTan~. sofel xomis teritoriaze aris wm. mariamis

eklesiis nangrevebi dowias mTaze. nasoflar cixeTgorze

mikvleulia eklesiis nangrevebi. naeklesiarebi aRricxulia

ukana fSavis soflebSi: muqusa da vakisofelSi (fSavis zeda

zonis soflebis Sesaxeb informacia mogvawoda t. maxaurma,

risTvisac madlobas vuxdiT).

41

s t a t i e b i

fSavis zeda zonis soflebsa da xevsureTis teritori-

aze aRricxuli naeklesiarebi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda,

TiTqmis saZirkvlis donemdea dangreuli, rasac ver vityviT

Carglis qvemoT arsebul Zeglebze. amis gamo gaZnelebulia,

qristianuli Zeglebis naSTebis mikvleva da maTi sruli aR-

ricxva. eklesiebis am donemde dangreva an mSeneblobis daba-

li doniTaa gamowveuli (kedlis mSrali wyoba, duRabis gar-

eSe), an adamianis zemoqmedebis Sedegia.

xevsureTis qristianuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi, Tu ar

CavTvliT anatorisa da orbeulTis naeklesiarebs, faqtiu-

rad Seuswavlelia. dazvervebis Sedegad, bolo wlebSi, ram-

denime naeklesiaris naSTi dafiqsirda piraqeTa xevsureTSi.

anatoris eklesia mdebareobs piriqiTa xevsureTSi, Sati-

lis aRmosavleTiT 2 km-ze, maRal frialo kldis Tavze ar-

sebul terasaze. eklesia naSenia adgilobrivi fiqali qviTa

da motanili Sirimis blokebiT. eklesiaSi gamovlinda jvris

aRsamarTavi Sirimis baza da aseve Sirimisqvis embazi. Zegli

daTariRebulia VIII_IX saukuneebiT [wereTeli 1981: 76].

orbeulTis naeklesiari gaiTxara 1986 wels, mdebareobs

sof. amRasTan, mdinare asisa da kaloTanis wylis SesarTavis

marjvena mxares, kldovani qedis Txemze. eklesia darbazuli

tipisaa, nagebia mSrali wyobiT fiqaliTa da kldis natexi

qviT. SemorCenilia kedlebi 0,4-0,9 m simaRlemde. aRmosavle-

TiT Rrma naxevarwriuli afsidia, romelic Sedgmulia sa-

gangebod amoRebul kldovan qanSi. mis win fiqalis qviT naSe-

ni jvris aRsamarTavi kvadratuli formis bazis fragmentia.

karebi yofila dasavleT da CrdiloeT kedlebSi. karis Rio-

42

s t a t i e b i

bebi, SemdegSi amouSenebiaT. eklesia mogvianebiT gamouy-

enebiaT, rogorc xeobis Camketi safortifikacio nageboba.

eklesiaSi aRmoCenili gviandeli Sua saukuneebis Tixis Wur-

Weli Zeglis dasaTariReblad ar gamodgeba. sof. axielSi

gaiTxara adre Sua saukuneebis qvis samarxebi, sadac micva-

lebulebi qristianuli wesiT iyvnen dakrZalulni (samarxe-

uli inventari: brinjaos Wvintiani da rkinis eniani mSvild-

sakinZi, vercxlis sayure rgolebi, vercxlis arabuli moneta

_ IX s-is abasuri dirhemi da sxv.) aSkarad metyvelebs imaze,

rom am droisaTvis (VIII-X ss.) arxotis xeobaSi ukve qristiani

mosaxleoba cxovrobda. aRniSnuli faqti iZleva safuZvels

imisa, rom eklesiis aSenebis TariRad VIII-X saukuneebi vivar-

audoT [Рамишвили, Гогочури, Джорбенадзе, идр. 1988: 449].

arqeologiuri dazvervebis Sedegad gairkva, rom ekle-

siebi sofel barisaxoSic unda yofiliyo. qvena barisaxos

teritoriaze, iq sadac Tanamedrove sasaflao da saloca-

via, aris nagebobaTa naSTebi. erT-erT maTgans adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba nasaydralis saxeliT moixseniebs. am adgilidan

unda waeRoT zena barisaxos jvarSi Sirimis qvisgan gamoTli-

li jvari, romelic sasanTle koSkis siaxloves iqna napovni

(mTaSi Sirimis qva gamoiyeneboda mxolod eklesiebis mSene-

blobaSi da agreTve jvrebisa da embazebis dasamzadeblad).

barisaxoSivea savaraudo meore eklesiis arsebobac, ker-

Zod ki, adgil xmalaSi. sainteresoa xmalas salocavsa da iqve

mironmdinar alvis xesTan dakavSirebuli andrezi. miro-

ni cxadia qristianobasTanaa kavSirSi da is ukve TviTon

migvaniSnebs aq eklesiis arsebobaze. xmalas alvis xe ki (ro-

43

s t a t i e b i

gorc z. kiknaZe aRniSnavs), mcxeTis mironmdinar svetis meto-

qed gvevlineba [kiknaZe 1996: 160-161; 2009: 13-15]. rogorc Cans

xmalaSi arsebobda adreuli eklesia, romelmac Cvenamde ver

moaRwia. me-19 saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi ki, aq axali eklesia

auSenebiaT, romelic komunistebma daangries. savaraudoa,

rom xmalas andrezi dakavSirebulia aq arsebul eklesiasTan

da eklesiasTan SedarebiT, gvian unda iyos SeTxzuli. arc is

aris gamoricxuli, rom pirveli eklesia aq warmarTuli sa-

locavis adgilze aSenebuliyo, ise rogorc es moxda barSi.

mowmaoSi, soflis Sida teritoriaze nagebobis naSTia, ro-

melic pirwmindadaa dangreuli. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am

adgils nadarbazalad moixseniebs. aqvea adreuli Sua sauku-

neebis samarovani, romelic savaraudod eklesiis siaxloves

sof winxadu

44

s t a t i e b i

unda gaemarTaT. sainteresoa TviT am soflis saxeli - mow-

mao, romelic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom „mowameTas“ saxecv-

lili formaa.

savaraudoa, naeklesiarebis arseboba sofel xaxmatSi,

adgil goris yanasa da Reliskaris midamoebis samarovnebze

[rCeuliSvili 1990: 75]. xaxmatis wylis marcxena terasaze,

sof. bisos mopirdapire mxares, iq sadac nagebobebis naSTebi

yofila da komunistebs skola auSenebiaT, dRemde SemorCe-

nilia toponimi „nasivnari“. es saxelwodeba, uTuod, sionis

saxelze agebul eklesiis arsebobaze unda mianiSnebdes.

gorSeRmis xeobaSi, ukanxadus teritoriaze, adgil „zais

vakeze“, mikvleulia adre Sua saukuneebis samarovni da

naeklesiari samarovanze. dazianebuli samarxebis damxro-

bis mixedviT irkveva, rom aq saqme unda gvqondes, rogorc

warmarTul, ise qristianul samarxebTan. masalebis mixedviT

samarovani IV-VII saukuneebs unda miekuTvnebodes.

amave soflis erT-erTi ubnis _ mzvares midamoebSi, adgil

„samareT gorze“ dafiqsirebulia adre Sua saukuneebis sama-

rovani da nagebobis naSTi samarovanze, romelic Cveni azriT,

eklesiis nangrevi unda iyos. arqeologiurad Seuswavleli

Zeglebis asaki, zogadad, me-13 saukunis pirvel meoTxeds ar

unda gascdes.

Seswavlili qristianuli Zeglebis mixedviT irkveva, rom

kulturuli kontaqtebi mTasa da bars Soris adreul Sua

saukuneebSi sakmaod mWidro yofila. mTis xuroTmoZRvreba

yvela niSniT, identuria barisa, xolo ufro konkretulad,

genetikurad ukavSirdeba kaxeTis arqiteqturas, rac Tval-

45

s t a t i e b i

saCino xdeba SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze [wereTeli

1981: 77-78].

fSav-xevsureTis teritoriaze Seswavlil adre da ganviTa-

rebul Sua saukuneTa samarovnebze kargad Cans am regionSi

qristianuli dakrZalvis wesis damkvidrebis calkeuli eta-

pebi. dakrZalvis rituali Zlieri konservatiulobiT xas-

iaTdeba da Znelad egueba inovaciebs. saqarTveloSi, uZvele-

si droidan - qristianobamde, micvalebulebs mudmivad erT

pozaSi krZalavdnen: moxril, xel-fex mokecil mdgomareo-

baSi, marcxena an marjvena gverdze.

qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis

Semdeg, marTalia ara uceb da myisierad, aramed garkveuli

drois ganmavlobaSi mTlianad icvleba dakrZalvis aRniSnu-

li tradicia da mis adgils ikavebs qristianuli wesi, romlis

arsic mdgomareobda SemdegSi: saflavis gaWra aRmosavleT-

dasavleT xazze, micvalebulis gaSotili poza TaviT dasav-

leTiT da xelebi menjis gaswvriv an jvaredinad gul-mkerdze

dakrefili [rCeuliSvili, robaqiZe, CixlaZe 1996: 20].

fSav-xevsureTSi adreul Sua saukuneTa xanis samarovnebi

gaTxrilia ramdenime punqtSi: neZixi, karTana, yofCis kari

da mdinare asis xeobis saTaveSi, sofel axielis cixebnis sa-

marovani. Seswavlili Zeglebis CamonaTvali mxolod umniS-

vnelo nawilia am regionSi dafiqsirebuli samarovnebisa,

romelTa arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba momavlis saqmea.

aragvis xebaSi Seswavlili samarovnebidan qristianobis

gavrcelebis adreuli safexuri fiqsirdeba neZixis mraval-

feniani samarovnis zeda iarusis samarxebSi. samarxTa kon-

46

s t a t i e b i

struqciis, dakrZalvis wesisa da masalis (mowiTalo keremika,

brinjaos, vercxlisa da rkinis abzindebi, fibulebi, beWd-

ebi, sayureebi da sxv.) mixedviT daTariRebulia IV-V ss-iT.

neZixis samarovanze, rogorc Cans, asaxulia fSavis aragvis

xeobis mosaxleobis qristianizaciis sawyisi etapi [Робакидзе

1995: 125]. am dros unda dawyebuliyo qristianuli baris

mTaze „Setevis“ pirveli etapi, romelic unda Sewyvetiliyo

qarTlSi mefobis gauqmebis Sedegad [rCeuliSvili, robaqiZe,

CixlaZe 1994: 38].

karTanas samarovanze yvela samarxi damxrobilia aRmosav-

leT-dasavleT xazze, anu qristianulad. ZiriTadad qris-

tianulia dakrZalvis wesic. ConCxebis umravlesoba zurgzea

gaSotili TaviT dasavleTisaken. aris calkeuli SemTxveve-

bi, rodesac micvalebulebi samarxebSi marjvena an marcxena

gverdze wvanan, moxrili kidurebiT. karTanis samarovani,

aq mopovebuli masalis mixedviT, daTariRebuli VI_VIII sau-

kuneebiT [rCeuliSvili 1990: 27; 31; Рчеулишвили, Гогочури,

Маргвелашвили 1995: 126-127]. karTanas samarovanze ukve gaba-

tonebulia dakrZalvis axali wesi (samarxTa aRnagoba, damxro-

ba da sxv.), Tumca jer kidev, arc Tu iSviaTia naxevrad moxril

mdgomareobaSi dakrZaluli micvalebulebis arsebobac, rac

mTaSi axali religiis damkvidrebis mZime da mtkivneuli pro-

cesze metyvelebs [rCeuliSvili, robaqiZe, CixlaZe 1996: 20].

arxotis xeobaSi, sofel axielis marcxena mxares, xevs

gaRma terasaze, adgil cixiebnis midamoebSi aRmoCenil sama-

rovanze gaiTxara xuTi qvayuTi. xuTive samarxi damxrobili

iyo aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken. micvalebulebi da-

47

s t a t i e b i

krZalulni iyvnen qristianuli wesiT. inventaris mixedviT,

rogorc aRvniSneT, samarxebis asaki VIII_X saukuneebiTaa

gansazRvruli [Рамишвили, Гогочури, Джорбенадзе, идр., 1988: 449].

samarovnis teritoriaze SemorCenili erTaderTi nagebobis

naSTi, romlis nangrevebi mTlianad miwiTaa dafaruli, Sesa-

Zloa, naeklesiari iyos.

Cveni azriT, xevsureTSi adreul Sua saukuneebs unda mie-

kuTvnebodes: sofel ukanxadus adgil zais vakisa da samareT

goris, sofel mowmaos adgil sapepelae gorisa da aseve gu-

danis Crdilo-dasavleT ferdobze arsebuli samarovnebi.

am samarovnebidan mxolod SemTxveviT mopovebuli masale-

bia cnobili da isini arqeologiurad Seswavlili ar aris.

xevsureTi. sof. bacaligo

48

s t a t i e b i

ramdenime wlis win, xevsureTis kulturuli memkvidreobis

obieqtebis inventarizaciis dros, marto xevsureTis teri-

toriaze aRiricxa 20-ze meti ucnobi samarovani, romelTa

TariRi jerjerobiT daudgenelia.

g. rCeuliSvili aragvis xeobis samarovnebisa da sxva arqe-

ologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze askvnis, rom ukve

adre Sua saukuneebSi fSav-xevsureTSi sakmaod mtkicedaa

fexmokidebuli qristianuli religia da baruli material-

uri kultura [rCeuliSvili 1990: 117].

fxovSi qristianoba ufro ganmtkicebuli Cans ganviTare-

bul Sua saukuneebSi. es kargad ikveTeba xevsureTis terito-

riaze Seswavlili am xanis samarovnebis magaliTze. g. rCeu-

liSvilma sofel xaxmatTan miakvlia da nawilobriv Seiswavla

sami qristianuli samarovani: adgil gorisyanis midamoebSi,

Reliskarsa da saliqokoSi [rCeuliSvili 1990: 75, 76].

xaxmatis samarovnebze yvela samarxi damxrobilia qris-

tianulad, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken. ConCxebi Tavda-

pirvel mdgomareobaSi mxolod gorisyanis ramdinime sa-

marxSia dadasturebuli. micvalebulebi qristianuli wesiT

yofilan dakrZaluli. danarCen samarxebSi Zvlebi mixvetili

yofila an Tavad samarxebi iyo dazianebuli. niSandoblivia,

rom adreul Sua saukuneebTan SedarebiT, ganviTarebul Sua

saukuneebSi, fxovSi, mTlianad gabatonebulia dakrZalvis

qristianuli wesi. Tu karTanas samarovanze jer kidev das-

turdeboda naxevrad xel-fexmokecil pozaSi dakrZaluli

micvalebulebi, xaxmatis samarovnebze msgavsi SemTxvevebi

aRar fiqsirdeba [rCeuliSvili 1990: 110-111].

49

s t a t i e b i

damkvidrebulia azri, rom fxovSi qristianuli religiis

danergva-ganmtkicebis procesi yvelaze warmatebuli ganvi-

Tarebul Sua saukuneebSia. swored am periodSi varaudoben

fxovis mosaxleobaSi qristianuli dakrZalvis wesis, dReo-

baTa kalendris, locvaTa teqstebis, wmindanebis kultis

damkvidrebas, rac fSav-xevsureTSi dResacaa Semonaxuli.

xaxmatis, bisos, Suriscixisa da anatoris arqeologiuri Ze-

glebis Seswavla mowmobs, rom ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi

fxovi mTlianad gaqristianebulia [rCeuliSvili 1999: 22].

Tumca, sul male es suraTi am regionSi sagrZnoblad icv-

leba. sofel barisaxos mopirdapire mxares, mdinare arag-

vis marjvena terasaze, arsebul Suriscixis samarovanze,

samarxebis nawili TariRdeba XII-XIII ss-iT da ar SeiniSneba

qristianuli dakrZalvis wesidan raime arsebiTi gadaxra

[Рамишвили, Гогочури, и др. 1987:450]. amave samarovnis samarxebis

meore jgufi, romelic XIII_XIV saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, ukve

aRar emorCileba qristianul wesebs (samarxebi damxrobilia

nebismierad). es faqti axsnilia monRolobis periodSi mTaSi

samefo karisa da, Sesabamisad, qristianuli eklesiis gavle-

nis SesustebiT [rCeuliSvili 1999: 22].

werilobiTi wyaroebisa da arqeologiuri monacemebis

mixedviT mkvlevarebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis,

kerZod ki, istoriuli fxovis gaqristianebis ramdenime

etaps gamoyofen.

r. ramiSvilis azriT, mcxeTis didi naTlisRebis Semdeg,

rodesac armazis kerpTa namsxvrevebze aRmocendaqarTlis

mZlavri qristianuli eklesia, samefo xelisuflebis (mir-

50

s t a t i e b i

ian mefem) ZiriTadi problema swored mTis mosaxleobis axal

sarwmunoebaze moqceva gaxldaT. rogorc werilobiTi wy-

aroebidan Cans, erT-erTi pirveli RonisZieba mTis gaqris-

tianebisa dasrulda imiT, rom mTis mosaxleobis didma

nawilma Jinvalis karTan (wobnebSi, igivea rac wobeni) wm. ni-

nosa da misi Tanmxlebi erisTavis winaSe daTmo Zveli kerpebi,

mxolod maRalmTianeTis (ZiriTadad fxovis) mosaxleoba ar

Seegua axal sarwmunoebas. amis gamo mefe mirianma mTis urC

mosaxleobas ,,daumZima xarki” da daiwyo ukompromiso br-

Zola maT winaaRmdeg, visac ar surda qristianobis miReba.

swored am RonisZiebiT iwyeba mTis qristianizaciis pirveli

sof xaxmati

51

s t a t i e b i

cikli. es procesi met-naklebi aRmavlobiT viTardeboda da

piks miaRwia vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi. vaxtang gorgaslis

marcxis Semdeg, rodesac iranis moZalebis Sedegad qveyana-

Si cecxlTayvanismcemlebi momravldnen, qristianobas ara

marto mTaSi, aramed barSic unda ganecada ukusvla, gansa-

kuTrebiT qarTlSi mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg, anu 523 wlidan

[ramiSvili 1996: 18].

angariSgasawevia is azric, rom VI saukunis I naxevridan

asureli mamebis - nekreselis, zedaznelis, wilknelis, sam-

Tavnelis moRvaweobis areali ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqa-

rTvelos mTiswina da mTian zols moicavda. savaraudoa,

rom swored maTma moRvaweobam ganapiroba adreul Sua sau-

kuneebSi ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi, aramed

mTianeTSic samonastro cxovrebis farTod gavrceleba,

rasac mohyva am regionSi qristianobis marTlmadidebluri

mrwamsis sabolood damkvidreba [wiklauri 2001: 91-92].

qristianobis xelaxali aRorZinebis meore ciklis dasawy-

isad r. ramiSvils VI saukunis meore naxevari miaCnia, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki am saukunis 80-iani wlebidan, rodesac qarTlis

samefoSi erismTavrobis instituti ganmtkicda. am aRmavlobis

materialuri dadasturebaa gurgenisa da gansakuTrebiT ste-

fanoz I-is saxeliT moWrili moneta da mcxeTis jvris taZari,

romlis mSenebloba swored axali aRmavlobis sawyisadaa aRi-

arebuli. es aRmasvla bunebrivia Seexeboda mTasac da dai-

wyeboda qristianuli organizaciis aRdgenac. mogvianebiT,

arabTa xalifatis agresiam, rogorc Cans, kvlav Seaferxa saqa-

rTvelos mTis qristianizaciis procesi [ramiSvili 1996: 18].

52

s t a t i e b i

mTis qristianizaciis mesame ciklis dawyeba savaraudoa IX

saukunidan, rodesac arabobis sagrZnobi Sesustebis fonze,

qarTlSi gaZliereba iwyo calkeulma samTavroebma, romelT-

agan erT-erT- - kaxeTi saTaveSi edga antiarabul brZolebs.

mTis qristianizaciis es cikli sayuradReboa imiT, rom gar-

da sakuTriv qarTlis mTianeTisa moicva CrdiloeT kavkasiis

garkveuli nawilic. swored am dros kaxeTis samTavros Za-

lisxmeviT unda iyos aRmocenebuli anatoris, Txabaierdisa

da sxva eklesiebi, romlebic marTavda da realurad axor-

cielebda saxelmwifo politikas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi [ra-

miSvili 1996: 19].

aragvis xeobis samarovnebis kvlevisas sxva avtorebic

[rCeuliSvili, robaqiZe, CixlaZe 1994: 37-38] fxovSi qris-

tianobis gavrcelebis sxvadasxva etaps gamoyofen.

saqarTvelos samefo karis mier ganxorcielebul politi-

kas mTis mimarT, xarkis damZimebasa da sxva aqciebs, bunebriv-

ia, mTis mosaxleoba medgrad ewinaaRmdegeboda. mirian mefis

mier dalewili kerpebi, ra Tqma unda, sruliadac ar niSnav-

da warmarTuli sarwmunoebis myisier mospobas. cxadia, ad-

reuli Sua saukuneebis es eklesiebi Tavisi mravalricxovani

momsaxure personaliT samefo xelisuflebis mtkice da saim-

edo sayrdeni iyo [ramiSvili 1980: 117; 119].

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qristianizaciisa, imavdrou-

lad, misi feodalizaciis procesi Sewyda monRolTa batono-

bis Semdeg da momdevno saukuneebSi aRarc ganaxlebula.

miuxedavad aseTi didi Zalisxmevisa da mTaSi qristianobis

sayovelTaod danergvisa - wers Tavis erT-erT naSromSi r.

ramiSvili - sakmarisi iyo monRolTa Semosevebis Sedegad

53

s t a t i e b i

baris (saxelmwifos) xelisuflebis Sesusteba, rom TiTqmis

mTlianad moiSala mTaSi qarTuli eklesiis naRvawi, gansa-

kuTrebiT maRalmTianeTSi, sadac Zveli naeklesiari adg-

ilebi ,,kvrivebad” da adamianisaTvis akrZalul adgilebad

daadgines [ramiSvili 1996: 19].

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom fxovelebma,

rogorc Cans, jer kidev monRolebamde uaryves eklesia da

mRvdelmsaxurni. yvela naeklesiari ar gadaqceula kvrivad.

amis naTeli dadasturebaa mag. barisaxos, xaxmatis, mowmaos,

orbeulTis, ukanxadus da a.S. naeklesiarebi. isini dRevande-

li jvar-xatebidan sakmaod daSorebulia da maTTan saerTo

araferi aqvs. sof. ukanxaduSi or adgilze samareT gorze da

zais vakeze, aseve mowmaoSi arsebul naeklesiarTa garSemo,

rogorc Cans, gamarTulia eklesiis funqcionirebis droin-

deli samarovnebi. maT Sesaxeb mosaxleobaSi informacia ar

aris SemorCenili. mxolod barisaxoSia naeklesiaris garSe-

mo dRes moqmedi sasaflao.

monRolebis dapyrobebs ukavSirebs g. rCeuliSvilic xaxmati-

sa da saerTod fxovis qristianul eklesia-samarovnebis funq-

cionerebis Sewyvetas, rasac unda mohyoloda aq myofi bareli

misionrebisa Tu kolonistebis gaZeveba [rCeuliSvili 1990: 113].

ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi qristianoba fxovis mTel

teritoriaze mtkiced fexmokidebuli Cans. qristianoba am

droisaTvis ukve gascda fxovis sazRvrebs. kaxeTis samTav-

rosa da qarTuli eklesiis ZalisxmeviT, VIII_XI saukuneebSi,

dRevandeli inguSeTisa (Txabaierdi, albierdi) da daRest-

nis (daTunas eklesia) teritoriebze mniSvnelovani saekle-

sio centrebi Sendeba.

54

s t a t i e b i

fxovis gaqristianebis Semdeg, anu mas Semdeg, rac wm. ninom

isini Tavis rjulze moaqcia, werilobiT wyaroebSi aranairi

cnobebi ar Cans imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba fxovSi. erT-erTi

cnobidan vigebT, rom me-11 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi kaxe-

Tis mefe kvirike III-em kvetaris erisTavs daumorCilna erwo-

Tianelni, fxovelni, durZukni da RliRvi [qarTlis cxovreba

1973: 561, 10-11].

gvinda calke SevexoT fxovis ajanyebis Temas, romelic

Cveni azriT, garkveul wilad gamowveuli unda yofiliyo

saqarTvelos mTianeTis am nawilSi eklesiis, rogorc feoda-

luri institutis momZlavrebiTa da mTaSi Tavisi politikis

ganxorcielebiT.

ra iyo mizezi fxovis gandgomisa Cven ar viciT. amaze isto-

ria ratomRac dums. Tamar mefis ucnobi istorikosis “isto-

riani da azmani SaravandedTani” da basili ezosmoZRvaris

“cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi” naSromebSi daculi, faq-

tiurad erTi da igive informacia, romelic sul ramdenime

winadadebiTaa gadmocemuli, cxadia warmodgenas ver gviqm-

nis fxovelTa ajanyebis mizezebze.

“maT ukue JamTa iwyes mTeulTa gandgomad, kacTa fxovelTa

da didoTa. didoni ukue bunebiTa mSTvarTa da uxarSavsa Wamen,

da mravalni Zmani erTsa dedakacsa miiyvaneben colad; romelni

uCinarsa rasame eSmaksa Tayuanis-cemen da zogni uniSnosa Savsa

ZaRlsa, da amas hyofen. xolo fxovelni juaris msaxurni arian

da qristianobasa iCemeben. amaT iwyes rbevad da ჴocad da tyue-

obad, cxadad da RamiT [qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 111].

qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis mier XII saukunis miwurulsa

da XIII saukunis dasawyisSi ganxorcielebulma sagareo poli-

55

s t a t i e b i

tikam da Zlevamosilad gadaxdilma umniSvnelovanesma omeb-

ma saqarTvelo axlo aRmosavleTSi uZlieres saxelmwifod

aqcia. saqarTvelos samefo karis kursi aSkarad miuTiTebda

imaze, rom saqarTvelos ambicia bizantiis adgilis dakaveba

iyo. yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda - kavkasiis samxreT sazRvarze

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos arc aRmosavleTiT, arc dasavle-

TiT saSiSi mteri aRar hyavda [javaxiSvili 1983: 278-279]. ai,

am dros, rodesac sagareo safrTxe aRar arsebobda, samefo

kars aujanyda, politikurad da ekonomiurad arc Tu Zl-

ieri regioni - aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi-fxovi da

didoeTi. mTielTa am „janys“ qarTul istoriografia mTis

iZulebiTi feodalizaciis Sedegad moiazrebs.

iv. javaxiSvils, qarTveli eris istoriis II wignSi aris

amonaridi Tamar mefis ucnobi istorikosis Txzulebidan

xevsureTi. cixedsofeli muco

56

s t a t i e b i

„istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanidan“ fxovis ajanyebis

Sesaxeb, magram am movlenas javaxiSvili ratomRac komentar-

is gareSe tovebs [javaxiSvili 1983: 288-289].

Tamaris istorikosisganve vgebulobT, Tu raoden did mniS-

vnelobas aniWebda samefo kari qarTvel mTielTa ajanyebis

CaxSobas. fxovidan mobrunebuli ivane aTabagi ase mimarTavs

Tamars: “Zliero mefeo! iqmna brZaneba Seni, da movaoჴren

urCni mefobisa Senisani didoeTi da fxoe[T]i.” xolo mefe-

man didad daimadla da uaRressa pativsa aRiyvana [qarTlis

cxovreba 2012: 143].

feodalizaciis process ukavSirebs s. janaSia aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobis amboxs me-13 saukunis

dasawyisSi, romlis CaxSobasac samefo karis didi Zalisxmeva

dasWirda. mTis mosaxleoba ibrZvis Tavisuflebis SesanarCu-

neblad da maTTvis gamzadebuli feodaluri uRlis winaaRm-

deg - werda s. janaSia am istoriuli faqtis Sesaxeb [janaSia

1952: 430].

n. berZeniSvilic Tvlida, rom baris ideologiis SeWras

mTaSi Tan sdevda mTis mosaxleobis feodalizacia, rasac ver

urigdebodnen Tavisuflebis moyvaruli mTielebi da xSirad

eurCebodnen bars. erT-erT aseT urCobad miaCnda mas fxov-

elTa ajanyeba Tamaris mefobis bolo wlebSi [berZeniSvili

1965: 53]. feodalizaciasTan erTad, - wers n. berZeniSvili, -

xdeboda mTianeTis „gaqarTuleba“, gaqristianeba. mTielTa

didi ajanyebis Caqroba, rac qarTulma feodalurma laSqa-

rma sami Tvis omis Semdeg Zlivs moaxerxa, iyo feodaluri

baris ukanaskneli Zlieri Seteva TavisuflebisaTvis mebr-

Zoli mTis winaaRmdeg [berZeniSvili 1973: 62].

57

s t a t i e b i

fxovis ajanyebas gakvriT exebian TavianT sagazeTo sta-

tiaSi z. anCabaZe da S. badriZe. isini aRniSnaven, rom es iyo

ara mTis zonis glexTa ajanyeba, aramed, SesaZloa, amjerad

masStaburad didi, magram mainc patriarqalur-Temobrivi

an adreklasobrivi “mTis“ rigiTi winaaRmdegobis gamov-

lineba feodalurad ganviTarebuli „baris“ mimarT [anCabaZe,

badriZe 1971: 2].

ajanyebas udavoa hqonda Tavisi mizezebi, romlebsac ga-

napirobebda politikuri, ekonomikuri, religiuri da sxva

sakiTxebi. r. ramiSvils amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli

aqvs sayuradRebo mosazreba: igi Tvlis rom fxovis ajanyeba

gamowveuli unda yofiliyo baris mosaxleobis demografi-

uli matebiT. bars aRar SeeZlo mTis namati mosaxleobis miRe-

ba da miwebiT uzrunvelyofa. mTis SezRuduli resursebis

pirobebSi ki Warbi mosaxleobis gantvirTvas, maTgan mTis

gaTavisuflebas, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba unda hqonoda.

SesaZloa, amas garkveulwilad daeCqarebina kidec fxovelTa

ajanyeba [ramiSvili 1981: 152-153].

g. rCeuliSvili iziarebs fxovis ajanyebis r. ramiSviliseul

mosazrebas, magram iqve svams logikur kiTxvas: raRa marto

fxovi ajanyda da ara mTiuleTi, gudamayari, an qsnis mTiane-

Ti? misi azriT fxovis janyis mizezebi unda veZeboT TviTon

am provinciis politikur, socialur da Tundac fsiqolo-

giur bunebaSi, rac, albaT, ganapirobebda mis gancalkevebas

mTis danarCeni provinciebisagan [rCeuliSvili 1990: 115].

Cveni azriT, aq pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia fxo-

vis mwiri bunebrivi da ekonomikuri resursi mTis yvela da-

58

s t a t i e b i

narCen kuTxesTan SedarebiT. amasTan fxovi yvelaze metad

mowyvetilia bars, weliwadis yvela dros SeuZlebelia misi

kontaqti barTan, rac garkveul wilad gaaZnelebda eklesia-

monastrebis msaxurebis barTan mudmiv kavSirsa da baridan

momaragebas. Tu davuSvebT (da es albaT asec iqneboda), rom

fxovSic ise, rogorc barSi, eklesias unda hqonoda Tavisi

miwebi, yma-glexebi da adgilobriv mosaxleobas unda exada

saeklesio gadasaxadebi, maSin savaraudoa, rom fxovelebs

mZime tvirTad daawveboda eklesiisa da mis msaxurTa Senaxva.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobi-

dan gamomdinare, eklesiis mier mTaSi mkacri politikis ganx-

orcielebis periodad, rogorc Cans, Tamaris mefobis bolo

xanebi SeirCa. vfiqrobT, rom fxovis ajanyebis sababic es

unda gamxdariyo.

fxovis ajanyebis Sesaxeb qarTlis cxovrebaSi daculi epi-

zodis kiTxvisas TvalSi sacemia is, rom pirvel rigSi yur-

adReba gamaxvilebulia didoelTa da fxovelTa sarwmunoe-

basa da tradiciebze. kidev erTxel gavadevnoT Tvali am

monakveTs ...didoni ukue bunebiTa mSTvarTa da uxarSavsa

Wamen, da mravalni Zmani erTsa dedakacsa miiyvaneben colad;

romelni uCinarsa rasame eSmaksa Tayuanis-cemen da zogni

uniSnosa Savsa ZaRlsa, da amas hyofen. xolo fxovelni juar-

is msaxurni arian da qristianobasa iCemeben. amas mosdevs

bolo winadadeba. amaT iwyes rbevad da ჴocad da tyueobad,

cxadad da RamiT [qarTlis cxovreba 2012: 95].

qarTlis cxovrebis am monakveTis kiTxvis dros iqmneba

STabeWdileba, rom istorikosi wina planze moiazrebs sar-

59

s t a t i e b i

wmunoebriv mxares. cxadia, Znelia am patara fragmentidan

raime mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gamotana, magram kiTxva ki

namdvilad Cndeba: xom ar iyo fxovis ajanyeba eklesiis poli-

tikis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Ses-

aZlebeli gaxdeba mas Semdeg, rac gaiTxreba fSav-xevsureTis

teritoriaze mikvleuli naeklesiarebi da dadasturdeba

ZaldatanebiTi ngrevis kvali. yuradsaRebia is faqtic, rom

dRevandeli fSavis qveda zonis soflebSi, Carglis qvemoT,

eklesiaTa nangrevebi SedarebiT kargadaa SemorCenili, ra-

sac ver vityviT fxovis savaraudo sazRvrebSi arsebul ter-

itoriaze. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom fxovis ajanyebis dros

mosaxleobas Segnebulad daengria eklesiebi. fxovSi, ro-

gorc Cans, amis Semdeg qristianuli eklesiebi aRar Sendeba,

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT dRevandeli fSavis qveda zonis

soflebSi arsebul gviandeli Sua saukuneebiT daTariRebul

naeklesiarebs.

fxovis ajanyebis mizezebis kvlevisas gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia is garemoebac, rom ajanyebuli mTielebi „Setevaze“ ki

ar gadasaulan, aramed Tavis „qveyanaSi“ arian gamagrebulebi

da Tavs icaven. es Zalian kargad Cans ivane aTabagis laSqris

mier ganvlili gzis aRweridanac. mosaxleobis ukmayofileba

Tamar mefiTa da samefo karis politikiT ivane aTabagis si-

tyvebidanac Cans: ,,movaoჴren urCni mefobisa Senisani didoe-

Ti da fxoe[T]i“. Tu davuSvebT, rom ajanyebulebi fxovs ar

gascilebian, maSin vis arbeven, xocaven da atyveveben cxadad

da RamiT? iqneb am mxareSi samefo karis warmomadgenlebi da

raRa Tqma unda eklesiis msaxurni arian fxovelTa agresiis

60

s t a t i e b i

samizne? pasuxi am kiTxvaze jerjerobiT, samwuxarod, arc

Cven gagvaCnia.

sainteresoa fxovelTa Sesaxeb naTqvami sityvebi: “...

fxoelni juaris msaxurni arian da qristianobas iCemebe-

no“. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva - ratom aris Tamar mefis is-

torikosisaTvis „juaris msaxuroba“ miuRebeli? z. kiknaZe

qarTlis cxovrebiseul teqstis am nawilTan dakavSirebiT

ambobs: frazaSi naTqvamia, ori ram: samefo karis ideologi

warmogvidgens fxovelTa religiis garegnul, obieqtur mx-

ares, rom isini “juaris msaxurni arian”. am niSniT _ jvaris

msaxurebiT _ qristianebi upirispirdebian sxva religiis

aRmsarebelT. meore mxriv, frazaSi gamoxatulia fxovelTa

TviTSegneba, saxeldobr, rom isini TavianT Tavs qristianebad

Tvlian (qristianobas iCemeben). magram frazaSi isic SeiniS-

neba, rom mis damwers ar miaCnia isini namdvil qristianebad,

rogorc unda iyos, magaliTisaTvis sveticxovlis mrevli

[kiknaZe 1988: 143]. Cven viziarebT mkvlevaris am mosazrebas.

sayovelTaod cnobili faqtia, rom jvris kulti mxolod

qristianuli movlena ar iyo. misi genezisi Soreul warsul-

Sia saZiebeli. jer kidev qristianobamde igi sxvadasxva dan-

iSnulebiT da mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda. qristes jvarc-

mis Semdeg ki, qristianobis erT-erT mTavar simbolod iqca.

“ninos cxovrebaSi” aRwerilia saswauli, romelic mohyva

mcxeTaSi pirveli eklesiis aSenebas. yovelRam zeciT Camo-

dioda da eklesiis Tavze Cerdeboda cecxlovani jvari,

romelsac ori varskvlavi axlda, romelTaganac erTi dasav-

leTiT, meore ki aRmosavleTiT moZraobda. wm. ninom urCia

mirian mefes: im adgilas, sadac varskvlavebi gaCerdebodnen

61

s t a t i e b i

jvrebi aRemarTaT. dasavleTiT mimavali varskvlavi gaCer-

da TxoTis mTaze, aRmosavleTiT ki damdgara „dabasa bods,

qveyanasa kaxeTisasa“. orive adgilze aRmarTes jvrebi. amiT

moiniSna, daisarya, is qveyana, romelic moinaTla erTdrou-

li aqtiT mefesTan erTad [gagoSiZe 1999: 64-66]. sainteresoa,

rom ToxTis mTaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mikv-

leulia is adgili, sadac jvari iyo aRmarTuli. amis utyuari

dasturia aq aRmoCenili qviSaqvis bloki, anu jvris aRsamar-

Tavi postamenti [gagoSiZe 1975: 66].

istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom 325-326 wlebSi qa-

rTlidan saberZneTSi, samefo karis qristes rjulze moqcev-

asTan dakavSirebiT, igzavneba ori elCoba romis keisarTan

sof. gveleTi

62

s t a t i e b i

konstantine didTan, raTa man qarTlSi moavlinos mRvdlebi

mosaxleobis naTlisRebisa da jvrebis aRmarTvisTvis [pata-

riZe 2000: 11].

jvris Temasa da mis semantikas exeba Tavis erT-erT naSromSi

s. janaSia. igi wers, rom axali kultis miRebis pirveli aqtebi

mdgomareobda naTlisRebasa da xis jvris aRmarTvaSi. jvari

aris simbolo, romlis saSualebiT qristianoba egueba wi-

naTve arsebul rwmenebs, ganwyobilebasa da warmodgenebs [ja-

naSia 1949: 238-240]. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli termini “jvari”

saqarTvelodan Sevida da dRemde Semonaxulia CrdiloeT ka-

vkasiis xalxebSi: CerqezebSi, SavizRvispira SafsuRebSi, yuba-

nis SafsuRebSi, saerTod kiaxebis sxvadasxva tomSi, yabardoe-

lebSi, abazebSi, osebSi, qistebSi [janaSia 1949: 251-252].

jvrisa da qva-jvrebis kvlevis Temas exeba v. Tofuriac. igi

wers, rom qva-jvarebi pirvelad mxolod salocavi, Tayvanis-

cemis obieqti unda yofiliyo, mogvianebiT man es funqcia

dakarga. qva-jvarTa dasabami saqarTveloSi moqcevis pirvel

xanebs ukavSirdeba. SemdegSi mis adgils iWers taZari da, rac

mTavaria, swored jvris taZari [Tofuria 1942: 62-63].

qristianobis aRiarebis pirveli aqtebi qarTlSi, rogorc

ukve iTqva, naTlisRebisa da xis jvrebis aRmarTvaSi gamoix-

ateboda. aseTi tradiciis damkvidreba ki, umTavresad ganapi-

roba qarTlis politikur da sasuliero-kulturul centrSi

- mcxeTaSi aRmarTulma jvrebma, rac SemdgomSi mimbaZvelo-

bis sagnad iqca. jvrebis aRmarTva fxovSic, rogorc Cans, misi

gaqristianebis dRidanve unda dawyebuliyo. aqedan unda mom-

dinareobdes fxovelTagan jvris Tayvaniscemis tradiciac,

63

s t a t i e b i

romelic aq gvianobamde Cans SemorCenili. amis Tqmis safuZ-

vels gvaZlevs Satilis maxloblad anatoris nasoflaris

teritoriaze arsebul naeklesiarSi aRmoCenili jvris pos-

tamentic, romelic aq eklesiis aSenebamde unda aRemarTaT,

albaT daaxloebiT 326 wlisTvis [wereTeli 2002: 21].

gaqristianebis sawyis etapze aRmarTuli jvrebis adgilas

eklesiebi, cxadia, yvelgan ver aSendeboda, gansakuTrebiT ki,

mTis pirobebSi. jvrebi, rogorc ukve iTqva, saTanado nagebo-

baTa gareSec asrulebda Tavis Tavdapirvel daniSnulebas.

isini rogorc qristianobis simbolo Tayvaniscemis obieqti

iyo eklesiebis aSenebamde da, savaraudoa, mogviano xanebSic.

fxovSi jvrisadmi Tayvaniscemis, uSualod jvris siaxloves

qristianuli RvTis msaxurebis Catarebis tradicia, rogorc

Cans, gvianobamde SemorCa da Tanac adgilobrivi „interpreta-

ciiT“. Tamaris istorikosi SesaZloa amas gulisxmobda, rode-

sac werda: ...jvaris msaxurni arian da qristianobas iCemebeno.

saqarTveloSi, eklesia-monastrebis farTo aRmSeneblobis

xanaSi, jvrebis aRmarTvis faqtebi TandaTanobiT klebulobs

da IX saukunidan TiTqmis srulad qreba. Tumca jvari kvlav

ganuyofeli nawilia qristianuli kulturisa da is did adg-

ils ikavebs qristianul arqiteqturaSi taZrebis fasadebisa

da interieris SemkobaSi [kaxiani, WaniSvili da sxva 2012: 29-

30]. miuxedavad imisa, rom axali qva-jvarebis aRmarTva aRar

xdeba, Zvels mainc uyuradRebod ar toveben. jvrebs, ro-

gorc wminda reliqvias, eklesiebis mSeneblobis dros iyene-

ben. amis naTeli magaliTia gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi sofel davaTis RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesi-

64

s t a t i e b i

is burjSi CaSenebuli im stelis aRmoCenis faqtic, romelze-

dac amokveTili iyo qarTuli anbani [ramiSvili 2008: 35-36].

sagulisxmoa, rom fSav-xevsureTis teritoriaze Seswav-

lil eklesiebSi, rogorc wesi, TiTqmis yvelgan dadasture-

bulia sakurTxevlis win aRsamarTavi jvris bazebi. saqarT-

velos am mxareSi dRes arsebuli salocavebis saxeldebac

- jvari da jvarni, qristianobis sawyisi etapis xisa Tu qvis

jvrebidan unda iRebdes saTaves. xevsureTis saukeTeso

mcodne, eTnografiuli masalebis Semkrebi da mravali wignis

avtori al. oCiauri Tavis CanawerebSi salocavis aRmniSvnel

terminad mudmivad iyenebs - „jvars“ an „jvarnis“ da arsad ax-

senebs sityva „xats“ [oCiauri 1988; 2005].

“jvarisa’’ da “xatis” mniSvnelobis Seswavlas sagangebo

naSromi miuZRvna al. WinWaraulma. igi wers, rom Sua sauku-

neebze adre xati samlocvelosa da RvTaebis, xolo xatoba

dReobis, religiuri dResaswaulis mniSvnelobiT ar das-

turdebao. xatis aseTi mniSvneloba man verc Zveli qarTuli

enis leqsikonebSi aRmoaCina. Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi Ze-

glebis mixedviT xati niSnavs: ,,gamosaxuleba, naxati, msgavse-

ba, feri, saxe, suraTi, Sesaxedaoba” [WinWarauli 1976: 84-85].

amave mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba xati xevsurul dialeqtSi.

xevsuruli ornamentis calkeuli saxeobebis saxelwodebeb-

Si gvxvdeba terminebi: “xati”, “xatani”, “xatis xatani”, “xatu-

la” da sxva [bardaveliZe, Citaia 1939: 5]. al. WinWarauli ze-

moT naxseneb naSromis daskvniT nawilSi wers: mTaSi xati arc

warmarTul samlocvelos erqva da arc qristianuls. es ter-

mini baridan Sevida mTaSi gasul saukuneSi [WinWarauli 1976:

65

s t a t i e b i

87]. Tu davuSvebT, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis

salocavebis aRmniSvneli termini „jvari“ momdinareobs

qristianobis pirvel etapze saqarTveloSi aRmarTuli xisa

Tu qvis jvrebidan, maSin termini „xati“, rogorc amas al. Win-

Waraulic aRniSnavs, marTlac gvian Sesuli Cans aRniSnul

regionSi. v. bardaveliZes jvari da xati sinonimebad miaCnia.

misi azriT, isini aRniSnavs, rogorc ama Tu im tomisa da Te-

mis mfarvel da baton-patron RvTisSvilebs, ise am RvTisS-

vilTa miwier sabrZaniss [bardavelZe 1974: 10-11].

marTebulad ar gveCveneba zogierTi eTnografis adrin-

del naSromebSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, rom xevsureTSi,

fSavsa da TuSeTSi terminebi „jvari“ da „xati“ sxvadasxva si-

didisa da mniSvnelobis salocavis aRmniSvneli terminebia

[kandelaki 1981:89; 95; TofCiSivili 1985: 102-103]. xevsure-

Tis magaliTze dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom yvela sa-

locavi, iqneba es sasoflo, sagvaro Tu saTemo, moixsenieba

jvris da ara xatis saxeliT.

fxovs ajanyebis Sedegad miyenebuli Wrilobebi arc ki

eqneboda moSuSebuli, rom saqarTvelos Znelbedobis Jami

daudga. jer jalaledinis damangrevelma laSqrobebma da

xuTwlianma batonobam daangria qveyana, male amas monRolTa

mier qveynis dapyroba mohyva da dRis wesrigSi dadga qarT-

velTa fizikuri gadarCenis sakiTxi. bunebrivia, aseT dros

mTisTvis aRaravis ecala. mTaSi arsebuli eklesiebi, rogorc

ukve iTqva, an daangries, an TviTon daingra. sabolood moiS-

ala aq qristianuli kultmsaxureba da am droidan aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi xdeba e.w. „warmarTuli“ salo-

66

s t a t i e b i

cavebis reanimacia. Tumca, qristianobam mTaSi imdenad didi

kvali datova, rom jvar-xatebSi RvTismsaxureba, dRemde,

qristianuli „niSniT“ mimdinareobs.

qristianuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebisgarda, mTis mo-

saxleobaSi Semonaxulia qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo te-

qstebic. gansakuTrebiT es exeba jvar-xatTa sadideblebs,

romelTa meSveobiT tardeba yvela religiuri dResaswauli

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. aRniSnul teqstebs

mecnierTa umravlesoba qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo te-

qstebis fragmentebad aRiarebs.

kistnis koSkebi. xedi samxreTidan

67

s t a t i e b i

akademikosi akaki SaniZe, romelmac gasuli saukunis da-

sawyisSi TviTon Sekriba xevsuruli zepirsityvierebis

ubrwyinvalesi nimuSebi da, maT Soris, xucobis teqstebi wer-

da: „kurTxebaSi“ erTmaneTSi areulia qristianuli eklesiis

locvebi ,,samebisa”, “mamao Cveno” da a.S. sityvebi sazogadod

isea damaxinjebuli, rom zogjer Znelia amocnoba imisa, Tu

saidan aris amoRebuli” [maxauri 2011: 86-87].

s.makalaTias xevsuruli jvar-salocavebi winaqristianul

salocavebad miaCnda, romlebmac mogvianebiT qristian-

izacia ganicada [makalaTia 1984: 229; 238].

v. bardaveliZe xevsurul kurTxevaTa teqstebis Sesaxeb

aRniSnavs, rom am teqstebs aSkarad etyoba qristianuli reli-

giis beWedi. isini unda iyos droTa viTarebis gamo xevsureT-

Si zepirgadmocemiT Seryvnili qristianuli teqstebi. maT-

Tvis saTanado dednis mikvleva TumcaRa Znelia, magram ara

SeuZlebeli [bardaveliZe 1938: 5]. z. kiknaZis azriT, “kurTx-

evani warmoadgens qristianuli saliturgio teqstebidan da

wminda werilidan (saxarebidan) “amoWril” fragmentebs, rom-

lebic erTmaneTs raime Sinaarsobrivi kavSiris gareSe ise Se-

duRebian, rom erT ganuyofel mTlianobas qmnian“ [jvar-xat-

Ta sadideblebi 1998: 8].

analogiur azrs aviTarebs x. mamisimediSvilic Tavis sa-

disertacio naSromSi. is aRniSnavs, rom aRmosavleT saqa-

rTvelos mTianeTis sakulto teqstebi qristianulia Tavisi

arsiT, xolo mTielTa religiuri yofa da kultmsaxureba

SegviZlia aRviqvaT, rogorc mTis “xalxuri”. qristianoba

[mamisimediSvili 1998: 36].

68

s t a t i e b i

sagangebo Tavs uZRvnis Tavis naSromSi aRniSnul Temas t.

maxauri. igi wers: sakulto teqstebis skrupulozuri Seswav-

la cxadyofs, rom ,,warmarTuli elementebi’’ am teqstebSi

meoreuli movlenaa, rac kanonikuri qristianuli RvTismsax-

urebis ukiduresi “gaxalxurebis” Sedegad warmoiqmna [maxau-

ri 2011: 86, 98].

bunebrivia Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rodidan da ra gziT unda

SeeRwia mTaSi qristianuli liturgikis saRvTismetyvelo

teqstebsa da damkvidrebuliyo kultmsaxurebaSi. gamoTqmu-

lia mosazreba, rom xucobanis teqstebSi ,,dRe dResindeli”

qristianuli locvebidan zepiri gziT unda iyos Sesuli da

damkvidrebuli fSav-xevsureTSi [mamisimediSvili 1998: 35].

Cveni azriT, jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, romlebic sxvadasx-

va saRvTismetyvelo literaturidan momdinare fragmente-

bia, SemorCenili unda iyos im droidan, rodesac iq arsebul

eklesiebSi mimdinareobda RvTismsaxureba. mTisa da baris

urTierTobis ararsebobis pirobebSi, eklesiebis funq-

cionirebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, rogorc Cans, kultmsaxureba

itvirTes adgilobrivebma, maT vinc ramdenadme CarTuli

iyo eklesiis samsaxurSi. sxvagvarad Cven ver warmogvidgenia

qristianuli teqstebis zepirad SeRweva mTaSi. es teqstebi,

rogorc Cans, me-13 saukunis dasawyisidan zepiri gziT ga-

daecemoda kultis msaxurTa sxvadasxva Taobas. isini droTa

ganmavlobaSi Seiryvna, amave dros „gaxalxurda“ kidec da am

saxiT moaRwia Cvenamde.

Cveni azriT, fxovSi qristianobis gavrcelebisa da damkvi-

drebis momentebi unda iyos asaxuli zogierT andrezsa da

69

s t a t i e b i

zepir gadmocemaSi. aris garkveuli istoriuli movlenebi,

romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi moTologiurma saburvelma

dafara da maTi warmoSobis xnovanebis garkveva, cxadia, dRes

SeuZlebelia. andrezebis mimarTeba konkretul adgilsa da

nagebobasTan gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom davadginoT Tu

romelia pirveladi - materialuri Zegli Tu andrezi. cro-

lis saneba, rogorc andrezi iuwyeba, gergetis beTlemidan

mobrZanebula sofel ukanxaduSi. crolis wveris saneba (same-

ba) gergetis beTlemidan aris wamosuli, vidre crolis wver-

ze daarsdeboda is mindorSi yofila dabrZanebuli [kiknaZe

1985: 61-63; kiknaZe 1996: 44-45].

gergetis beTlemi ki, rogorc cnobilia, erT-erTi ad-

reuli kldeSi nakveTi samonastro kompleqsia. crolis

sanebis mogzauroba RilRoSic, Cveni azriT, unda mianiS-

nebdes qristianuli centrebis, am SemTxvevaSi, eklesiebis

kavSir-urTierTobaze. aseve, anatoris mTavarangelozis

jvris RilRoSi mogzaurobis andrezSic anatoris eklesiisa

da RilRoSi arsebuli (tyoba-ierda, alb-ierda) saeklesio

centrebs Soris kontaqtebi unda iyos asaxuli da ara preis-

toriuli xanis movlenebi [wiklauri 2010: 25]. qristianuli

informaciis Semcvelia, zemoT naxsenebi, xmalas mTavarange-

lozis mironmdinare alvis xis Sesaxeb arsebuli andrezic.

sruliad SesaZleblad migvaCnia xevsuruli andrezebis

mixedviT arqeologiuri Zeglebis gamovlena. amasTan dakav-

SirebiT SeiZleba gavixsenoT crolis sanebis andrezi, rom-

lis mixedviTac saneba sanam crolis wverze dabrZandeboda,

manamde mindorSi yofila daarsebuli [kiknaZe 2009: 81]. Cveni

70

s t a t i e b i

varaudiT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom andrezSi moxseniebul

mindorSi igulisxmebodes zais vake. sadac, adreul Sua sau-

kuneebSi eklesia unda yofiliyo.

statiis dasasruls daskvnis saxiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom

fxovSi qristianobis gavrceleba qarTlis samefo karis

gaqristianebisTanave iwyeba. Tavdapirvelad, aq mimdinareobs

xisa Tu qvis jvrebis aRmarTva, razec metyvelebs anatoris

eklesiaSi aRmoCenili IV saukunis pirveli naxevris Suax-

anebis jvris postamenti. jvrebis aRmarTvas, rogorc Cans,

sakmaod farTo xasiaTi unda hqonoda da mas unda moecva yve-

la dasaxlebuli punqti. am procesis Tanmdevi unda yofili-

yo eklesiebis mSenebloba, rac masStabebis mxriv, cxadia, ver

iqneboda jvrebis aRmarTvis tolfasi. fxovSi qristianobis

gavrcelebis etapebi asaxulia aq Seswavlil adre da ganvi-

Tarebul Sua saukuneebis samarovnebze. adreuli safexuri,

Cveni azriT, „misioneruli“ xasiTisa unda yofiliyo anu,

rodesac eklesia mosaxleobisgan ar iTxovs aranair saekle-

sio gadasaxads. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da feodaluri

monarqiis gaZlierebas ki unda mohyoloda fxovSi eklesiis,

rogorc feodaluri institutis momZlavrebac. aRniSnuli

garemoeba unda gamxdariyo fxovis ajanyebis mizezi me-13

saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi.

fxovis ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos istoriis borbali ukuRma datrialda. qveyana jer ja-

laledinma, Semdeg ki monRolebma daipyres. mTaSi moiSala

saeklesio-samonastro cxovreba da qristianuli RvTismsax-

ureba. mosaxleobis mier saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seswav-

lili da SeTvisebuli qristianuli codnis mixedviT fxovSi

71

s t a t i e b i

„restavrirebul“ salocavebSi, samRvdeloebisa da eklesiis

gareSe iwyeba „gaxalxurebuli qristianuli“ kultmsaxure-

ba. am salocavebis saxeli „jvarni“ adreuli qristianobi-

dan iRebs saTaves. mogvianebiT, fSav-xevsureTSi arsebuli

qristianobis nakvalevze „ileqeba“ andrezuli da sxva saxis

miTologiuri gadmocemebi, romlebic zepiri saxiT aRwevs

Cvenamde. is kultmsaxureba, romelic dRes aRmosavleT saqa-

rTvelos mTianeTSia SemorCenili ZiriTadad qristianobi-

danaa nasazrdoebi. prof. z. kiknaZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:

„qristianobaa pirveladi da “warmarTobad” miCneuli faqte-

bi qristianobis TandaTanobiTi “paganizaciis” Sedegia“

[kiknaZe z. 1988: 147].

arRunis xeoba. qaCus cixe

72

s t a t i e b i

dRes sakmaod rTuli da SeuZlebelia mTielTa kultmsax-

urebaSi „warmarTuli elementebis“ mkveTri gamijvna qris-

tianuli danaSrevebisagan. qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis

ararsebobis pirobebSi qristianuli rCeba dakrZalvis wesi.

Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi saTanado yuradReba aRar eqceva sa-

marxTa damxrobas.

73

s t a t i e b i

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. anCabaZe z. badriZe S. 1971: feodaluri saqarT-

velos istoriis swori gagebisaTvis. gazeTi „lit-

eraturuli saqarTvelo“, 12, 1971, Tbilisi.

2. bardaveliZe v. 1938: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qa-

rTveli mTielebis sasuliero teqstebi. masalebi

saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, t. 1, Tbilisi.

3. bardaveliZe v. Citaia g. 1939: qarTuli xalxuri

ornamenti I, xevsuruli. Tbilisi.

4. bardaveliZe v. 1974: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto

Zeglebi, t. I, fSavi. Tbilisi.

5. bardaveliZe v. 1982: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto

Zeglebi. t. II, Tbilisi.

6. berZeniSvili n. 1965: saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxe-

bi, wigni II, Tbilisi. berZeniSvili n. 1973: saqarTvelos

istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni VI, Tbilisi.

7. gagoSiZe i. 1975: samadlos arqeologiuri eqspedi-

ciis 1972 wlis muSaobis angariSi. saqarTvelos

muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi, IV, gv. 32-39.

Tbilisi (red. l. WilaSvili).

8. gagoSiZe i. 1999: qarTlSi qristianobis damkvi-

drebis istoriisaTvis. s. janaSias saxelobis saqa-

rTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, 43-, gv. 57-

67. Tbilisi (red. l. WilaSvili)

74

s t a t i e b i

9. Tofuria a. 1942: qva-jvarni saqarTveloSi, masa-

lebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis,

nakv. IV, gv. 28-63. Tbilisi.

10. TofCiSvili r. 1985: mTiuleTisa da gudamayris

mosaxleobis zogierTi istoriul-eTnografiuli

sakiTxi. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis

macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da

xelovnebis istoriis seria. 2, gv. 86-104, Tbilisi

(red. g. meliqiSvili).

11. kandelaki m. 1981: qarTvel mTielTa socialur-

religiuri struqturis sakiTxebi (“jvari” da

“xati”). saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis

macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da

xelovnebis istoriis seria. 1, gv. 89-99. Tbilisi

(red. g. meliqiSvili).

12. kaxiani k. WaniSvili g. kopaliani j. maCabeli k. ale-

qsiZe z. RliRvaSvili g. patariZe n. 2012: adreqris-

tianuli saeklesio kompleqsi dmanisidan. Tbilisi.

13. kiknaZe z. 1985: qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa

sistema, Tbilisi.

14. kiknaZe z. 1988: “warmarToba” Tu qristianoba? Ju-

rnali “mnaTobi”, 4, gv. 139-148. Tbilisi.

15. kiknaZe z. 1996: qarTuli miTologia, jvari da saymo, Tb.

16. kiknaZe z. 1996: jvar-xatTa religia aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. adreqristianuli arqe-

ologiis meore konferencia miZRvnili akad. iv.

75

s t a t i e b i

javaxiSvilis dabadebis 120-wlisTavisadmi, mox-

senebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, gv. 21. Tbilisi (red.

r. ramiSvili).

17. kiknaZe z. 2009: andrezebi (aRmosavleT saqarT-

velos mTianeTis religiur-miTologiuri gad-

mocemebi). Tbilisi.

18. makalaTia s. 1984: xevsureTi, Tbilisi.

19. mamisimediSvili x. 1996: xucobanis teqstebis

qristianuli Zirebi. adreqristianuli arqe-

ologiis meore konferencia miZRvnili akad.

i. javaxiSvilis dabadebis 120-wlisTavisadmi.

moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, gv. 22. Tbilisi

(red. r. ramiSvili).

20. mamisimediSvili x. 1997. jvar-xatebi sakulto

teqstebSi, sakandidato disertacia, Tbilisi.

21. maxauri t. 2011: folklorul-eTnografiuli

narkvevebi, wigni III, Tb. oCiauri al. 1988: qar-

Tuli xalxuri dReobebis kalendari, xevsure-

Ti (arxotis Temi), Tbilisi.

22. oCiauri al. 2005: qarTuli xalxuri dReobebis

kalendari, xevsureTi II (bude–xevsureTi, Sa-

til-miRmaxevi), Tb.

23. patariZe l. 2000: qarTvelTa gaqristianeba ,,qa-

rTlis cxovrebis” mixedviT. kreb. qristianoba

saqarTveloSi istoriul-eTnologiuri gamok-

vlevebi. gv. 8-16, Tbilisi (red. n. abakelia da m.

CxartiSvili).

76

s t a t i e b i

24. ramiSvili r. 1996: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis gaqristianebis ZiriTadi safexurebi

da Taviseburebani arqeologiuri masalebis da

werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT. adreqristian-

uli arqeologiis meore konferencia miZRvnili

akad. i. javaxiSvilis dabadebis 120-wlisTavisad-

mi. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, gv. 16-19.

Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili).

25. ramiSvili r. 1981: mTisa da baris urTierTobis

zogierTi sakiTxi aragvis xeobis axali arqe-

ologiuri masalebis mixedviT. Jinvalis eqs-

pedicia, meore samecniero sesiis masalebi, gv.

98-154. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili).

26. ramiSvili r. 2008: arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba

davaTSi. Tbilisi.

27. rCeuliSvili g. 1990: fSavis aragvis xeobis arqe-

ologiuri Zeglebi. Tbilisi.

28. rCeuliSvili g. 1999: qristianoba Sua saukunee-

bis fxovSi. qristianuli arqeologiis mesame

samecniero konferencia (moxsenebaTa mokle Si-

naarsebi) gv. 21-22. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvil).

29. rCeuliSvili g. robaqiZe c. CixlaZe v. 1996: da-

krZalvis qristianuli ritualis gavrcelebis

sakiTxisaTvis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTSi aragvis xeobis masalebis mixedviT.

adreqristianuli arqeologiis meore konfer-

77

s t a t i e b i

encia miZRvnili akad. i. javaxiSvilis dabadebis

120-wlisTavisadmi. moxsenebaTa mokle Si-

naarsebi, gv. 20. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili).

30. rCeuliSvili g. robaqiZe c., CixlaZe v. 1994:

aragvis xeobis adre Sua saukuneTa xanis sama-

rovnebi da mTaSi qristianobis gavrcelebis

sakiTxi. qristianuli civilizacia da saqarTve-

lo, konferencia miZRvnili adreqristianuli

arqeologiis pirveli msoflio kongresis 100

wlisTavisadmi, moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi.

gv. 37-38. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili).

31. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa

aRweriloba 2008. t. 2. Tbilisi.

32. qarTlis cxovreba 1959: t. II, Tbilisi.

33. qarTlis cxovreba 1973: teqsti dadgenili yve-

la ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvi-

lis mier, t. IV, Tbilisi.

34. qarTlis cxovreba 2012: t. II, Tbilisi.

35. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Ze-

glebi 1963: wigni I, red. ilia abulaZe, Tbilisi.

36. wereTeli k. 1981: fSav-xevsureTis adre Sua

saukuneTa xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi. Jinvalis

eqspedicia, meore samecniero sesiis masalebi,

gv. 70-78. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili).

37. wereTeli k. 2002: anatoris mariamwmidis ekle-

siis daTariRebisaTvis. qristianuli arqeolo-

78

s t a t i e b i

giis VI konferencia, moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi, gv.

16-22. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili, g. bolqvaZe).

38. wereTeli k. 1999: istoriuli fxovisa da misi

mTiswineTis qristianuli arqeologiuri Zegle-

bi. disertacia, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandida-

tis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi.

39. wiklauri iv. 2001: eklesia_monastrebi aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. qristianuli

arqeologiis V konferencia, moxsenebaTa mokle

Sinaarsebi, gv. 88-92. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili,

g. bolqvaZe).

40. wiklauri iv. 2010: xevsureTi, masalebi aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos mTianeTis SeswavlisaTvis

(kavkasiis magaliTze), wigni I, Tbilisi.

41. WinWarauli al. 1976: “jvarisa’’ da “ xatis” mniS-

vnelobisaTvis qarTulSi. saqarTvelos ssr mec-

nierebaTa akademiis macne. enisa da literaturis

seria. 3, gv. 84-92. Tbilisi. ( red. al. baramiZe).

42. javaxiSvili iv. 1983: qarTveli eris istoria,

wigni meore, Tbilisi.

43. javaxiSvili iv. 1965: qarTveli eris istoria,

wigni meore, Tbilisi.

44. janaSia s. 1949: Sromebi, t. I, Tbilisi.

45. janaSia s. 1952: saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi

droidan me-13 saukunemde. Sromebi, t. II, Tbilisi.

46. Рамишвили Р. М. Гогочури Г. К. Джорбенадзе В. А. и др.

79

s t a t i e b i

sur. 1. neZixis bzianis kompleqsi, VI-VIII ss.

1988: Исследование в горных районах Восточной Грузии.

- В сб.: Археологические открытия 1986 года. сс. 447-450.

Москва.

47. Робакидзе Ц. В. 1995: Исследования на Недзыхском

могильнике. Полевые Археологические Исследования в

1987 году. сс. 124-12. Тбилиси (ред. О. Лордкипанидзе).48. Рчеулишвили Г. М., Гогочури Г. К., Маргвелашвили

М. Г. 1995: О работе Пховского отряда. Полевые Археологические Исследования в 1987 году. сс. 125-130.

Тбилиси (ред. О. Лордкипанидзе).

fotoebi gadaRebulia giorgi gogoWuris mier

80

s t a t i e b i

sur. 2. neZixis RvTismSoblis eklesia, XIIs.

sur. 3. Tvalivis wm. giorgis eklesiis kompleqsi, VIII_IX ss

sur. 4. gudruxis RvTismSoblis eklesia, „adgilis deda“, X s.

81

s t a t i e b i

sur. 5. kanatia, kudos wm. giorgis eklesia, VIII-IX ss

sur. 6. swrofavis eklesia, X s.

82

s t a t i e b i

sur. 7. swrofavi, sayviralis kompleqsi, VIII-IX ss.

sur. 8. karTanas eklesia, X-XI ss.

83

s t a t i e b i

sur. 9. anatoris mariam wmindis eklesia, IX-X ss.

sur. 10. orbeulTas eklesia, IX-X ss.

ganivi Wrili

grZivi Wrili

84

s t a t i e b i

giorgi laRiaSvili

ialoiluTefes tipis arqeologiuri Zeglebis qro-

nologiis Sesaxeb qarTul arqeologiur literatura-

Si gabatonebulia azri, rom isini q.w. I d q.S. I saukunee-

biT TariRdeba. es debuleba prof. g. nioraZes ekuTvnis

[nioraZe g., 1940:92-93] da SemdgomSi igi ior-alaznis or-

mdinareTSi gamovlenili aRniSnuli tipis Zeglebis da-

TariRebis qronologiur orientirad iqca [Tolorda-

va v., 1978]. Tumca, amJamad arsebuli faqtobrivi masala

da nioraZis mosazrebis kritikuli ganxilva, vfiqrobT

safuZvelia imisa, rom gadaisinjos Cvens istoriografi-

aSi tradiciulad damkvidrebuli, aRniSnuli tipis Ze-

glebis prof. g. nioraZiseuli qronologia. am sakiTxis

gasarkvevad saWiroa mokled mimovixiloT misi istorio-

grafia.

ialoiluTefes tipis materialuri kulturis naSTeb-

ma, qarTvel arqeologTa yuradReba XX saukunis 30-iani

wlebis dasasrulidan miipyro. kerZod, 1937 wels md. ala-

znis marjvena napirTan, sof. arxiloskalos midamoebSi

prof. g. nioraZem gaTxara patara samarovani (7 ormosa-

85

s t a t i e b i

marxi, gverdze dasvenebul, Zlier kidurebmokecili

micvalebulebiT), romelTa inventari msgavsi iyo kavka-

siis albaneTis antikuri xanis samarovnebis inventarisa.

arxiloskalos samarovnis tipis samarxeuli komple-

qsebi mikvleuli da gaTxrilia (1915 w. xelmZRvaneli - e.

lalaiani) azerbaijanis teritoriaze, nuxis (dRevande-

li gabalis) raionis sof. nijTan. 1926 wels, imave sof.

nijis midamoebSi, adgil ialoilu-TefeSi azerbaijanis

saxelmwifo muzeumis eqspediciam d. Sarifovis xelmZ-

RvanelobiT gaTxara samarovani. swored am aRmoCenis

Sedegad damkvidrda samecniero literaturaSi termine-

bi: ,,ialoiluTefes kultura“ da ,,ialoiluTefes tipis

Zeglebi“. es kultura xasiaTdeba keramikis mTeli rigi

Taviseburi formebiT: samfexa langrebi, fexiani jamebi,

samtuCa sawuriani xeladebi, mil-niskartiani doqebi da

sxv. arxiloskalos samarovnis masala gaxda safuZveli

prof. g. nioraZis cnobili monografiisa ,,alaznis ve-

lis“ (ialoiluTefe g.l.) kulturasTan dakavSirebiT

[nioraZe g., 1940]. aRniSnul naSromSi prof. g. nioraZe

Seecada gadaeWra am tipis materialuri kulturis naS-

Tebis qronologiis sakiTxi, romelic im periodSic ka-

vkasiis arqeologiis erT-erTi aqtualuri problema

iyo. ialoiluTefes kulturis pirvelaRmomCenebma: e.

lalaianma da d. Sarifovma Шарифов Д., 1927 es sakiTxi

Riad datoves.am kulturis Seswavlis Semdgom etapze

gamoiTqva dausabuTebeli da sakmaod bundovani mosaz-

86

s t a t i e b i

rebebi, magaliTad paseki wers, rom: “yvela monacemis

mixedviT jerjerobiT ialoiluTefes tipis kultura

unda miekuTvnos ganviTarebuli liTonis xanis sakmaod

gviandel periods, ufro rkinis xanas, vidre brinjaos

epoqas” [Пассек Т., Латинин Б., 1927:221]. fineli arqeolo-

gis a. talgrenis azriT, ialoiluTefes keramika yo-

banuri kulturis Tanadroulia [Tallgren ., 1928:199].

f. hanCari aRniSnavda, rom ialoiluTefes keramika q.w.

1000-900 wlebs unda miekuTvnebodes [ancar ., 1934:85].

a. iesenma ialoiluTefes kultura q.w. IV-I saukuneebiT

daaTariRa [Иессен А., 1929:38]. 1929:38]. mogvianebiT, aseTi

qronologia gaiziares k. treverma [Тревер К. 1959:67] da

o. ismizadem. am ukanasknelma sagangebo monografia miuZ-

Rvna ialoiluTefes kulturas. monografiaSi ganxilu-

lia ialoiluTefes samarovanze 1926 w. (d. Sarifovi) da

1949-1950 wlebSi (i. jafarzade) ganxorcielebuli arqe-

ologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi. agreTve, damuSavebuli

da gamoqveynebulia e. lalaianis ganaTxari masala sof.

nijis midamoebidan. mkvlevaris azriT, ialoiluTefes

kulturis dasawyisi etapi q.w. I aTaswleulis Suaxanebia,

xolo ialoiluTefes samarovani am kulturis arsebo-

bis mogviano etaps asaxavs da

q.w. III-I saukuneebiT TariRde-

ba [Исмизаде О.,1956:76].prof.g.

nio ra Ze ki ialoiluTefes

kulturis asaks q.w. I d q.S. I samfexa jami da sawuriani xe-

lada milaris velidan (siR-

naRis muzeumis eqspozicia)

87

s t a t i e b i

sa u kuneebiT gansazRvravda [nioraZe g., 1940:92-93] da,

rogorc aRvniSne es azri dRemde dominirebs Cvens sa-

mecniero literaturaSi. amrigad, specialur liter-

aturaSi sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mravali gan-

sxvavebuli azria. aq saWirod aRar vTvliT t. პasekisaa

da b. latininis, a. talgrenis, f. hanCaris mosazrebebis

gakritikebas da ganvixilavT mxolod a. iesenis, g. niora-

Zisa da o. ismizades debulebebs, radgan, erTi mxriv,

isini saTanadodaa argumentirebuli, meore mxriv ki maT

daskvnebSi TvalsaCino gansxvavebac SeiniSneba.amasTa-

nave, am avtorTa debulebebi, Cveni azriT, ver xsnis ior-

alaznis ormdinareTSi ialoiluTefes tipis Zeglebis

arsebobis qronologiis sakiTxs. a. iesenisa da o. is-

mizadeseuli qronologia efuZneba ialoiluTefes kul-

turis adreantikur-elinisturi xanis albanuri mate-

rialur kulturasTan (sxvadasxva tipis samarxebiTa da

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli inventariT (keramikiT) gaigive-

bas. miuxedavad imisa, rom ialoiluTefes samarovanze

ormosamarxebis garda sxva tipis samarxi ar dasturdeba

o. ismizade Tvlis, rom am kulturas axasiaTebs aseve,

alizis samarxebi, mcire zomis yorRanebi, jargvaluri

samarxebi da qvevrsamarxebi [Исмизаде О.,1956:3-4]. swored

qvevrsamarxebis qronologiis mixedviT gvTavazobs

mkvlevari ialoiluTefes kulturis sawyisi etapis sa-

varaudo TariRs _ q.w. I aTaswleulis Suaxanebs, radgan am

periodidan (ufro zustad - q.w. IV saukunidan) Zveli al-

88

s t a t i e b i

baneTis teritoriaze farTod vrceldeba qvevrsamarxe-

bi [Гошгарлы Г., 2012:35; Нонешвили А., 1992: 137]. a. iesenisa

da o. ismizades qronologia metad zogadia, garda amisa,

ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi dRemde gaTxril-dokumen-

tirebuli, kavkasiis albaneTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

samarxeuli Zeglebi mxolod ialoiluTefes samarovnis

tipis ormosamarxebiT aris warmodgenili. ialoiluTe-

fes tipis ormosamarxebis aRnagoba da dakrZalvis wesi

xasiaTdeba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT, esenia: micva-

lebulis marjvena an marcxena gverdze dasveneba Zlier

moxril, kidurebmokecil pozaSi; samarxebSi TiTqmis

yovelTvis dasturdeba msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa piru-

tyvis, aseve frinvelis Zvlebi da obsidianis natexebi.

amave tipis samarovnebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli

saritualo qvevrebis Cataneba [ix. Исмизаде О.,1956:16;

nioraZe g., 1940:17; Tolordava v., 1978], esenia: arxilos-

kalos, ulianovkisa da saqobos samarovnebi. albaneTis

teritoriaze am tipis Zeglebis arsebobis qronologiur

CarCoebad ki, miRebulia q.w. III-I saukuneebi [Исмизаде

О.,1956:76; Халилов Дж., 1985:203; Гошгарлы Г., 2012:19].

prof. g. nioraZe sakvlevi kulturis qronologias nu-

mizmatikuri monacemebis safuZvelze gansazRvravda. es

numizmatikuri masalaa: 1926 wels d. Sarifovis mier ia-

loiluTefes samarovanze mopovebuli moneta (Zv.w. 90

wels moWrili vercxlis denari); aseve kirovabadis sama-

rovanze g. rozendorfisa (1903 w.) da Semdgom i. humelis

89

s t a t i e b i

(1937-1938 ww.) mier mopovebuli q.w. I saukunis II naxevris

romauli da arSakiduli monetebi. agreTve, samTavros

erT-erT qvevrsamarxSi aRmoCenili parTuli moneta (q.w.

I saukunis II naxevari) [nioraZe g., 1940:91-92]. am numizma-

tikuri faqtebidan gamomdinare, mecnierma gamoitana

daskvna, rom ,,alaznis velis (ialoiluTefe g. l.) kul-

tura unda miekuTvnos Cveni welTaRricxvis wina da da-

sawyis pirvel saukuneebs” [nioraZe g., 1940:92]. am kultu-

ris zeda qronologiuri zRvris gansazRvrisas, mecnieri

miuTiTebda im garemoebaze, rom zemoT naxsenebi q.w. I s-is

II naxevris monetebi, SesaZloa q.S. I saukuneSic yofiliyo

mimoqcevaSi. Sesabamisad, avtoris azriT, sakvlevi kul-

turis zeda qronologiuri zRvari q.S. I saukuneSic unda

gadmodiodes. prof. g. nioraZis debuleba, TiTqosda

myar argumentebs efuZneba, magram Tu CavuRrmavdebiT

sakiTxs, SesaZloa misi zogierTi punqti saeWvod gveCve-

nos. saqme is aris, rom dasaxelebul monetaTagan erTad-

erTi, romauli denaria (q.w. I saukunis damdegi) mopove-

buli ialoiluTefes samarovanze. danarCeni, q.S. I s-is II

naxevris romauli da arSakiduli monetebi (fraat III-is

(q.w. 70-57 ww.) da orod I-is (q.w. 57-38/37 ww.)

mopovebulia kirovabadis alizsamarxebis

samarovanze. g. nioraZis moRvaweobis

dros da Semdgomac, am samarovans miiC-

sawuriani xelada lagodexis municipalitetis sof.

ulianovkidan (saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi)

90

s t a t i e b i

nevdnen ialoiluTefes kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

Zeglad [Исмизаде О.,1956:3-4]. Tumca, mogvianebiT alizis

samarxebis am kulturis wreSi ganxilva aRar xdeboda.

kvlevam cxadyo, rom am tipis samarxebSi dadasturebuli

keramikis msgavseba ialoiluTefes tipis keramikasTan

_ formaluria da arc damzadebis teqnikiT, arc kecis

faqturiTa Tu sxva niSnebiT maT saerTo araferi aqvT

erTmaneTTan. ufro metic, aRniSnuli alizsamarxebis

samarovani, amJamad erTaderTia mTel aRmosavleT amier-

kavkasiaSi da mas analogi aq ar eZebneba. igi aRiarebulia

parTiidan kavkasiis albaneTSi SeWrili kolonistebis

samarovnad [Гошгарлы Г., 2012:112-113], gansxvavebiT ia-

loiluTefes samarovnisa da misi tipis Zeglebisagan,

romlebic yovelgvari eWvis gareSe albaneTis avtoq-

tonuri mosaxleobis kuTvnilebaa [ix. Иессен А., 1929; ;

Исмизаде О.,1956; Тревер К. 1959; Халилов Дж., 1985; Гошгарлы

Г., 2012]. amrigad, kirovabadis alizsamarxebis samarovani

materialuri kulturis sul sxva wreSi moiazreba, Sesa-

bamisad, iq mopovebuli monetebis mixedviT ialoiluTe-

fes kulturis finaluri etapis gansazRvra ar unda iyos

marTebuli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas zemoT naxseneb

samTavros qvevrsamarxSi mopovebul monetazec. zoga-

dad, nivTebis formaluri msgavsebis mixedviT prof. g.

nioraZe xSirad ukavSirebda ialoiluTefes kulturas

iseT artefaqtebsa Tu arqeologiur kompleqsebs, rom-

lebsac saerTo araferi aqvs masTan. ufro naTlad rom

91

s t a t i e b i

warmovaCinoT Cveni Tvalsazrisi ganvixiloT sakiTxi -

konkretulad ra saxis artefaqtebis mixedviT miakuTvna

prof. nioraZem is alizsamarxebi da samTavros qvevrsa-

marxi (romlebSic zemoT naxsenebi monetebi aRmoCnda)

ialoiluTefes kulturas. am monetebis Tanmxleb inven-

tarSi warmodgenili yofila samtuCa xeladebi, moCal-

isfrod gamomwvari, dabali yeliT, sferuli mucliTa

da brtyeli uquslo ZiriT. mrgvalkveTiani yuri daZer-

wilia pirsa da mucelze [nioraZe g., 1940:91, sur.11]. imis

safuZvelze, rom am tipis (g. nioraZiseuli tipi II, gv. 24)

xeladebi dadasturda arxiloskalos samarovanze ia-

loiluTefes tipis keramikasTan erTad (samfexa langre-

bi, sawuriani xeladebi da sxv.), nioraZem isini am kultur-

is ganmsazRvrel artefaqtad moiazra. Tumca, dakvirveba

gviCvenebs, rom am tipis WurWeli scdeba ialoiluTefes

kulturis farglebs da samxreT kavkasiis mraval Zeglze

gvxvdeba. magaliTad, garda aRniSnuli kulturis tipuri

Zeglebisa [Исмизаде О.,1956: tab. I, sur.4,7; tab.XII, sur. 8;

tab. XXXII, sur.6], msgavsi xeladebi mravladaa aRmoCenili

Sida da qvemo qarTlis gvianelinisturi da gvianromau-

li periodis Zeglebze: karsnisxevSi

[afaqiZe a., kalandaZe s., nikolaiSvi-

li v., 1978: sur.230,277], yaTnalixevSi

[xaxutaiSvili d., 1964:91, tab. I, sur.1;]

samfexa jami Telavis municipalitetis sofel

gulgulidan (Telavis istoriuli muzeumi)

92

s t a t i e b i

kariakSi (kariakis samarovans prof. i. gagoSiZe Zv.w. IV

s-iT aTariRebs [gagoSiZe i., 1982:60]). Tumca, CvenTvis

saintereso erTi xelada (iqve, tab. IX,3), romelic SemTx-

veviTaa mopovebuli, ismizades azriT, ar unda iyos elin-

isturi xanis dasasrulze ufro Zveli da sxv. analogiuri

xeladebi cnobilia ivrisa da alaznis xeobebis gvianro-

mauli periodis samarovnebidanac [ramiSvili r., 1979:

tab.34 sur. 66-124; CikoiZe c., 1979:9, tab.I, sur.6,7]. am-

rigad, am tipis xeladebi ar aris mxolod ialoiluTefes

kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, isini drosa da sivrce-

Si Zalze farTo diapazonze vrceldeba, Sesabamisad, maTi

Tanmxlebi monetebis mixedviT ialoiluTefes tipis Ze-

glebis daTariReba aramarTebulad migvaCnia. Tu gavizi-

arebT yovelive zemoT Tqmuls, maSin prof. g. nioraZis

debulebis is punqti, romlis mixedviTac ialoiluTefes

kulturis finaluri etapi q.S. I saukuneSi gadmodis mar-

Tebuli ar aris, radgan zemoT ganxiluli kirovabadisa

da samTavros samarovnis aRniSnuli monetebis (q.w. I sau-

kunis II naxevari) Semcveli arqeologiuri kompleqsebi,

romelTa mixedviTac mecnierma amgvari daskvna gamoi-

tana _ gansaxilveli tipis Zeglebis dasaTariReblad ar

gamodgeba. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia, rom prof. g.

nioraZis mier SemoTavazebuli ialoiluTefes kultu-

ris TariRi q.w. I d q.S I saukuneebi, imave numizmatikuri

monacemebis safuZvelze, amJamad mxolod kirovabadis

alizsamarxebis samarovnis funqcionirebis qronolo-

giur CarCoebad aris aRiarebuli [Гошгарлы Г., 2012:63].

93

s t a t i e b i

rac Seexeba TviT ialoiluTefes samarovanze mopovebul

romaul denars (q.w. 90 w.) igi vfiqrobT, am kulturis fi-

nalur etaps q.w. I saukuneSi moiazrebs. sxva gansaxilve-

li Temaa ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi ialoiluTefes

tipis Zeglebis gaCenis qveda qronologiuri zRvari.

radgan Cvens arqeologiur istoriografiaSi aRniSnul

regionSi am kulturis Semotana albaneTis teritori-

idan moiazreba [Пицхелаури К., 1977:226; ficxelauri k.,

1973:202-206; gagoSiZe i., 2007:28], gasarkvevi rCeba drois

romel monakveTSi SeiZleboda SemoWriliyo igi kaxeTis

teritoriaze.

prof. g. nioraZiseuli qronologia ver xsnis am

sakiTxs. pirvel yovlisa, imitom, rom numizmatikuri

faqtebi, realurad ara ialoiluTefes, aramed sul sxva

kulturuli wris (samTavros qvevrsamarxi, kirovabadis

alizsamarxebis samarovani) arqeologiuri kompleqsebis

TariRis maCvenebelia.meore: im monetaTagan, romelTa

saSualebiT g. nioraZe arxiloskalos samarovans aTari-

Rebda, arc erTi ar aris mopovebuli, araTu am samarovan-

ze, TviT ior-alaznis ormdinareTSic ki. amasTan, arxi-

loskalos samarovnis tipis (igive ialoiluTefes tipis)

ormosamarxebi, rogorc aRvniSneT q.w. III-I saukuneebis

qronologiur CarCoebSi eqceva.am garemoebebidan gamom-

dinare, es samarovani aRniSnuli vrceli periodis nebis-

mier monakveTs SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes. Tumca, qarTul

arqeologiur istoriografiaSi imdenad gavrcelebulia

94

s t a t i e b i

arxiloskalos samarovnis g. nioraZiseuli daTariReba,

rom mas Semdeg am samarovnis inventaris paraleluri ma-

salis TariRad tradiciulad miRebulia q.w. I d q.S. I sau-

kuneebi [Tolordava v., 1978].

Cvens istoriografiaSi pirvelad prof. i. gagoSiZem aR-

Zra sakiTxi ialoiluTefes kulturis ior-alaznis orm-

dinareTSi arsebobis qronologiis dazustebis saWiroe-

basTan dakavSirebiT [gagoSiZe i., 2007:28]. aRniSnul

regionSi am kulturis gavrcelebis Taviseburebebze

saubrisas gagoSiZe SeniSnavs, rom qumbaTSi Seswavlili

q.w. I da q.S. I saukuneebis kulturuli fena da Sesatyvisi

samarxebi ar Seicavda ialoiluTefes tipis masalas, Zeg-

lis geografiuli mdebareobisa da qronologiis mixed-

viT ki, mosalodneli iyo iq misi dadastureba [gagoSiZe

i., 2007:29]. mecnieri miuTiTebs, rom es garemoeba axsnas

saWiroebs, Tumca sakiTxs Riad tovebs. prof. i. gagoSiZe

(ise, rogorc antikuri xanis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

arqeologiaSi momuSave mkvlevarebis absoluturi um-

ravlesoba) eyrdnoba prof. g. nioraZis qronologias da

sruliad bunebrivad miaCnia aRmosavleT kaxeTSi q.w. I da

q.S. I saukuneebis arqeologiur Zeglze ialoiluTefes

kulturis dadastureba. Tumca, vfiqrobT ukve naTelia,

rom qronologia gadasasinjia, Cveni mosazrebis sasarge-

blod metyvelebs Tundac es ukanaskneli magaliTi.

zogadad, ialoiluTefes kulturasTan dakavSire-

biT, yvelaze aqtualur sakiTxad alaznis auzSi misi ga-

95

s t a t i e b i

Cenis qronologiis problema migvaCnia, radgan mis sab-

olood gadasaWrelad, jerjerobiT metad mwiri masala

mogvepoveba. am regionSi gaTxril-dokumentirebul ia-

loiluTefes tipur Zeglebze (arxiloskalo, ulianov-

ka, saqobo) ar aRmoCenila viwro qronologiuri Car-

Coebis momcveli myari damaTariRebeli masala. xolo

ialoiluTefes tipis samarxebis miRebuli qronologia

(q.w. III-I saukuneebi) metad zogadia am problemis Sesaxeb

garkveuli azris gamosaTqmelad xelSesaxeb masalas

gvawvdis gurjaanis municipalitetis sof. vaCnaZianis

(sabWoTa periodi `Sroma~) samarovani. prof. i. gago-

SiZe adasturebs Semdeg faqts: romauli respublikuri

denariT (q.w. 73 w.) daTariRebuli samarxi ar Seicavda

ialoiluTefes tipis keramikas, xolo stratigrafi-

ulad masze gviandel samarxebSi warmodgenili iyo ia-

loiluTefes kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli WurWeli

adgilobriv keramikasTan erTad [gagoSiZe i., 2007:29].

vaCnaZianis masalebidan gamomdinare prof. i. gagoSiZe

varaudobs, rom ialoiluTefes kultura saqarTvelos

teritoriaze vrceldeba q.w. I saukunis meore meoTxedi-

dan da q.S. I saukunemde ganagrZobs arsebobas [gagoSiZe

i., 2007:28]. aqve, ar SeiZleba angariSi ar gaewios kaxeTis

mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis xelmZRvane-

lis _ akad. k. ficxelauris sayuradRebo dakvirvebas,

rom ior-alaznis auzSi ar arsebobs q.w. I saukuneze ad-

reuli periodiT daTariRebuli Zegli, romelsac raime

96

s t a t i e b i

niSani hqondes ialoiluTefes kulturisa [ficxelauri

k., 1973:201-202].

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansaxilve-

li kulturis ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi arsebobis

qronologiis sakiTxi am etapze amgvarad warmogvidgeba:

igi q.w. I saukunis Sua xanebidan vrceldeba aRniSnul re-

gionSi da welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde arsebobs. Tumca, es

daskvna ar aris saboloo, radgan, rogorc aRiniSna ior-

alaznis auzis ialoiluTefes tipis gaTxril-dokumen-

tirebul Zeglebze (sul oriode samarovania gaTxrli

da mecnierulad Seswavlili - arxiloskalos samarovani;

lagodexis municipalitetis sof. ulianovkasTan saqa-

rTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis eqspediciam (xelmZRvane-

li r. abramiSvili) 1960-61 ww. gaTxara ori ormosamarxi,

es masalebi daamuSava da gamoaqveyna v. Tolordavam

[Tolordava v., 1978]; 1972 wels akad. s. janaSias sax-

elobis muzeumis eqspediciis (xelmZRvaneli prof. l.

WilaSvili) saqobos (lagodexis muncipaliteti) razmma

(xelmZRvaneli g. rCeuliSvili) soflis midamoebSi gaTx-

ara ialoiluTefes tipis ramdenime

samarxi. masala gamouqveynebelia,

daculia simon janaSias saxelobis

saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi.

saqobos samarovnis Sesaxeb informa-

Zabriseburtaniani tolCa Telavidan

(Telavis istoriuli muzeumi)

97

s t a t i e b i

cia mogvawoda Zeglis gamTxrelma - prof. g. rCeu-

liSvilma, risTvisac madlobas vuxdiT) dRemde ar

dadasturebula viwro qronologiuri CarCoebis

ganmsazRvreli dasaTariRebeli masala. amdenad,

kategoriuli daskvnebis gamotana, mxolod axali

faqtobrivi masalis gamovlenis Semdeg aris Sesa-

Zlebeli.

l i t e r a t u r a

1. afaqiZe a., kalandaZe s., nikolaiSvili v., 1978:

mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqs-

pediciis 1975 wlis muSaobis angariSi. mcxeTa,

t. II. – Tbilisi.

2. gagoSiZe i., 1982: TrialeTis samarovnebi. –

Tbilisi.

3. gagoSiZe i., 2007: qarTlis samefos (iberiis)

sazRvrebi q.w. I saukuneSi. iberia-kolxeTi 3. –

Tbilisi.

4. Tolordava v., 1978: antikuri xanis samarxe-

bi ulianovkadan. saqarTvelos arqeologiis

sakiTxebi, I. _ Tbilisi.

5. nioraZe g., 1940: alaznis velis gaTxrebi,

Tbilisi.

98

s t a t i e b i

6. ramiSvili r., 1979: erwos veli gvianarmazul xa-

naSi. – Tbilisi.

7. CikoiZe c., 1979: qalaqi Telavi. _ Tbilisi.

8. ficxelauri k., 1973: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

tomTa istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi (q.w. XV-VII

ss.) arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. – Tbili-

si.

9. xaxutaiSvili d., 1964: ufliscixe, t. I. – Tbilisi

10. Алиев К., 1992: Античная Кавказская Албания. - Баку

11. Гошгарлы Г., 2012: Типология погребальных памятников

античного периода на территории Азербайджана. - Баку.

12. Иессен А., 1929: Культура Ялойлу-Тапа в Закавказье

(предварительная характеристика), Сборник

Государственной Академии истории материальной

культуры, 1. - Москва- Ленинград

13. Исмизаде О.,1956: Ялойлутепинская культура.- Баку

14. Казиев С,.1953: О двух кувшинных и двух катакомбных

погребениях. Материальная культура Азербайджана,

Т.З.- Баку

15. Нонешвили А., 1992: Погребальные обряды народов

закавказья.- Тбилиси.

16. Пахомов Е., 1937: Статуэтка из Моллаисаклинского

сельбища и ее датировка. Известия Азерб. филиала

Академии наук СССР. – Баку.

17. Пассек Т., Латинин Б., 1927: К вопросу о керамике

из Ялойлутепе. Известия обшества обследования и

99

s t a t i e b i

изучения Азербайджана, #4. – Баку

18. Пассек Т., 1946: Джафарханский могильник

(археологические разведки в Муганской степи),

Вестник древней истории, # 2.

19. Пицхелаури К., 1977: Памятники второй половины

I тысячелетия до н. э. на территории Кахетии.

Советская археология. - Москва

20. Розендорф Г. 1906: Раскопки, - Oтчет археологической

комиссии за 1903 г.- Санкт-Петербург

21. Скиндер В,.1906: Опыт археологической разведки.-

Пятигорск.

22. Тревер К. 1959: Очерки по историки культуре

Кавказской Албании (IV в.’до н.э. - VII в. н.э.) Изд-во

Академия наук СССР.- Москва- Ленинград.

23. Халилов Дж., 1985: Материальная культура

Кавказской Албании. - Баку.

24. Шарифов Д., 1927: Раскопки в Ялойлу-Тапа

(Нухинский у., 1926 г.), Материалы Азгосмузея, Вып.

1. - Баку

25. Tallgren A., 1928: Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua, B. III,

Helsinki,

26. Hancar F., 1934: Kaukasus-Luristan. Zuge Kultureller

Verwandt-schaft des prahistorischen Kaukasusgebites

mit dem Alten Orient. Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua, b.

IX, Helsinki

T v a l s a z r i s i

100

redaqciisgan: saqarTvelos eklesia-monas-

trebi ara mxolod Cveni qveynis RirsSesaniS-

naobaa, aramed mkvlevarTaTvis mravali said-

umlos momcveli. da manam, sanam arqeologia

dagvanaxebs taZris pirvelsaxes, gvauwyebs

misi agebis TariRsa Tu aRmSeneblis vinaobas,

mecnierebi istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT,

ama Tu im taZarTan dakavSirebiT, uamrav mo-

sazrebas gamoTqvamen. bunebrivia, saintere-

soa, ras fiqroben mecnierebi, adasturebs Tu

ara arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi mkvl-

evarTa Tvalsazriss. amitom, Jurnal “onlain

arqeologias” daemata axali rubrika - T v a l

s a z r i s i. amjerad, gTavazobT istoriis mec-

nierebaTa doqtoris, saqarTvelos kulturu-

li memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos

muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis samsaxuris

ufrosi specialistis eka kaWaravas statias

“alaeerdis kaTedralis daTariRebisTvis”.

maS ase - rodis aigo alaverdis taZari, vin

iyo kaTedralis mSeneblobis iniciato-

ri, misi pirveli episkoposi da qtitor-

ni taZrisa, eka kaWaravas TvalsazrisiT:

T v a l s a z r i s i

101

alaverdis kaTedrali mdebareobs kaxeTSi, sof. ala-

verdTan (axmetis municipaliteti), alaznis velze,

Telavidan 20 km-is daSorebiT. alaverdis eparqiis saz-

Rvrebs Seadgenda: CrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT kavka-

sionis qedi da md. stori, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT – md.

Turdo, dasavleTiT da samxreT-dasavleTiT kaxeTisa

da civ-gomboris qedebi. mTianeTidan alaverdis epar-

qiaSi gaerTanebuli iyo fSav-xevsureTi da TuSeTi.

alaverdis sakaTedro taZari qarTuli xuroTmoZ-

Rvrebis erT-erTi udidesi da umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia.

saistorio wyaroebSi alaverdis kaTedralis mSene-

alaverdis kaTedralis

daTariRebisaTvis

eka kaWarava

T v a l s a z r i s i

102

blobis Sesaxeb cnoba ar moipoveba. Tumca, taZ-

ari TviT aris dasturi imisa, rom is XI saukunis

I naxevris kuTvnilebaa. qarTul istoriografia-

Si alaverdis sakaTedro taZris mSeneblobisa da

saepiskoposo kaTedris daarsebis TariRad zoga-

dad XI s-is pirveli meoTxedi an mesamedia aRi-

arebuli. naSromis mizania saistorio wyaroe-

bis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT,Aalaverdis

taZris agebisa da gansrulebis TariRis dazuste-

ba, taZris mSeneblobis iniciatorisa da qtitor-

Ta, misi pirveli episkoposis vinaobis dadgena.

VII-IX saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi kaxeT-hereTis teri-

toriaze Zvelis nacvlad mravali axali Zegli igeba

da ZeglTa ganaxlebiTi Tu gafarToebiTi samuSaoe-

T v a l s a z r i s i

103

bi xorcieldeba. am periodSi uZvelessa Tu same-

klesian bazilikebs enacvleba gumbaTovani arqite-

qturis Zeglebi (gurjaanis yvelawminda, vaCnaZianis

yvelawminda, nekresi, stefanwminda xirsaSi, iyalTos

monastris mTavari eklesia, ozaanis amaRleba da sxv.).

cnoba amave periodSi alaverdis monastris teri-

toriaze warmoebuli mSeneblobis Sesaxeb arc erT

wyaros ar Semounaxavs. Cveni azriT, VIII-IX sauku-

neTa kaxeT-hereTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis qti-

torTa yuradReba arc alaverdis monasters unda

mokleboda da iq, sadac XI saukuneSi kaTedrali

aSenda da sadac ioseb alaverdelis Tanadrouli

salocavis arsebobaa savaraudo, VIII-IX saukuneebSi

axali taZari aigeboda. vfiqrobT, alaverdis mon-

astris teritoriaze arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis

Sedegad Cveni varaudis damadasturebeli masala

uTuod gamovlindeba. es masala ki, am periodis

alaverdis Sesaxeb werilobiTi wyaroebis ararse-

bobis pirobebSi, didad dagvexmareba alaverdis

kaTedralis istoriis rekonstruqciis saqmeSi.

X saukunis dasawyisisaTvis alaverdi kax mefeTa

(qorepiskoposTa) moqmedi salocavi monasteri unda

yofiliyo. aRniSnuls adasturebs cnoba daculi,

rogorc `matiane qarTlisaÁSi~ da vaxuSti batoniS-

vilTan ise, eredvis wm. giorgis eklesiis saamSene-

blo warweraSi. cnoba kaxTa mTavris kvirike I-isa

T v a l s a z r i s i

104

(892-918) da egris-afxazeTis mefis konstantine III-is

(893-929) hereTisaTvis koaliciur laSqrobas exeba.

XI saukunis anonimi avtoris Txzuleba ̀ matiane qar-

Tlisas~ Tanaxmad: ,,... viTar gardaÃdes welni raoden-

nime da moeSena queyana, maSin uÃmo kÂrike qorepiskop-

osman kostanti afxazTa mefesa; Cavides hereTad da

moadges cixesa veJinisasa. afxazTa mefe moadga zedaT-

kerZo, da kÂrike quemoT. da viTar miswures waRebad,

maSin adarnase patriki movida, paraskevis juarsa mi-

upyra zavis piri, mosca afxazTa mefesa ariSi, gavazni

da kÂrikes orWobi. viTar daizavnes, da Semoiqces mov-

ida kostanti, afxazTa mefe, iloca alaverds wmidis

giorgis winaSe, da Semosa xati misi oqroTa. xolo

laSqari misi umravlesi waravlina gzasa garesa da

friad pativ-sca kÂrike qorepiskoposman, da warvida

queyanad TÂsad~ [15.264]. igive faqti dasturdeba ered-

vis wm. giorgis eklesiis saamSeneblo warweraSi: `...

Ãelmwifobasa RmrTivdamyarebulisa wmidisa kon-

stantine mefisasa, romelman brZana da Cavida her-

eTs Sigan, herTa mefeÁ gaaqcia da muniT mSvidobiT

iqca, ciskrad alaverds iloca, mwuxri breZas gadahÃ-

Ta; meored kula avida, vejinisa cixe dalewa~ [9.172].

vaxuSti batoniSvili am laSqrobas 906-921 wleb-

Si mimdinare movlenaTa Soris moiazrebs. “...Sem-

dgomad moslvisa abul-kasimisa miuwoda kÂrikem

kaxTa qorikozman am mefes kostantines. aman mis-

T v a l s a z r i s i

105

rulman Semusrna cixeni hereTisani, merme dazavd-

nen kÂrike kaxTa, mefe kostantine da herTa mefe da

ukmoqceulman kostantine mefeman mosWeda oqro-

Ti xati alaverdis mTavar mowamis wmidis gior-

gisa da Seamko friad da movida afxazeTs~ [7.798].

`matiane qarTlisasa~ da vaxuStis Tanaxmad,

laSqroba unda Semdgariyo `Semdgomad mosvlisa

abul kasimisa~ anu sajTa pirveli laSqrobis Sem-

dgom (908-914 ww.). vaxuStisave cnobiT, 918 wlidan

kaxeTSi kvirike I-is memkvidre fadla II mTavrobs,

amdenad kvirike I-isa da konstantine afxazTa mefis

erToblivi laSqroba 918 welze gvian ver ganxor-

T v a l s a z r i s i

106

cieldeboda. amasTanave `matiane qarTlisas~ Tanax-

mad, kvirike-konstantines laSqroba ara mxolod

abul kasimis laSqrobis Semdgom Sedga, aramed ,,...

viTar gardaÃdes welni raodennime da moeSena qu-

eyana~ [15.264], e.i. 914 wlidan ramdenime wlis Semdgom

da danamdvilebiT 918 wlamde, anu 916-917 wlebSi.

aseTi mniSvnelovani gamarjvebis mopovebisaTvis

alaverds locva da egris-afxazeTis mefis mier

alaverdis wminda giorgis xatis oqroTi Semko-

ba, mowmobs, rom alaverdi metad mniSvnelovani Ze-

gli iyo da adasturebs faqts - X saukunis da-

sawyisisaTvis wminda giorgis saxelobis alaverdi

moqmedi, kax mefeTa Tu qorepiskoposTa salocavi

gaxldaT da savaraudod, VIII-IX saukuneebs unda mie-

kuTvnos. saeWvoa, es ceremoniali ioseb alaverdel-

is Tanadroul mcire eklesiaSi Catarebuliyo.

pirdapiri cnobebi imis Taobaze, rom taZris mSene-

blobisa da samRvdelTmTavro kaTedris daarsebis

iniciatori kvirike didi iyo, ar mogvepoveba. kvirike III

alaverdTan dakavSirebiT arsad ixsenieba (gamonakli-

sia alaverdis taZris kankelis filis qveda nawilze

SemorCenili kidurwaisruli asomTavruli warweris

xuTi grafema - ̀ .. ke qor..~. g. gagoSiZis varaudiT, am

fragmentis gagrZeleba unda iyos meore fragmentze

SemorCenili kidurwaisruli asomTavruli warweris

oTxi grafema - ~bksi~. am fragmentTa gaerTianebiT

T v a l s a z r i s i

107

warwera ikiTxeba, rogorc ~.. k(virik)e qor[e]b(is)k(opo)

si..~ [6.24]. Tumca, SesaZloa, kankeli Zveli taZrisaT-

vis, axali kaTedralis aSenebamdec damzadebuliyo.

maSin rodesac, mematiane aRniSnavs administraciul

reformas - dedaqalaqis TelavSi gadatanas, bodo-

jis sasaxlis mSeneblobas, alaverdis mSeneblobis

mouxseneblobis faqti wyaroTa simwiriT ver aixs-

neba. metad bunebrivi iqneboda misi reorganizator-

uli politikis gaTvaliswinebiT alaverdis axali

taZris mSenebloba gaeTvalsaCinoebinaT. es faqti

arsad aris dafiqsirebuli, rasac gansakuTrebu-

li mizezi unda ganapirobebdes. aRniSnulis gas-

arkvevad, gavadevnoT Tvali alaverdis mSeneblobis

Tanamedrove politikuri movlenebis ganviTarebas.

bagrat III-is zeobis xanaSi (975-1014) saqarTvelos

gaerTianebis procesi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSic

aisaxa. Tanmimdevrulad igeba bediis (`aman did-

man mefeman aRaSena saydari bediisa, Seqmna saydrad

saepiskoposod, mocvala man gudayÂsa saepiskoposo,

Sewirna sofelni mravalni yovelTa ÃevTa da adg-

ilTa, ganasrula yovliTa gangebiTa, romel aravin

yofil ars sxua mefe msgavsi misi queyanisa qar-

Tlisasa da afxazeTisasa~ [15.281], nikorwmindis, bagra-

tis taZrebi, safuZveli eyreba sveticxovels, romlis

ganaxlebac, aseve bagrat mefis iniciativaa. msxvili

sasuliero centrebis daarseba, maTi lokalizaciis

T v a l s a z r i s i

108

gaTvaliswinebiT, dasturia qarTvelTa xelmwifis

Tanmimdevruli politikisa, romelic qveynis sab-

oloo gaerTianebas isaxavs miznad. mematianis gad-

mocemiT `eklesiaTa maSenebelma~ bagrat afxazTa

da qarTvelTa mefem bagratis taZris satfurebis

dros `...Semokribna maxlobelni yovelni Ãelmwifeni

da kaTalikosni, mRdelTmoZRuarni da yovelTa mon-

asterTa winamZRuarni, da yovelni didebulni zemoni

da quemoni, mamulisa da samefosa misisa myofni, da

sxuaTa yovelTa saÃelmwifoTani~ [15.281]. am epizo-

didan kargad Cans afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefisaT-

vis axali kaTedralis mSeneblobis mniSvneloba.

daaxloebiT 1010 wlisaTvis bagrat III `...da-

sua...didebulTa kacTa Svili meyvisi da gazrdi-

li TÂsi melqisedek kaTalikoz-patriaqad.~ bagrat

III-is aRzrdili umaRlesi sasuliero xelisu-

T v a l s a z r i s i

109

fali misi Tanamoazre, centralizebuli politi-

kis sruli mxardamWeri da aqtiuri gamtarebelia.

melqisedekis aRsaydrebis droisaTvis `didi

ese kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveti-

cxoveli, romeli vaxtang gorgasals aReSe-

na, daZvelebul iyo da JamTs SlilobiT gar-

eSemo stoani da bWeni daqceul iyo...~ [15.282].

matiane qarTlisas Tanaxmad, ̀ ...aRaravin iyo mwe aR-

Senebad da arcara-vis Zal-edva aRSeneba misi (svet-

icxovlis - e.k.)~ [15.282]. es amonaridi naTelyofs,

rom am droisaTvis saqarTvelos umTavresi sakaT-

edro taZris mSeneblobisa da SemkobisaTvis qveya-

naSi araviTari materialuri resursi ar arsebobda.

aqedan gamomdinare, aRsaydrebisTanave, daaxloebiT

1010 wlisaTvis, melqisedek kaTolikosi konstanti-

nopols miemgzavreba basili imperatorTan TxovniT

T v a l s a z r i s i

110

- `raTa Seewios.~ melqisedeki `mividaAda miuTxra

yoveli SeuZlebloba qarTvelTa da saTxoveli

misi~ [15.282]. imperatorma daakmayofila qarTvel-

Ta kaTolikosis Txovna `mosca monasteri kesto-

ria, romel[sa] r<e sofeli aqus, ganZi da Sesamko-

belni eklesiaTani, xatni da juarni, da yovelive

samRvdelmTavro da samRdelo samkauli~ [15.282].

rogorc Cans, es Sewevna uSualod sveticxovelis

ganaxlebas iTvaliswinebda: melqisedek kaTolikosi

`warmovida da moiwia queyanasave TÂssa qarTlad da

sameufod qalaqad mcxeTad, da iwyo Senebad gareTi-

Ta bWiTa da gareSemoTa stoiTa moqmniTa da zedada-

burviTa, da yoveli ganasrula. da mimadla RmerTman

ganaxleba mcxeTis qalaqisaca, da Seamko didi kaTo-

like samociqulo eklesia sveti-cxoveli yovliTa

samkaulobiTa, oqroTa da vecxliTa, TualiTa da mar-

galitiTa~ [15.281]. niSandoblivia aRniSvna, rom ̀ yove-

li ganasrula da mimadla RmerTman ganaxleba mcx-

eTis qalaqisaca...~ anu saimperatoro Sewevna imdenad

mniSvnelovani iyo, rom sveticxovelis gansrulebisa

da Semkobis Semdgom melqisedek kaTolikosma mcx-

eTac ganaaxla. bizantiis saimperatoro karze kaTo-

likosis momdevno vizitebis mizani materialuri

daxmarebis miReba gaxldaT, rac aucilebeli iyo qa-

rTuli sasuliero centrebis gaZlierebisTvis, sa-

varaudoa, rom maT Soris, alaverdic moiazreboda.

T v a l s a z r i s i

111

kaTolikosis bizantiaSi pirveli vizitis dros

bagrati kaxeTisaTvis ibrZvis. daviT qorepiskoposis

gardacvalebis Semdeg bagratma tyved igdo kvirike

III. man `iwyo Zebnad kaxeTisa, da ZaliTa misiTa miuw-

domeliTa or wel warixuna yovelni cixeni kaxeTis-

ni. Seawyudia kÂrike boWormas, da dauyenna cixesa ga-

reSemo mcvelni weliwdamdi, wariRo boWormaca. da

daipyra sruliad hereTi da kaxeTi...~ [15.279]. amdenad,

bagrat III-em sami weli ibrZola kaxeT-hereTisaT-

vis da srulad daeufla mas, daaxloebiT 1011 wels.

XI s-is 10-ian wlebSi hereTi ise, rogorc kaxeTi,

gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos Semadgenlo-

baSi Sevida [4.254]. bagratma `warmoiyvana kvirike da

daiWira TÂssa karsa zeda~ [15.279]. kvirikes samefo

`karsa zeda Wera~ anu sapatio tyveoba 1020 wlamdea

savaraudo. kvirikes gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli

mdgomareoba (g. CubinaSvilis samarTliani dakvirve-

biT: «Характерно, что Баграт III, вместо применения к Квирике

методов устранения от власти, к которым он прибегнул в

отношении двух кларджетских правителей, или обложить данью,

как Ганджийского Эмира Падлона, - взял его к своему двору»

(18.24) Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, Тб.,1959, gv.

24) unda miuTiTebdes imas, rom saqarTvelos samefo

kars kvirike Zalian sWirdeba. yovelive amas Semdgom

ganviTarebuli politikuri movlenebic mowmobs.

1011 wlidan 1020 wlamde samefo karze sapa-

T v a l s a z r i s i

112

tio tyved myofi kvirike daaxloebuli unda

yofiliyo qveynis kaTolikos-patriarq melq-

isedekTan, is TviTmxilveli iqneboda sveticxov-

lis aRmSeneblobisa da ganaxlebis procesis.

kvirike giorgi I-is gamefebis Semdgom gaaTavisu-

fles. herma da kaxma didebulebma isargebles bagrat

III-is gardacvalebiT, axalgazrda mefis taxtze as-

vliT da axlad gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos gar-

Tulebuli sagareo politikuri viTarebiT. sumbat

daviTis Zis Tanaxmad: giorgi I-s `ganudga ... queyana

hereT-kaxeTisa, da RadrobiTa aznaurTaTa Sepyrobil

iqnes erisTavni~ [15.383]. asevea es ambavi gadmocemuli

`matiane qarTlisas~ CanarTSic [15. 284]. bagrat III-is

mier pativayrilma kaxma didebulebma `RadrobiT~

(daundoblad e.k.) Seipyres bagratis moxele-eri-

T v a l s a z r i s i

113

sTavebi. vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tanaxmad: `...kvirikem

daipyra kaxeTi da hereTica da iwoda mefeT kaxTa~

[7.561], ris Semdgomac ̀ maT queyaniT kualadve euflnes

maTni ufalni romelTa pirvel aqunda igi~ [15.383]. anu

kaxma didebulebma daibrunes bagratis mier CamorT-

meuli pativi da sakuTreba. vaxuStis cnobiT `aman

kvirike mefeman ufros ganamtkicna erisTavebi~, e.i.

kvirikem erTgulad namsaxurni moimadliera [7.300,301].

n. berZeniSvilis Tanaxmad, kax feodalTa Zalisxme-

viT hereT-kaxeTi danarCen saqarTvelos CamoSorda

[4.254], Tumca, Cveni azriT, es ar unda yofiliyo qar-

Tul saxelmwifos srulad mowyvetili damoukide-

beli politikuri erTeuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom

her-kaxni ajanydnen da giorgi I iZulebuli gaxda

mniSvnelovnad daeTmo poziciebi, kvirikes gaTavisu-

fleba qarTvelTa mefesTan SeTanxmebiT, garkveuli

pirobebis safuZvelze unda momxdariyo, rasac mow-

mobs SemdgomSi kvirikes qarTvel mefeebTan (gior-

gi I, bagrat IV) samxedro operaciebSi Tanamonaw-

ileoba [1.106]. am droisaTvis kaxeT-hereTi erTiani

qarTuli saxelmwifos sivrceSi unda moiazrebodes,

misi politikuri statusi garkveul valdebulebebs

unda iTvaliswinebdes da garkveuli suverenite-

tis xarisxiT centraluri xelisuflebis ZiriTadi

politikuri kursis gamtarebeli unda iyos. garda

samxedro kavSirisa, amis dasturia kaxeT-hereTis

T v a l s a z r i s i

114

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis iuridisdiqciis

daqvemdebarebaSi yofna da sapatriarqos mier mniS-

vnelovani yma-mamulis floba kaxeT-hereTSi [16.26-27;

5.238]. sapatriarqos meSveobiT qveynis centraluri

xelisufleba agrZelebs bagrat III-is strategias

da eklesia centralizebuli politikis ganmaxor-

cielebel umTavres Zalad gvevlineba. melqisedek

kaTolikos-patriarqis xelmZRvanelobiTa da Tanmim-

devruli, gonivruli qmedebebiT mimdinareobs qveynis

T v a l s a z r i s i

115

kulturul-religiuri gaerTianeba (g. CubinaSvili

sagangebod aRniSnavs qarTlis, hereTisa da kaxeTis

kulturul erTobas da imowmebs melqisedek kaTo-

likos-patriarqis dawerils mcxeTisadmi, romlis

Tanaxmadac kaTolikosis mcxeTis sveticxovlisadmi

Sewiruli yma-mamuli kaxeT-hereTsac moicavs). rac

Seexeba sakuTriv kulturul erTobas, cxadia, igu-

lisxmeba erTiani qarTuli qristianuli kultura

da centralizaciis procesi (`yoveli saqarTvelos~

Camoyalibebas daemTxva saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

daarseba. saqarTvelos patriarqis titulaturaSi

gaCnda qarTvel mefeTa titulaturis msgavsi for-

mula - `mamamTavari aRmosavleTisa~. saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi XI-XIII saukuneebSi erTian qa-

rTul saxelmwifoSi erTian qarTul eklesias ga-

nagebda. mis iurisdiqcias eqvemdebareboda afxazeTis

(das. saqarTvelos) kaTolikosi, marTlmadidebeli

somxuri eparqiebi `somxeTis mitropolitis~ meTau-

robiT, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos qveynis politi-

kur sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli qveynebic [10.117]).

kaxeT-hereTis valdebulebaTagan erT-erTi alaver-

dis didi sakaTedro taZris mSenebloba da saepiskoposo

kaTedris daarseba unda yofiliyo – umniSvnelovanesi,

rogorc sakuTriv kaxeTis ise, qarTuli saxelmwifo-

saTvis (alaverdisa da nekresis kaTedrebi imTaviTve

moiazreboda, rogorc sayrdeni qarTuli saxelm-

T v a l s a z r i s i

116

wifos politikur-kulturul-religiuri warmate-

bebisa hereTisa da imierkavkasiis mimarTulebiT).

ranTa da kaxTa samefoebis gaerTianebis zusti

TariRi arsebuli wyaroebidan ar Cans. sumbat da-

viTis Ze am faqts giorgi I-is taxtze asvlasa (1014

w.) da misi mefobis meSvide wels (e.i. 1021 w.) ba-

sil berZenTa mefis saqarTveloze gamolaSqrebis

movlenebs Soris moiazrebs. n. berZeniSvils ranTa

da kaxTa samefos Seqmnis TariRad XI s-is 20-iani

wlebi miaCnia (n. berZeniSvili 1930 wlis ianvriT

daTariRebul naSromSi `mcxeTis sabuTi XI sauku-

nisa~ werda:K`1011 wels bagrat III daatyveva kÂrike

da samflobelo CamoarTva. ukanaskneli kvlav dae-

patrona hereT-kaxeTs mxolod 1014 wlis Semdeg

giorgi bagratis Zis gamefebis pirvel wlebSi [5.235].

mogvianebiT, naSromSi `aRmosavleT kaxeTis warsu-

lidan (mokle politikuri cnoba),~ romelic pirve-

lad daibeWda mimoxilvelis III tomSi 1953 wels, is

wers: `XI saukunis 10-ian wlebSi hereTi iseve, ro-

gorc kaxeTi gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos feoda-

lur saxelmwifoSi Sevida (1010 w.), magram male (amave

saukunis ocian wlebSi) her-kax didebulTa erTma

jgufma isargebla saqarTvelos politikuri gar-

TulebiT da bizantiis keisris aqtiuri mxardaWeriT

hereT-kaxeTi danarCen saqarTvelos moswyvita. kax-

eTis qorikozma kvirike didma hereT-kaxeTi politi-

T v a l s a z r i s i

117

kurad gaaerTiana, administraciulad moawyo da am

axali erTeulis mefe iqmna. amiT hereT-kaxeTis poli-

tikuri Serwymis procesi dasrulda~ [4.254;12.221].

sumbat daviTis Zis cnobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

Cvenc veTanxmebiT n. berZeniSvilis mosazre-

bas [4.254]. kvirikem samefo faqtiurad Zveli is-

toriuli sazRvrebis farglebSi aRadgina.

kaxeT-hereTis gaerTianebis Semdgom kvirike didis

politika samefos gaZlierebisa da aRmSeneblobiske-

naa mimarTuli. am droisaTvis aris savaraudo ala-

verdis kaTedralis mSeneblobis dasawyisic. ala-

verdis taZris mSeneblobisaTvis saWiro iqneboda

T v a l s a z r i s i

118

mniSvnelovani finansuri resursis mobilizeba da

bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva - ra saxsrebiT Sendeba ala-

verdi? miuxedavad imisa, rom kvirike III-is mmarTvelo-

bis wlebi kaxeTis yovelmxrivi aRmavlobis perio-

dad aris aRiarebuli da misi Tanamedrove mematiane

kvirikes Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom `ganmdidrda kvirike

da moirWma yoveliTurT da amisaTvis ewoda didi

kvirike,~ alaverdis mSenebloba mogvianebiT unda

dawyebuliyo. kaxeTs axlad dabrunebul kvirikes,

cxadia taZris aRmSeneblobisTvis saWiro saxsrebi

ar gaaCnda, xolo alaverdis mSeneblobis dasawyisi

ki misi dabrunebidan Zalian male, daaxloebiT 1025

wlisaTvis aris savaraudo. saeWvoa, alaverdi, mx-

olod adgilobrivi finansuri resursiT agebuliyo.

alaverdis qtitorTagan, taZrisave konqis warweri-

dan CvenTvis cnobilia mxolod giorgi abaÁM- ala-

verdis konqis maSenebeli. savaraudoa, sxva adgilo-

briv didebulTa Sewevnac, maT Soris pirvel yovlisa

goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis: `+ wmidao giorgi, mex-

vaÁSne eyav winaSe RmrTisa monasa Sensa giorgi abaÁs,

diswoÂlsa goderZi erisTavT erisTavisasa, romelman

aRaSena .. konqi ese,~ Tumca es sakmarisi ar iqneboda.

aRniSnulis safuZvelze Cven vvaraudobT, alaver-

dis taZris mSeneblobis iniciativasa da materi-

alur SewevnaSi saqarTvelos pirvelma patriarqma

mniSvnelovani wvlili gaiRo da vfiqrobT, rom misi

T v a l s a z r i s i

119

momdevno vizitebi bizantiis saimperatoro karze

da maT Sedegad miRebuli materialuri daxmareba

alaverdis mSeneblobasac mniSvnelovnad Seewia. `ma-

tiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT melqisedeki daaxloebiT

1025-1026 wlebs Soris meored midis konstantinepol-

Si [15.292] (`amisa Semdgomad warvida patriaqi melqi-

sedek kostantine mefisa winaSe konstantinepoled.

Seiwynara mefeman berZenTaman kostantine{m} da mos-

ca Sesamkobelni eklesiaTa, xatni da juarni, da yove-

li samRvdelmTavro da samRdelo samkauli~ [15.290]).

es TariRi emTxveva alaverdis mSeneblobis savarau-

do dasawyiss. kaTolikosis meore vizitis epizodis

aRwerisas wyaroSi sveticxovlis Semkoba saerTod

aRar moixsenieba, mxolod aRniSnulia, rom `Sesam-

kobelni eklesiaTa, xatni da juarni, da yoveli sam-

RvdelmTavro da samRdelo samkauli~ gankuTvnilia

zogadad qarTuli eklesiebisaTvis. sveticxovelTan

dakavSirebiT mamulebis vrceli CamonaTvalia gawer-

ili, rac am Sewevnis Sedegad kaTolikosma `daudva

wmidasa amas dedaqalaqsa mcxeTas, suetsa cxovelsa.~

kaTolikosi ̀ movida queyanasa da samwysosa TÂssa da

iyida soflebi taos: zadkareki xuTiTa agara[Á]Ta, da

ZaRlis-Ãevs iyida sofeli oroTa samiTa agara[Á]Ta.

ese ornive sofelni maTiTa agara[Á]Ta TvisTa ZmaTa

ganZiTa iyida. da klarjeTs moigo sofeli erTi

sxloani. da SavSeTs moigo sofeli didi sslobani,

T v a l s a z r i s i

120

agara misi naRuarevi. da javaxeTs moigo sofeli

tonTio. da kolas moigo da daaSena sofeli didi

orotani agara[Á]Ta. da fanavars aaSena sofeli erTi

maxarovani. da sakoeTs Seipyrna da aaSenna sofeli

orni {da}: naqalaqevi da berdaZoni, da daudva wmidasa

amas dedaqalaqsa mcxeTas, suetsa cxovelsa~ [15.290].

am epizodSi sakaTalikoso kaxur-heruli mamuli

jer ar ixsenieba. savaraudoa, kaTolikosis meore

vizitis Sedegad bizantiisagan miRebuli material-

uri Sewevna alaverdisaTvisac yofiliyo gankuTvni-

li. kaTolikos-patriarqis saimperatoro karze mesa-

me vizitis dros, daaxloebiT 1027-1028 wlebisaTvis:

`warvida kaTalikoz-patriaqi melqisedek winaSe ro-

T v a l s a z r i s i

121

manoz berZenTa mefisa kostantinepoled. Seiwynara

da mosca Sesamkobelni eklesiaTani, xatni da juarni,

da yoveli samRvdelmTavro da samRdelo samkauli,

da warmovida queyanasa da samwysosave TÂssa~ [15.294].

zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze, safiqrebelia, rom

kaTolikos-patriarqis pirvelma vizitma ganapiro-

ba ganaxleba da Semkoba mcxeTisa da sveticxovlis

taZris. momdevno vizitebis Sedegad patriarqma svet-

icxovels SeZenili mamulebi uboZa da miiRo mate-

rialuri Sewevna sxva qarTuli eklesiebisaTvis, maT

Soris alaverdis taZris SenebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia

aseve, rom kaTolikosis bizantiaSi mesamed gamgza-

vrebam qarTls Sewirul mamuls (`Semdgomad amisa

wmidaman meufeman kaTalikos-patriaqman melqisedek

moigo qarTls: monasteri palavra oTxiTa sofl-

iTa; da cuqiTi SesavliTa misiTa; yincvisi Sesav-

liTa misiTa; da Sindebis naxevari; kurbiTs saazn-

auro kargi sofeli erTi; CoCeTs ubani erTi, miwa

da venaÃi sasefeo; zeganTa sofeli erTi Sidari~

[15.296]) garda sveticxovlisaTvis daudvia: `kaxeTs

axatans ubani erTi da nosorna sofeli erTi; da

hereTs monasteri didiTa ZaliTa {da} lagodeÃi

da hereTsve katexisa eklesia SesavliTa misiTa;

da kaks vaWari aTormeti; da ziari sofeli didi.~

amasTanave, melqisedekma `yovelni sofelni,

romelni kaTolike eklesiisani arian, aaSenna da

T v a l s a z r i s i

122

dadgna yvelgan saxlni da aago eklesiani ricxÂT

yovelnive~ [15.296]. cxadia, kaTolikosma esec bi-

zantiidan miRebuli daxmarebiT ganaxorciela.

kaTolikos-patriarqs samcxeTo sakuTreba - `ese

yoveli soflebi, romeli man moigo. da romelni

sofelni Zuelad hqondes wmidas[a] suetsa cxovel-

sa da kaTolike eklesiasa, da sxua Sesavalni rac

iyvnes~ bagrats moaxsena da Seuvaloba gamoiTxo-

va. bagratmac `misca simtkice Seuvalobisa~ [15.296].

alaverdis taZris xuroTmoZRvrebaSi qarTluri

gavlenis arseboba jer kidev g. CubinaSvilma aRniSna

[17.433-434]. Cvenc veTanxmebiT mosazrebas, rom alaver-

dis taZris mSeneblobisa da Semkobis aqtiuri Tana-

monawile `qarTluri skola~ gaxlavT. savaraudoa,

rom mcxeTasa da mis SemogarenSi arsebuli saxelosno

(Tu saxelosnoebi) saqarTvelos sapatriarqos eqvem-

debareboda (6.28). SesaZloa, es saxelosno melqisedek

kaTolikosis gankargulebiT daarsda da eklesia-mon-

asterTaTvis materialuri saxsrebis mosapoveblad

gamiznuli bizantiuri vizitebis Sedegi gaxldaT.

Cveni mosazrebis dasabuTebisTvis aseve mniS-

vnelovania alaverdis aRmosavleT fasadze, jvris

marjvniv arsebuli Zlier dazianebuli warwera

(daaxl. 1033-1049 wlebi), romelSic, Cveni azriT, ix-

senieba kaTalikosi iovane, igive iovane oqropiri.

moxsenieba kaTolikos-patriarqisa, romelmac `mra-

T v a l s a z r i s i

123

valni eklesianni aRaSenna da gana[a]xlna~A[15.296]

da samcxeTo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saeklesio yma-

mamulis Seuvaloba gamoiTxova, rogorc bagrat, ise

gagik-kvirike kaxTa mefisagan, pirdapir miuTiTebs

mis CarTulobaze alaverdis taZris agebis procesSi,

anu taZris mSeneblobis didi nawili gansrulebulia

swored misi zeobis periodSi. aRniSnuli kidev erTi

dasturia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos monawileobisa

alaverdis kaTedralis agebaSi. Cveni azriT, saqarT-

velos kaTolikos-patriarqi melisedeki, araTu monaw-

ileobda alaverdis mSeneblobis procesSi, aramed am

aRmSeneblobis erT-erTi mTavari iniciatori da mate-

T v a l s a z r i s i

124

rialuri mxardamWeri gaxldaT, xolo iovane oqropi-

ri misi saqmis Rirseul gamgrZeleblad gvevlineba.

amdenad, zemoTqmulis safuZvelze alaverdis taZ-

ris mSeneblobis dasawyisi unda vivaraudoT daaxl.

1025 wlisaTvis, rodesac ranTa da kaxTa mefe kvirike

III didia, xolo saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriar-

qi - melqisedeki. taZris mSeneblobis iniciatori

qarTuli saxelmwifos uzenaesi saero da sasuli-

ero xelisuflebaa, umTavresi ganmaxorcielebeli

- saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. alaverdis kaTedra-

lis mSeneblobis gagrZeleba Semadgeneli nawilia

bagrat III-is politikuri kursisa, romelic qarT-

velTa mefis xeldebul teritoriaze sasuliero

centrebis daarseba-ganaxlebis saSualebiT qvey-

nis politikur da kulturul-religiur erTiano-

bas moiazrebs. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo kaxeTis

xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobiT hereTisa da

imierkavkasiis kulturul-religiur SemoerTe-

ba-SemomtkicebisaTvis iRvwis da qveynis politi-

kur erTianobas myar ideologiur safuZvels uqm-

nis. SesaZloa, amitomac saistorio mexsierebaSi

alaverdis taZris mSeneblobisa da saepiskoposos

daarsebis faqti kvirike III didTan ar asocirdeba.

alaverdis taZris daTariRebisa da kaTedris

pirveli mRvdelTmTavris – alaverdeli episkoposis

vinaobis dadgenisTvis fasdaudebelia alaverdis wm.

T v a l s a z r i s i

125

giorgis eklesiis aRmosavleTsa da samxreT fasade-

bze Sesrulebuli taZris Tanadrouli, istoriuli

xasiaTis sami warwera. am TvalsazrisiT CvenTvis

sainteresoa zemoaRniSnul warwerebSi moxseniebu-

li istoriuli pirebi, romelTa moRvaweobac ZiriTa-

dad kaxTa mefis - gagik-kvirikes zeobis periods

emTxveva. eseni arian: giorgi abai, goderZi erisTavT-

erisTavi da kaTolikos-patriarqi iovane oqropiri.

giorgi CubinaSvilis [17.404] cnobiT, pavle ingoroy-

vas 1946 wlis 25 dekembers alaverdis taZris da-

TariRebis Sesaxeb saintereso moxseneba waukiTxavs.

ingoroyvas daTariRebac alaverdis warweraTa mona-

cemebze iyo dafuZnebuli. p. ingoroyvas aRmosavleT

fasadis pirveli warweris garda warmoudgenia sxva

ori warweris miseuli interpretacia, rac g. Cubi-

naSvilisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. Znelia mtkiceba,

magram metad savaraudoa, es ori warwera T. barna-

velis naSromSi ganxiluli warwerebi yofiliyo. im

droisaTvis warwerebi naklebad dazianebuli da Se-

darebiT advilad wasakiTxi iqneboda. mkvlevaris ar-

gumentacia g. CubinaSvilis gadmocemiT, dafuZnebuli

iyo alaverdis warwerebSi moxseniebuli istoriuli

pirebis identifikaciaze. g. CubinaSvilis informaci-

iT pavle ingoroyva yuradRebas amaxvilebs goderZi

erisTavis pirovnebaze. g. CubinaSvili ironiulad

moixseniebs p. ingoroyvas mier goderZis, rogorc

T v a l s a z r i s i

126

politikuri moRvawis mniSvnelobis gazviadebul

Sefasebas («Для даты построения Алавердского кафедрала

и деятельности эристава эриставов Годердзи, он набросал

красочную картину истории с освещением выдающегося

значения в политической жизни Кахетии Годердзи, рисуя его

фактическим правителем страны по смерти Квирике Великого

в 1033 году, при его племяннике Гагике-Квирике» [17.404]).

samwuxarod g. CubinaSvili mxolod fragmentulad

axsenebs p. ingoroyvaseul gaSifvras («...он (pavle

ingoroyva – e.k.) привлек ещё две надписи ... предлагая

определенное восстановление чтения, которое принять не

T v a l s a z r i s i

127

представляется возможным (с восстановлением имен царя

и его сестры)» [17.404]) warwerisa marcxena fasadze.

misi TqmiT, am warweraSi, ingoroyva hipoTeturad

aRadgens aRsarTan I-is saxels (miseuli wakiTx-

viT - aRsarTlani). erT-erT warweraSi (mkvlevari

isev ar azustebs romels gulisxmobs) p. ingoroyvas

amoukiTxavs mefisa da mefis dis saxeli. samwuxarod,

ar Cans romel mefezea aq saubari, aRsarTanze Tu

romelime sxva monarqze. samxreTis fasadis warweris

meoTxe striqonSi marTlac ikiTxeba ~- rTlan fsa...~.

sainteresoa, rom p. ingoroyvas taZris mSene-

blobis dasawyisad kvirike didis (1020-1025 wlebi)

mefobis periodi miaCnia, xolo rodesac aRadgina

samxreTis fasadis warweraSi mefe aRsarTanis sax-

eli, taZris gansrulebis TariRad 1065 w. daadgi-

na, anu gansrulebula Turq-selCukebis Semosevamde

(«... Из гипотетического восстановления в надписи на южном

фасаде имени царя Агсартана (в его чтении Агсартлана)

(pavle ingoroyva – e.k.) высказал предположение, что

храм окончен до появления в Грузии в 1065 году сельджуков,

при которых Агсартан принял ислам и следовательно, не

мог построить христианский храм. А начало де отнес за 20-

25 лет в царствование ещё Квирике III Великого» [17.404]).

alaverdis wm. giorgis eklesiis warweraTagan

ori - alaverdis taZris aRmosavleT, xolo erTi -

samxreT fasadzea. amaTgan pirveli (romelic Sedar-

T v a l s a z r i s i

128

ebiT ukeT ikiTxeba) daculia aRmosavleT fasadze

jvris gamosaxulebis qvemoT. es aris asomTavruliT

Sesrulebuli orstriqoniani warwera (warweris aR-

momCeni g. CubinaSvili, warweris mdebareobis adgils

Semdegnairad aRwerda: «Восточный фасад облицован весь

квадрами желтоватого ширими крупного размера правильными

рядами. А в обеих нишах части сводов, видимо, сложены из

плотного, не ноздреватой породы, белого камня. Из такого же

материала и ряд кладки под крестом, где вырезана надпись.

Позднее верх фронтона и боковых частей починен кирпичом

и весь фасад оштукатурен и побелен. Но ныне в значительных

частях штукатурка слезла и открылся настоящий древний вид

фасада. Он разбит на пять арок из центра; ... Вверху центральной

арки имеется сравнительно небольшой рельефный крест, под

которым идет ряд кладки с надписью крупными заглавными

буквами в две строки, частью закрытые штукатуркой.» [17.389].

warweris ak. SaniZiseuli gaSifvris Sedegad miRe-

bulia Semdegi istoriuli Sinaarsis teqsti (warwer-

is wakiTxvaSi g. CubinaSvils ak. SaniZe daexmara, Tum-

ca man Tavi Seikava meore striqonis Sua nawilis

wakiTxvisgan [17.389]: `+ wmidao giorgi, mexvaÁSne eyav

winaSe RmrTisa monasa Sensa giorgi abaÁs, diswoÂl-

sa goderZi erisTavT erisTavisasa, romelman aRaSena

.. konqi ese.~ amave warweras detalurad ganixilavs

T. barnaveli. barnavelic aRniSnavs, rom dazianebis

gamo metad Znelia misi zogierTi nawilis amokiTxva

T v a l s a z r i s i

129

da SesworebaTa safuZvelze gvTavazobs warweris

garkveulwilad saxecvlil interpretacias: `q. wmi-

dao giorgi mwe-mfarvel eyav winaSe RmrTisa mo-

nasa Sensa giorgi arqiepiskopozs, woÂlsa goderZi

erisTavT-erisTavisasa, romelman aRaSen-ganamSvena

konqi ese, amin.~ warweraze dakvirvebis safuZvelze,

vfiqrobT, rom ak. SaniZiseuli wakiTxva ufro zusti

unda iyos da metad Seesabamebodes realur viTarebas.

Cveni azriT, ikiTxebaAab<Ás – da ara arqiepiskoposi.

Cvens xelT amJamad arsebuli dokumenturi wy-

aroebis safuZvelze danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom XI saukunis I naxevarSi moRvawe alaverdeli

mRvdelTmTavris arqiepiskoposad moxsenieba gamor-

icxulia. alaverdeli episkoposi mTavarepiskoposis

rangSi mxolod XIII saukunidan ixsenieba (`daweri-

li mRvimis krebulisa basili alaverdelisadmi~: `...

yovelTa wmidaTa SuamdgomlobiTa da TavsdebobiTa

dagiwereT dawerili ese Tq(uÀ)n, basili alaverdel

mT(a)v(a)rebiskopossa, C(uÀ)n, mRÂmes damkÂdrebulTa

yovelTa krebulTa, erTsulobiTa ZmaTa, didTa da

mcireTa yovelTave, erTmanerTisa gamozraxviTa da

nebismyofelobiTa...~ [16.190-191]. aq SesaZlebelia ar-

gumentad wyaroTa deficitis moSvelieba, magram arc

erT Cvenamde moRweul XI-XIII saukuneebis dokumentSi

cnobili alaverdeli mRvdelTmTavrebi - basil ala-

verdelamde, mTavarepiskoposis rangSi ar moixseniebi-

T v a l s a z r i s i

130

an. yovel SemTxvevaSi, danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom XI saukunis pirveli alaverdeli mRvdelTmTa-

vari mTavarepiskoposis tituls ar flobda [16.190].

g. CubinaSvilis dakvirvebiT, warwera Sesrulebu-

lia aRmosavleT fasadis gansrulebis Semdgom. Cve-

ni azriT, warwera unda mivakuTvnoT periods, rode-

sac taZris mSenebloba dasasruls uaxlovdeba da

sabolood gansrulebuli ar aris. amas gvafiqre-

binebs giorgis mxolod ambad (abaÁ) – monastris

winamZRvrad moxsenieba, maSin rodesac metad sa-

varaudoa, taZris gansrulebis Semdgom giorgis ala-

verdel episkoposad saxeldeba. g. CubinaSvili taZ-

ris daTariRebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, amba giorgis

goderZisTan dakavSirebiT xsenebisas, aRniSnavs:

«Эристав эриставов Годердзи, племянник которого авва Георгий,

очевидно настоятель, или епископ Алавердский, является

строителем собора, жил действительно в первой половине века.

Но как естественно упоминание около 1040 и в 1046 гг. другого

его племянника Джеди, эристава Штори и Мадчи, не является

ограничивающим этими годами ни деятельности, ни самих

упомянутых хроникой лиц, ни тем более того его племянника,

который строил Алаверди.»; aseve: «...упоминание Годердзи

giorgis miiCnevs (авва Георгий, очевидно настоятель, или

епископ Алавердский, является строителем собора),” maSin

rodesac warweraSi giorgi garkveviT mxolod taZris

T v a l s a z r i s i

131

konqis maSeneblad ixsenieba. misive mosazrebiT, amba

giorgis taZris mSenebloba episkoposad aRsaydrebis

Semdgom unda daewyo (...стал алавердским епископом и мог

приступить к строительству), rasac aseve ver daveTanxmebiT.

g. CubinaSvilis mier taZris konqis aRmSene-

blad giorgi abaÁs moxsenieba miuTiTebs, rom is

taZris mSeneblobis Tanamedrovea. Cveni varaudiT,

igive piri - amba giorgi unda ixseniebodes xir-

sis wm. stefanes eklesiis taZris gare kedel-

ze, samxreTis fasadze, reliefuri jvris marjvena

mklavze amokveTil erT-erT asomTavrul warwera-

Si. T. barnavelis SeniSvniT, warwera Zlieraa da-

zianebuli, magram gadarCenili fragmentebiT Sesa-

Zlebelia teqstis Semdegi saxiT aRdgena: `qriste,

adide glaxaki giorgi mTavarepiskopozi~ [2. 149-150].

T v a l s a z r i s i

132

SesaZlebelia xirsis wm. stefanes taZris am warw-

eraSi moxseniebuli giorgisa da alaverdis winamZR-

var giorgis gaigiveba, giorgisa, romelic am warweris

Sesrulebis droisaTvis ukve episkoposis rangSia.

iq sadac T. barnaveli aRadgens sityva mTavarepis-

kopozs, warweris Zlier dazianebis gamo gaSifvrac

metad hipoTeturia, vinaidan T. barnavelis mier sa-

varaudod amokiTxuli [T]-sa da [r]-s qveda nawili

imdenadaa dazianebuli, rom ar ikiTxeba da Znelia

mtkiceba, rom es dazustebiT `T~ da `r~ grafemebia.

rac Seexeba amave fragmentis mesame grafemas, mis si-

zusteSi TviT mkvlevars epareba eWvi da kiTxvis ni-

Sans usvams ([p](?)). fragmentis bolo nawili - `z<i~

- Cveni azriT, SesaZloa daboloeba iyos sityva epis-

kopozisa. amdenad, am fragmentis mTavarepiskoposad

amokiTxva metad saeWvoa. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

Cveni mosazreba marTebulia (anu - es piri SesaZloa

alaverdeli mRvdelmTavari iyos), rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, alaverdels Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroe-

biT XIII s-mde mTavarepiskoposis rangSi ver vxvdeb-

iT, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs sityvis am fragmen-

tis mTavarepiskoposad aRqmas. saistorio wyaroTa

monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT imis miuxedavad, rom

fragmentis pirveli nawilis gaSifvra praqtikulad

SeuZlebelia, aq metad savaraudoa iyos `ebiskop-

ozi~. amasTanave warweraSi arsebuli sityva `glaxa-

T v a l s a z r i s i

133

ki~ moxseniebuli piris sasuliero statuss gulisx-

mobs (mag. aseve ixseniebs Tavs ioane samTavneli).

warweraSi moxseniebul giorgis alaverdel epis-

koposad moazrebis safuZveli, amave jvris marcx-

ena mklavze ganTavsebuli orstriqoniani warw-

eraa, romlis teqstic T. barnavelis Tanaxmad

amgvarad ikiTxeba: `qriste, adide gagikÁ mefe.~ es

gagik mefe ranTa da kaxTa mefe gagiki unda iyos.

T.barnavelic samarTlianad aigivebs am gagiks

im dros moRvawe gagik kaxTa mefesTan. kaxTa me-

fisa da alaverdeli mRvdelTmTavaris Tanad-

roul warwerebSi moxsenieba sruliad bunebrivia.

vfiqrob, zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia

alaverdis pirvel mRvdelTmTavrad amave monastris

winamZRvari (abaÁ – abba – amba) da erT-erTi qtitori

alaverdis taZris konqis maSenebeli goderZi eri-

sTavT-erisTavis diswuli giorgi abaÁ CavTvaloT.

giorgi abaÁ – TavisTavad cxadia, Rirseuli kan-

didaturaa axlad daarsebuli alaverdis saepiskop-

oso kaTedris mRvdelTmTavrobisTvis. saeWvoa, rom

erisTavT-erisTavis diswulis nacvlad, romelic

aq ukve moRvaweobs da erT-erTi mTavari qtitoria

(is xandazmulic ar unda iyos - goderZi erisTavT

erisTavis diswulia) sxva piri daedginaT episkop-

osad. is monastris winamZRvaria da episkoposis

rangSic iqneboda ayvanili. sawinamZRvro da saepis-

T v a l s a z r i s i

134

koposo xarisxis SeTavsebis tradiciac (amba ala-

verdeli episkoposi) misgan unda momdinareobdes.

alaverdis taZris daTariRebis dazustebisa da

misi pirveli mRvdelTmTavaris identificirebisaT-

vis mniSvnelovania

turisa da maWis eri-

sTavT-erisTavTan -

goderZisTan dakav-

SirebiT arsebuli

cnobebis gaTval-

iswineba. goderZis

pirovnebiT, rogorc

aRvniSneT, jer

kidev p. ingoroyva

dainteresda. g. Cu-

binaSvilis skepsisi,

rogorc p. ingoroy-

vas mosazrebasTan

[17.404] ise, taZris daTariRebisas sakuTriv goder-

Zis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis mniSvnelobasTan

dakavSirebiT, marTebulad ar migvaCnia. miT umetes,

rodesac is, Tavad aRniSnavs warweris mniSvnelo-

bas, romelic asoTa moyvanilobidan da mdebareo-

bidan gamomdinare saamSenebloa («... она (надпись

- Э. К.) производила впечатление строительной надписи по

начертанию букв, по месту расположения и отчасти даже по

T v a l s a z r i s i

135

обрывкам текста, что и оправдалось… ...Правда, прочтение

надписи не оправдало надежды найти в ней непосредственно

дату построения; но все таки она содержит упоминание одного

исторического лица, которое мы, кажется можем считать

известным по хронике «Матиане Картлисай» деятелем;

Во всяком случае только относительная хронологическая

близость к упоминаемому Годердзи того определения

памятника, которое получено в результате его художественного

анализа (перелом Х и ХI вв.), призывает к осторожности при

отыскивании нужных рамок среди зтих данных…» [17.403].

rogorc aRiniSna,Dalaverdis aRmosavleT fasadis

umTavres warweraSi alaverdis monastris winamZRvari

giorgi goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis diswulad ixse-

nieba. rogorc Cans, goderZi imdenad mniSvnelovani

figuraa kaxeT-hereTis samefoSi, rom warweraSi taZ-

ris konqis maSenebeli monastris winamZRvari sagange-

bod aRniSnavs, misi erisTavis diswulobas. SesaZloa,

moxseniebas statusis garda, CvenTvis ucnobi sxva

mizezic ganapirobebdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom ala-

verdis taZris SemorCenil warwerebSi taZris mSene-

blobaSi goderZis wvlili ar fiqsirdeba, dasaS-

vebia goderZis qtitorobac (gavixsenoT mis mier

Sio-mRvimis monastrisaTvis gaRebuli Sewiruloba).

goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis Sesaxeb qar-

Tul dokumentursa da naratiul wyaroeb-

Si ramdenime mniSvnelovani cnobaa daculi.

T v a l s a z r i s i

136

giorgi III-is 1170 wlis Sio-mRvimis Seuvalo-

bis ganaxlebis sigelSi goderZi Sio-mRvi-

mis monastris erT-erT Semwirvelad ixsenieba.

mRvimis monastris mamulebis CamonaTvalSi dasax-

elebulia: ,,...ivanwmidaÁ, Zueladve goderZisa Semow-

iruli: daoTi, kuirike kaxTAmefisagan Semowiru-

li, alaWini, xaxuilagisgan Semowiruli...~ [16.67-68].

Sio-mRvimis monastrisaTvis es Sewirulo-

ba XI saukunis 30-40-ian wlebs Soris unda

iyos gacemuli, am droisaTvis mRvimis monas-

teri kax mefeTa patronobas aRiarebs [8.111-112].

goderZis Sesaxeb momdevno cnoba moipoveba ̀ matiane

qarTlisaSi~. aq daculi informaciis Tanaxmad, 40-ini

wlebis dasawyisSi bagrat IV-m kaxeTSi, miqel-gabri-

elis mTasTan (amJamindeli adgilmdebareoba ucnobia)

daamarcxa kaxeTis laSqari, pankisisa da xornabujis

erisTavebTan erTad tyved Caigdo `...jedi, diswuli

goderZisa, Storis erisTavi da maWelisa..~ [15.298] am

cnobasTan dakavSirebiT ix. [11.107-108]; (es adgili qa-

rTlis cxovrebis anaseul nusxaSi asea: ,,gailaSqra

afxazTa mefeman kaxeTs, Seeba da SeuÃda mTasa zeda

miqel-gabrielTasa, da wyobasa Sina Seipyrna ste-

fanoz varjanis Ze, pankisisa erisTavi, da vaje, siZe

gurgeni berisa, xuarnabuCis erisTavi, da jedi diswu-

li goderZisa, turis erisTavi da mWelisa.~ gv. 185).

goderZis, ukve rogorc erisTavT-erisTavs vxvdeb-

T v a l s a z r i s i

137

iT daaxloebiT 1046 wlisaTvis ganviTarebul mov-

lenebTan dakavSirebiT. `matiane qarTlisas~ cno-

biT, ,,...isnis velsa movides kaxTa mefe gagik da

erisTavT-erisTavi goderZi, da yovelni didebulni

kaxeTisani darbazobad bagrat mefisa winaSe da mS-

T v a l s a z r i s i

138

vidobisa Zebnad. maSin ganvida bagrat mefe velsa

isnisasa, moiyvanna kaxni da iTayvanna, misca mSÂdoba

da ganutevna. da iyo sixaruli da mSÂdoba da saura-

vi dRiTi-dRe Sematebisa~ [15.300]. niSandoblivia, rom

mSvidobis saZebnad bagratTan wveul kaxTa Soris

mefis Semdgom ixsenieba erisTavT-erisTavi goder-

Zi da Semdgom `yovelni~ anu danarCeni didebulni.

XI saukunis qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebis

ierarqiaSi erisTavT-erisTavi mefis Semdgom pirve-

li piria (qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebis gaba-

tonebuli klasis ierarqiuli sqema amgvaria: mefe,

erisTavT-erisTavi, erisTavi, aznauri memamule, azn-

auri mosakargave. es kargad aris asaxuli giorgi

II-is 1072 wlis sigelSi [14.139.1] erisTavT-erisTavs

`Zegli erisTavTas~ mixedviT hqonda `mTavroba yov-

elTa didebulTa da aznaurTa, romelni mkvidrn ari-

an~ mis samflobeloSi. vaxuStis Tanaxmad, `ese eri-

sTavni daidginebodnen mTavarni da warCinebulni,~

`mTavrisa jer iyo, raTa aqundes Camomavloba da gvari

igi da amis mimarT cixe-qalaqi, simagre da xeobani.

da Tvinier amisa ara isaxeleboda mTavrad.~ [7.14]).

unda vifiqroT, rom goderZi erisTavT-eri-

sTavi yvela am moTxovnas akmayofilebda. rogorc

Cans, am droisaTvis goderZi, kaxeTis samefoSi me-

fis Semdeg pirveli piria. goderZi kvirike di-

T v a l s a z r i s i

139

dis memkvidris – gagikis Tanamedrovea. misi aR-

zeveba gagikis zeobis periodSia savaraudo – XI

s-is 40-iani wlebisaTvis is jer kidev erisTavad,

xolo 1046 wlisaTvis erisTavT-erisTavad ixsenieba.

goderZi erisTavT-erisTavi kaxur uaRres-

ad warCinebul da Zvel sagvareulos unda ekuT-

vnodes («само имя Годердзи могло быть, как часто

в феодальных семьях, родовым и повторяться через

поколение, на что есть основание даже в хронике.» [17.403].

savaraudoa, rom is materialuradac uzrunve-

lyofili gaxldaT. Tavad goderZi, an misi uSualo wi-

napari kvirike didis erTguli da namsaxuri erisTavi

unda yofiliyo. sagulisxmoa `matiane qarTlisas~

cnoba, rom kvirikes gamefebis Semdgom `maT queyaniT

kualadve euflnes maTni ufalni romelTa pirvel

aqunda igi~ [15.383] da ̀ aman kvirike mefeman ufros ga-

namtkicna erisTavebi~. [7.300, 301]. SesaZloa, goderZis

(an mis winapars) kvirikes gamefebaSi mniSvnelovani

wvlili miuZRodes, xolo kvirikes gamefebis Semdgom,

Tavisi samemkvidreo daebrunebinos da sxvac mieRos.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tanaxmad,Kkvirike didis

dros turisa da maWis saerisTavoebs Tav-TavianTi

erisTavebi unda hyoloda. is kaxeT-hereTs daarse-

bul Svid saerisTavos erTmaneTisgan damoukideb-

el erTeulad asaxelebs. hereTs daarsebul saeri-

T v a l s a z r i s i

140

sTavoTagan amjerad CvenTvis sainteresoa mesame da

meoTxe – maWisa da turis (Storis) saerisTavoebi.

vaxuStiseuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, maWisa da tu-

ris saerisTavoebis sazRvrebi amgvaria: ,,maWis wyl-

is queiTi da alaznis aRmosavleTi SakixiTurT da

xunzaxiTurT~ da `Storis Ãevidam maWis wylamde

alaznis aRmosavleTi didoeTiTurT, romel ars aw

gaRma-mÃari~ [7.561]. swored es teritoria unda Sead-

gendes goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis samflobelos.

am saerisTavoTa gaerTianeba gagikis zeobis pe-

riodSia savaraudo da safiqrebelia, rom goder-

Zis aRzevebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi turisa

da maWis heruli saerisTavoebis erisTavad dad-

gena cxadia, goderZis gansakuTrebul damsax-

urebas unda miuTiTebdes. ranTa da kaxTa same-

foSi is meore piria. am Amosazrebas amyarebs is

faqtic, rom kax mefe-mTavarTa umTavresi sasuli-

ero centris - alaverdis monastris winamZRvari

gaxlavT misi diswuli – giorgi abaÁ, romelic am

warweraSi swored goderZis diswulad ixsenie-

ba, rac metad aTvalsaCinoebs goderZis statuss.

`matiane qarTlisaSi~ arsebobs cnoba goderZis va-

Jis – guaramis Sesaxeb: ̀ da viTar amas Sina gardaÃdes

dReni zafxulisani, da kualad iwyo liparit maTve

ficxelTa sauravTa. da gamoityuvna anisiT dedofli-

T v a l s a z r i s i

141

sagan abuseri, erisTavi artanujisa, da xixaTa da cixis-

juarisa da awyueris cixis patroni, da ivane erisTavi,

ivane dadiani da guaram goderZis Ze, beWis cixisa pa-

troni, - Seipyrna igini anisis karsa. da daagdo tfili-

si mefeman, da gavida javaxeTs~ [15.300]. amdenad, CvenT-

vis cnobilia goderZis vaJi ̀ guaram goderZis Ze, beWis

cixisa patroni~ da misi ori diswuli, romelTagan

erTi sasuliero piri – alaverdis monastris winamZ-

T v a l s a z r i s i

142

Rvari amba giorgia da meore _ jedi, romelic saero

piria da bagrat IV-is mowinaaRmdege kaxTa banakSia.

CvenTvis aseve sayuradReboa aRmosavleT fasa-

dze, jvris marjvniv, didi warweris odnav zemoT ar-

sebuli meore, mcire warwera. T.barnavelis azriT,

qva romelzec Sesrulebulia warwera gamofitu-

lia da daSlili, amitom asoebis umetesi nawili

Zlivs irCeva. Zlier dazianebul warweras mkvlevari

Semdegi saxiT aRadgens: `qriste, Seiwyale [io]vane

[mRvdelm]Ta[vari], amin.~ vin SeiZleba iyos es giorgi

winamZRvrisa (abaÁs) da goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis

Tanamedrove [io]vane [mRvdelm]Ta[vari]? iq sadac T.

barnaveli warweraSi SemorCenil or grafemas ~–

Ta –~ aRadgens, rogorc mRvdelTmTavars, mRvdelT-

mTavaris nacvlad, xom ar unda iyos ~kaTolikosi~?

(mosazrebis gadasamowmeblad konsultaciisaTvis

mivmarTe b-n giorgi oTxmezurs. misi azriT, Cveneu-

li wakiTxva savsebiT dasaSvebia - e.k.), anu - xom

ar unda igulisxmebodes kaTolikosi iovane, igive

iovane oqropiri (daaxl. 1033-1049), romelic swored

giorgi abaÁsa da goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis Taname-

drovea? `da gardaicvalaDwmida ese, (melqisedek

kaTolikos-patriarqi - e. k.) da aw warumarTen Rmer-

Tman oqropirs, melqisedekisgan Svilad gazrdilsa;

dajda kaTalikos-patriaqad oqropiri...~ (CanarTi-

eqscerpti mcxeTis XI saukunis sabuTidan [15.296]).

T v a l s a z r i s i

143

`matiane qarTlisaÁs~ Tanaxmad, iovane oqropirma

melqisedekis msgavsad `...mravalni Sematna didsa

kaTolike samociqulo eklesiasa. da aRaSena dasav-

lis kuTxs samxriT ekvderi, qviTa wmidiTa da TeT-

rad Suenierad gamoqandakebuliTa, yovlad wmidisa

da kaTolike eklesiisa...~ (CanarTi-eqscerpti mcxeTis

XI saukunis sabuTidan [15.296]). sveticxovels garda

`...wmidaman aman kaTalikos-patriaqman oqropir{ma}

mravalni eklesianni aRaSenna da gana[a]xlna~ (Canar-

Ti-eqscerpti mcxeTis XI saukunis sabuTidan [15.296]).

niSandoblivia, rom is samcxeTo sakuTrebaSi arse-

bul saeklesio yma-mamulis Seuvalobas gamoiTxovs

da iRebs, rogorc bagrat mefis, ise gagik-kvirike

kaxTa mefisagan: `da sxua Sesavalni rac iyvnes

moaÃsena bagrat kurapalatsa da kÂrike (unda iyos

gagik-e. k.) kaxT mefesa, diswulsa kÂrike mefisasa, da

Sevalad gauÃadnes, da misca simtkice Seuvalobisa.~

melqisedek kaTolikosis dawerilis ganxil-

visas n. berZeniSvili, sagangebod amaxvilebs yu-

radRebas iovane kaTolikosis identifikaciis

sakiTxze [4.247-249]. naSromSi, argumentirebuli

msjelobis Sedegad, gamotanilia araerTi metad

mniSvnelovani daskvna. melqisedek kaTolikosis

dawerili oqropirma daamtkica melqisedekis gar-

dacvalebis Semdeg misi mwirvelis, ioanes TxovniT.

iovane kaTolikosi aseve moxsenebulia 1033

T v a l s a z r i s i

144

wels gadaweril mestiis saxarebis anderZSi [3.93-94].

garda amisa, n. berZeniSvili imowmebs iovane qa-

r T lis kaTolikosis fokas eklesiis (javax-

eTi, XI s-is I naxevari) samxreTis karis ze-

moT Sesrulebul warweraSi iovane oqropirad

moxseniebis faqts. warwera amotvifrulia moCuqurTme-

buli jvris marjvniv lamazi, msxvili asomTavruliT:

`qr(ist)e, Z(e)o da s(i)ty(ova)o R(mr) T(i)s(a)o,

ad(id)e Á//ov(a)ne oqr//op(i)ri q(a)rTl(i)//sa kaTalikoz//i

orTav//e S(i)na cx(ov)r//eb(a)Ta. amin.~

amave jvaris marcxniv, wina warweris gasw v riv, ase-

Tive asoebiT Sesrulebulia bagrat (IV) kurapalatis

sadidebeli warwera:

`q(ris)te, ad(i)de b(a)gr//at ko(Â)r(a)p(a)l(a)ti.~

xolo karis marcxniv, kedelze gancalkevebiT

sxva, saintereso Sinaarsis warweraa dafiqsirebuli:

`q.sax(eli)Ta R(mr)T(isaÁT)a, me b(a)v//[r](e)li R(i)rs

viqm(e)n Se(ne)b(as) // [aw](mida)Á[s]a am(i)s ek(lesii)sa

s(a)f(u)Z(ve)li // d[aid]o(Â)a me T(a)na d(a)vS(oÂe)r

Ã//e[losa]ni viy(a)v oqropi(ri)sa // q(arTlisa)

k(aTaliko)z(i)sa~

(vimowmebT warwerebis g. gagoSiZiseul wakiTxvas.

ix. i. gagoSiZe, g. gagoSiZe, qarTlis xuroTmoZRvar-

Tuxucesi, literatura da xelovneba, #3-4, Tb., 1992).

arsebuli warwerebis safuZvelze n. berZeniSvi-

li askvnis, rom oqropir kaTolikoss erqva iovanec,

T v a l s a z r i s i

145

an iovanes erqva oqropiri, da rom es iovane-

oqropiri zogjer mxolod oqropirad ixsenieba.

aqve, sqolioSi n. berZeniSvili imowmebs anton

kaTolikoss, romlis wyobilsityvaobaSic naTqvamia

`iovane vhsTqva mamamTavar pirvel, vin oqropiri

inarTaulsaxela.~Aaqedan gamomdinare, n. berZeniSvi-

li svams kiTxvas, Tu kaTolikosi mxolod `narTau-

li saxeliT~ SeiZleboda moxseniebuliyo, ratom ar

SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom igive ioane-oqropiri zogjer

T v a l s a z r i s i

146

mxolod ioaned wodebuliyo? da sabolood askvnis,

rom melqisedekis uSualo memkvidre mcxeTis sakaTa-

likoso taxtze iyo ioane kaTolikosi, romelic

agreTve oqropiradac iwodeboda da is Cans daaxloe-

biT 1033-1049 ww-Si. iovane kaTolikosisa da oqropiris

identificirebisas Cven sruliad sakmarisad migvaC-

nia n. berZeniSviliseuli mosazrebebis damowmeba (am

sakiTxs T. Jordaniac daueWvebia, rogorc n. ber-

ZeniSvili varaudobs, T. Jordaniam icoda, rom `ioane

da oqropiri erTi-da-igive saxelia~ [13.95; Sen. 4]).

veTanxmebiT aRniSnul mosazrebebs da Tamamad

gamovTqvamT varauds, rom alaverdis taZris aRmosav-

leT fasadze Sesrulebul meore warweraSi moxsenieb-

uli iovane,Eunda iyos melqisedek kaTolikosis Sem-

dgom mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxtzeAaRsaydrebuli

iovane oqropiri, xolo misi moxsenieba iZleva taZris

daTariRebis dazustebis kidev erT damatebiT argu-

ments. kvlevis Sedegad miRebulia Semdegi daskvnebi:

a) aRmosavleT fasadis didi warweris wakiTx-

vaSiUupiratesoba unda mieniWos ak. SaniZiseul

wakiTxvas. XI s-is moRvawe alaverdelis mTavar-

episkoposad moxsenieba gamoricxulia, Sesabamis-

ad T. barnavelis gaSifvriT sityva `abaÁs~ `arq-

iepiskopoziT~ Canacvleba ar aris mizanSewonili;

Bb) vinaidan warweraSi giorgi jer kidev mx-

olod ambad anu monastris winamZRvrad da ara

T v a l s a z r i s i

147

episkoposad ixsenieba, alaverdis taZris aR-

mosavleTisa da samxreTis fasadebis Tanadrou-

li warwerebi Sesrulebuli unda iyos alaver-

dis taZris sabooloo gansruleba-satfurebamde;

g) alaverdis pirveli episkoposi unda iyos

goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis diswuli giorgi

abai, romelic alaverdis taZris konqis maSene-

belia. is monastris winamZRvaria da taZris gan-

srulebisa da satfurebis Semdgom episkoposis

rangSic iqneboda ayvanili. misgan unda momdin-

areobdes sawinamZRvro da saepiskoposo xarisxis

SeTavsebis tradicia (amba alaverdeli episkoposi);

d) amba giorgis garda alaverdis erT-erTi qti-

tori SesaZloa iyos misi biZa - goderZi, maWisa da

turis heruli saerisTavoebis erisTavT-erisTavi;

e) aRmosavleT fasadis jvris marjvniv mcire

warweraSi T. barnavelis wakiTxviT mRvdelTm-

Tavris nacvlad Cveni azriT unda iyos kaTolikosi

da unda igulisxmebodes aRmosavleTisve fasadis

Tanadroul warweraSi moxseniebuli, amba giorgisa

da goderZis Tanamedrove, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqi iovane oqropiri (daaxl. 1033-1049), alaver-

dis taZris gansruleba misi zeobis Tanadroulia.

v) goderZi - XI s-is 40-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis

erisTavad, 1046 wlis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT da

alaverdis konqis gansrulebis droisaTvis ukve eri-

T v a l s a z r i s i

148

sTavT-erisTavad ixsenieba. alaverdis warwerac Sesa-

bamisad Sesrulebuli unda iyos 40-iani wlebis Semdgom.

z) alaverdis taZris mSeneblobis dasawyisi kvirike

didis tyveobidan dabrunebidan (1020) mokle xanSi,

daaxloebiT 1025 wlisaTvisaa savaraudo. kaTedra-

lis masStabisa da teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis gaT-

valiswinebiT, mSeneblobasMsul mcire oci-ocdaxuTi

weli mainc dasWirdeboda. vfiqrobT, alaverdis taZ-

ris mSenebloba daiwyo daaxloebiT 1025 wels da

gansrulda XI saukunis 40-iani wlebis miwuruls.

T) aRmosavleT fasadis jvris marjvniv mcire warw-

eraSi iovane oqropiris moxsenieba, romlis zeobis

xana daaxloebiT 1033-1049 wlebia, gvexmareba taZris

gansrulebis TariRis dazustebaSi. alaverdis taZris

mSeneblobis gansrulebac goderZisTan dakavSirebuli

cnobebidan gamomdinare da ioane oqropiris zeobis gaT-

valiswinebiT unda daTariRdes 1046-1049 wlebiT (iovane

oqropiris kaTolikosobis zeda zRvari metad pirobiTia).

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT,

SesaZlebelia alaverdis taZris mSeneblobis gan-

sruleba-satfurebisa da alaverdis saepiskoposo kaT-

edris daarsebis TariRad pirobiTad 1050 wlis dadgena,

xolo pirvel mRvdelmTavrad amba giorgis aRiareba.

T v a l s a z r i s i

149

bibliografia:

1. asaTiani n., kaxeTis samefo XV-XVI saukunee-

bSi, (sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1989.

2. barnaveli T., kaxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis

warwerebi, Tb., 1962.

3. baqraZe d., laSTxveris saxarebis anderZi,

Сборник материалов для описания мест. и племен

Кавказа, XLIII.

4. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis

sakiTxebi, III, Tb., 1966.

5. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis

sakiTxebi, IV, Tb., 1967.

6. gagoSiZe g., alaverdis taZris Tavdapirveli

kankelis fragmentebi, alaverdis eparqiis is-

toriis furclebi, 1, 2006-2007.

7. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqa-

rTvelosa, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, qa-

rTlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tb., 1973.

8. kaWarava e., SiomRvimis monastris senioral-

uri kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis Sua saukunee-

bSi, Tsu Sromebi, 349, 2003.

9. lapidaruli warwerebi, I, aRmosavleT da

samxreT saqarTvelo, Seadgina da gamosacemad

moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1980.

T v a l s a z r i s i

150

10. lominaZe b., saqarTvelos sapatriarqo da misi av-

tokefalia, religia, 1-2.

11. musxeliSvili d., kaxeT-hereTis politikuri geo-

grafiis sakiTxebi XII-XIII ss-Si, saqarTvelos is-

toriuli geografiis krebuli, Tb., 1967.

12. papuaSvili T., hereTis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb.,

1970.

13. Jordania T., qronikebi da sxva masala saqarT-

velos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, II, tf., 1897.

14. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, saqarTvelo

XI-XV saukuneebSi, t. III, Tb., 1979.

15. qarTlis cxovreba, I, teqsti dadgenili yvela

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis

mier, I, Tb., 1955.

16. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi,

Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T enuqiZem, v.

silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1984.

17. Чубинашвили Г. Н., Архитектура Кахетии, исследование

развития архитектуры в восточной провинции Грузии в

IV-XVIII вв., Тб.,1959.

18. ciskariSvili v. javaxeTis epigrafika rogorc

saistorio wyaro, Tb., 1959.

T v a l s a z r i s i

151

fotoebi gadaRebulia giorgi gagoSiZis, giorgi

bagrationisa da nana aRapiSvilis mier.

152

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

daviT gagoSiZe - daibada TbilisSi, 1991 wels,

daamTavra Tbilisis me-6 sajaro skola, amJama d

Tsu-s studentia, swavlobs bakalavriatis IV kurs-

ze. eufleba arqeologis specialobas. monawileob-

da 20-mde qarTul da 9 saerTaSoriso arqeologiur

eqspediciebSi saqarTvelosa da sazRvargareT: kvi-

pr osze (Ralias monastris gaTxrebi), azerbaijanS i

(yarajamirlis sasaxlis gaTxrebi), grakliani go-

ris, aruxlos (qarTul-germanuli eqspedicia), xo-

v le goris (qarTul-avstriuli eqspedicia) gaT-

x re bSi. gavlili aqvs staJirebis sruli kursi

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvi s

erovnuli saagentos didi mcxeTis arqeologiu r

sa xelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalSi. monawilea saerTa-

Soriso student-arqeologTa pit riversis xsov-

nis admi miZRvnili sami konferenciis (varZia).

153

dedoflis gora mdebareobs qarelis municipalitetis

sofel doRlaurTan, dedoflis mindvris samxreT kideze,

mtkvris marcxena Senakadis, fciswylis SesarTavis maxlo-

blad, mdinaris marcxena, maRal napirze. farTo da Rrma Tx-

riliT, romelic brinjaos xanaSi unda iyos gaWrili, gora

gamoyofilia dedoflis mindvrisgan. goris simaRlea 34 m

mdinaris donidan.

dedoflis gora e.w. aradeTis orgoris dasavleTi goraa.

aradeTis orgoras zogjer doRlauris orgorasac uwo-

deben, radgan aq 1920-ian wlebSi doRlauris velidan (mde-

bareobs agaris gaswvriv, mtkvris piras) gadmosuli osebi

dasaxlebulan da aradeTis kuTvnil miwebze sofeli doR-

lauri dauarsebiaT. orgoras, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi

zogjer foStigorasac uwodeben, radgan dedoflis go-

ris CrdiloeTiT, TxrilgaRma, dedoflis mindvris kideze

aRmarTul SedarebiT dabal goraze XIX saukuneSi qarTl-

imereTis samxedro gzis erT-erTi safosto sadguri idga

daviT gagoSiZe

dedoflis goris adreuli Sua

saukuneebis namosaxlari

dedoflis goris Seswavlis istoria

154

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

[gagoSiZe 1986:13, gagoSiZe, wowelia1991:72]. yvelaze maRali,

dasavleTis gora Tamaris goris saxeliTac moixsenieba. leg-

enda am goris warmoSobas Tamar mefis laSqrobas ukavSirebs.

legendis mixedviT Tamaris laSqars dedoflis mindori nawvi-

marze gamouvlia da mindvris boloSi, mdinaris piras fexebi

talaxisgan gauwmendavs da im talaxs maRali gora Seuqmnia.

dedoflis goriT jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi dain-

teresdnen. 1926 wels Tbilisis universitetis studentma -

geologma, aradeTis mkvidrma l. titviniZem dedoflis goris

samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi Caatara mcire gaTxrebi. ganaTx-

ari masala inaxeba Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis

muzeumSi da TariRdeba q.w.I - q.S. I saukuneebiT (brinjaos 2

batilumi, Zvlis piqsida, oqros samkauli da sxv.) [gagoSiZe

1973:77-82, Iberia and Rome, 2008:98-99,161,170-175]. 1953-1963

wlebSi aradeTis orgora araerTxel moixila s.janaSias sax-

elobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis urbnisis arqe-

ologiurma eqspediciam (xelmZRvanelebi n. berZeniSvili, g.

lomTaTiZe, p. zaqaraia). 1957 wels es adgilebi arqeologma

o. RambaSiZem dazvera. 1972 wlidan qarelis municipalitetSi

muSaoba daiwyo s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelm-

wifo muzeumis Sida qarTlis arqeologiurma eqspediciam,

romelmac 1972 da 1976 wlebSi dazverviTi gaTxrebi ganaxor-

ciela dedoflis goraze. 1979 wels Sida qarTlis arqeolo-

giurma eqspediciam gaTxara dedoflis goris CrdiloeTiT

mdebare gora, sadac sabocvre meurneobis mSeneblobis dros

155

gamoCnda kulturuli fenebi. Seswavlil iqna gvianbrinjaosa

da adre rkinis xanis saxlebi da sameurneo ormoebi, romle-

bic Seicavda adreuli brinjaos xanis inventars. imave wels

sabocvre meurneobis CrdiloeTiT, e.w. dedoflis mindvris

samxreT boloSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamov-

linda samarovani, sadac gaiTxara III aTaswleulis pirveli

naxevris 13 samarxi, II-I aTaswleulis 41 ormosamarxi da gvi-

an brinjaos xanis erTi yorRani, romelSic cxenebSebmuli

etli aRmoCnda [gagoSiZe, qoriZe, gogiCaiSvili, 1986. Iberi-

156

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

aandRome, 2008]. maSinve dadginda, rom es samarovani Crdilo-

eTiT da dasavleTiT grZeldeboda. 2011 wels cnobili gaxda,

rom am samarovanze unda gaevlo Tbilisi-senaki-leseliZis

mSenebare avtomagistrals. 2012 wels saqarTvelos erovnul-

ma muzeumma da arqeologiurma asociaciam daiwyo am adgilis

Seswavla. gaiTxara 153 adre da gvianbrinjaos xanis samarxi.

aradeTis orgoris aRmosavleT goraze mxolod gvianbrin-

jao - adrerkinis periodis kulturuli fenebi dafiqsirda.

1985 wlidan dedoflis goraze stacionaruli gaTxrebi

daiwyo (xelmZRvaneli i. gagoSiZe). gaTxrebi mimdinareob-

da 1985-1990, 1992-1993 da 2004-2007 wlebSi. arqeologiuri

gaTxrebiT dadasturda, rom dedoflis gora mravalfeniani

namosaxlaria, sadac kulturul SreTa saerTo simZlavre 10-

14 metrs aRwevs. pirveli samosaxlo dedoflis goraze, q.w.

IV aTaswleulSi gaCenila; momdevno kulturul fenebSi war-

modgenilia mtkvar-araqsisa da bedenis kulturebi, romle-

bic dafarulia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis feniT. mom-

devno fena antikuri xanis sasaxlis nangreviTaa warmoqmnili,

es nangrevebi ki TavisTavad dafarulia CvenTvis saintereso,

adreuli Sua saukuneebis xanis kulturuli fenis 4 samSeneb-

lo horizontiT, romlebic q.S. IV-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba.

VI saukunis Semdeg goraze aRaravin dasaxlebula [gagoSiZe,

wowelia 1991:47].

1985 wels dawyebuli Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspedi-

ciis ZiriTad mizani iyo q.w. I s-Si agebuli sasaxlis - iberiis

157

(qarTlis) mefeTa erT-erTi rezidenciis Seswavla [gagoSiZe

1999:57]. q.w. I s-Si, rodesac goraze sasaxlis Seneba dauwyiaT,

goris simaRle dedoflis mindvris donidan 10 metrs aRwevda

da imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom goras mindvrisgan TiTq-

mis 10 m siRrmis Txrilic hyofs, unda vaRiaroT, rom strate-

giuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod xelsayreli adgili yofila

SerCeuli cixe-darbazis asagebad. sasaxlis Tanamedrovea

goridan CrdiloeTiT 3 kilometris daSorebiT, dedoflis

mindvris centrSi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamov-

lenili grandiozuli sataZro kompleqsi, romelic qarTlis

(iberiis) mefeTa sagvareulo salocavi iyo. safiqrebelia,

rom sasaxleSi cxovrobda xelisufali, romelsac eqvemde-

bareboda dedoflis mindvris Semogareni, periodulad ki,

rodesac dedoflis mindvris taZrebs misalocavad akiTxav-

da xolme qarTlis mefe da misi ojaxi, igive sasaxle iqceoda

samefo rezidenciad [gagoSiZe, wowelia, 1991:47-48].

arqeologiuri monacemebis Tanaxmad sasaxle dangreula

q.S. I saukunis bolos, albaT, dedoflis mindvris sataZro

kompleqsTan erTad. rogorc Cans, sasaxle imsxverpla Zlier-

ma miwisZvram da misgan gamowveulma xanZarma q.S. I s-is bolos

da SemdgomSi aRar aRudgeniaT. q.S. I saukunis bolodan - IV

saukunemde dedoflis gora dausaxlebeli iyo. IV saukunidan

dedoflis goraze axali mosaxleebi Cndebian da aq sicocxle

VI saukunemde gagrZelda.

158

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

dedoflis goris pirveli kulturuli fenis sisqe sx-

vadasxva adgilas meryeobs 50 sm-dan 3 m-mde. igi dafuZnebu-

lia im droisTvis ukve didi xnis mitovebul samefo sasaxlis

nangrevebze. am kulturul fenaSi gamoiyofa stratigrafi-

ulad Tanmimdevari oTxi samSeneblo done, romlebic pi-

robiTad danomrilia zemodan qvemoT da daTariRebulia

Sesabamisad, q.S. VI, V-VI, V da IV saukuneebiT. TariRebi, cxa-

dia, miaxloebiTia da damyarebulia arqeologiur masalaze

(keramika, samkauli, sabeWdavebi da sxv.), romelic metnak-

lebad erTgvarovania dedoflis goris pirveli kulturu-

li fenis oTxive samSeneblo horizontze da zogadad IV-VI

saukuneebiT TariRdeba. arsebobs erTi radiokarbonuli

TariRic: mesame samSeneblo horizontidan aRebuli naxSiris

nimuSi Seiswavles Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ra-

dionaxSirbadis laboratoriaSi (xelmZRvaneli a. burWul-

aZe). nimuSis Seswavlam aCvena 485±55w, romelic kalibrirebiT

Sesworda 522±22 wlad. rogorc i. gagoSiZe aRniSnavs, orive

TariRi Tavsdeba IV-VI saukuneTa farglebSi, Tumca mesame

donisTvis ramdenadme moulodnelia [i. gagoSiZe 1999:57-58].

ukve iTqva, rom Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspedici-

is mTavari mizani iyo samefo sasaxlis Seswavla. miuxedavad

imisa, rom dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis masala

mdidari da mravalferovania, pirveli fenis arqeologiuri

masala dRemde ar aris detalurad Seswavlili da gamouqvey-

nebelia. aq warmodgenilia, rogorc arqiteqtura - sacxovre-

159

beli da sakulto nagebobebi, ise mdidari nivTieri masala -

keramikuli, mina, Zvlis, liTonis (oqro, vercxli, brinjao,

rkina) xis, qsovilisa da sxva nawarmi. es yvelaferi, rogorc

zemoT aRiniSna warmodgenilia oTx Tanamimdevar samSeneb-

lo horizontSi da amdenad am masalis Seswavla saSualebas

mogvcems SevimuSaoT ufro dazustebuli qronologia, ro-

gorc calkeuli artefaqtebis ise, kompleqsebisTvis. sayur-

adReboa is garemoeba, rom namosaxlarze aRmoCnda is masala,

kerZod samkauli (fibulebi, sakinZebi da sxv.) da minis Wur-

Weli, rac ZiriTadad mxolod samarxebidan (mcxeTa-samTav-

ro, rusTavi, urbnisi, alevi, diRomi da sxv.) iyo cnobili.

winamdebare naSromis mizani ar aris arqeologiuri masalis

detaluri Seswavla, es momavlis saqmea. me mxolod vecdebi

dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukunis namosaxlaris zog-

adi suraTis monaxazi SemogTavazoT. monacemebi gamoyeneb-

uli maqvs, rogorc publikaciebidan ise, dedoflis goris

gaTxrebis xelnaweri angariSebidan.

dedoflis goris IV-VI saukuneebis namosaxlaris

topografia da arqiteqtura

IV saukuneSi, rodesac dedoflis goraze axali mosaxlee-

bi mividnen miwis zedapiri iyo iseTi, rogoric is antikuri

xanis sasaxlis ngrevis Sedegad gaxda. TiTqmis ovaluri

moyvanilobis goris Txemis perimetrs Semouyveboda daax-

160

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

loebiT 15-20 metri siganis SemaRleba, romelic faravda sa-

saxlis nangrevebs. goris Txemis Sua nawili 3-4 metriT dabla

iyo xsenebul SemaRlebaze. axalmosaxleebma sacxovrebeli

saxlebis asaSeneblad gamoiyenes swored es SemaRleba da am

samosaxlos arsebobis ganmavlobaSi misi gegmareba, rogorc

es gaTxrebma daadastura, ar Secvlila. aseTi suraTi da-

dasturda goris Txemis am SemaRlebis Crdilo monakveTze,

romelic ukve arqeologiurad Seswavlilia. SemaRlebis aR-

mosavleT nawili jer gaTxrili ar aris. goris Txemis samxre-

Ti da samxreT-dasavleTi nawili aRar arsebobs, mdinarem

gamorecxa goris Ziri da goris Txemis es nawili Cangreulia

[i. gagoSiZe 1986].

goris Txemis Sua nawilSi gaTxrebiT gamovlinda warmar-

Tuli samlocvelo, romelic TiTqmis ucvleli gegmarebiT

oTxjer iyo ganaxlebuli IV-VI saukuneebSi. samlocvelos

garSemo Cvili bavSvebis samarxebi gaiTxara. bavSvebi samarx-

Si dasvenebulni iyvnen marjvena an marcxena gverdze xel-

fexmokecil mdgomareobaSi. samarxebi uinventaro iyo. imave

midamoebSi aRmoCnda ramdenime mTliani goWis ConCxi.

marTalia umetes SemTxvevaSi ver moxerxda mTliani Seno-

bebis gamoCena, magram gairkva, rom sacxovrebeli saxlebis

kedeli nagebi iyo alizis agurisgan, riyis qvis safuZvelze.

iataki TixiT iyo molesili. saxlebi Sedgeboda TiTo gegma-

Si kvadratuli TiTo oTaxisagan. yvela gaTxril saxls kari

samxreTiT hqonda, romelic gadioda oTaxidan mis win mowyo-

161

bil derefanSi. gadaxurva (rogorc Cans banuri) eyrdnoboda

oTaxis SuagulSi aRmarTul dedaboZs. boZis win Suacecxli

kera iyo mowyobili, romlisganac nacecxluri laqebi Semor-

Cenila. mxolod erTi kera gaiTxara ukidures aRmosavleT

nawilSi, romelic Tixis sqeli feniT Selesili filaqve-

biT iyo agebuli. keris gverdiT oTaxSi miwaSi Cadgmuli iyo

qvevris msgavsi, sagangebo daniSnulebis Tixis WurWeli, rom-

lis Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubreb.

yvela saxls win ezo hqonda, sadac saxlis maxloblad miwaSi

erTi an ori saRvine qvevri iyo Cadgmuli, saSualod 250 litri

tevadobis. qvevrebi daxuruli iyo bazaltis sarqvlebiT,

romlebsac centrSi saduRari xvreli hqonda datanebuli.

ezos boloebSi dafiqsirda sapirfareSo (sawreti) ormoebi,

romlebSic, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Cadgmuli iyo Zirmotexili

qvevri, zogjer pirqve. imis Sesaxeb, rom eseni swored sapir-

fareSoebi iyo metyvelebs maT garSemo lurjad SeRebili

niadagis fena. oTaxebsa da ezoebSi mravali sxvadasxva daniS-

nulebis ormo gaiTxara - zog maTgans sameurneo daniSnule-

ba hqonda, zogi ki sanagve iyo. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia,

pirveli fenis meoTxe samSeneblo horizontis ezoebSi mrav-

lad dadasturebuli ormoebi, romlebic aSkarad ganZis maZ-

ieblebis mier iyo gaTxrili. rogorc Cans, sasaxlis nangreve-

bze mosuli pirveli mosaxleebi miwis Txris dros SemTxveviT

waawydnen sasaxlis droindel nivTebs da Semdeg sagangebod

daiwyes Zieba. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi Txrilebi, mx-

162

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

olod ezos teritoriazea. rogorc Cans, axalmosaxleebma

sasaxlis Senobebis iatakamde CaRweva ver moaxerxes ramden-

ime metriani nangrevis gamo, romelic iatakebs faravda.

urbnisSi, romelic 10 kilometriTaa daSorebuli

dedoflis goras arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gamovlinda

amave periodis sacxovrebeli saxli, romelic ise, rogorc

dedoflis goris saxlebi aSenebuli iyo aliziT, riyis qvis

safuZvelze. iatakic dedoflis goris saxlebiviT Tixat-

kepnili iyo da banuri gadaxurva hqonda. kedlebis sisqec

erTi da igive gaxldaT - 90 sm [WilaSvili1964:90-91].

rogorc aRiniSna dedoflis goris Txemis dadablebul cen-

tralur nawilSi samlocvelo iyo mowyobili. samlocvelos

163

mSeneblobis teqnika gansxvavebulia sacxovrebeli Seno-

bebisagan. samlocvelo gancalkevebiT mdgari saxli iyo,

TixiT Selesili wnulis kedlebiTa da rogorc Cans banuri

gadaxurviT. mSeneblobis aseTi wesi Sida qarTlSi cnobi-

lia adreuli brinjaos xanidan [javaxiSvili, Rlonti 1962:44

45]. oTaxis (farTobi daaxloebiT aTiode m²) ukana marcxena

kuTxeSi idga sakurTxeveli, nagebi TixiTa da riyis qviT.

sakurTxevlis zedapirze TixaSi Cadgmul-Calesili iyo wina

mxares gaxsnili Tixis didi (60x50sm) oTxkuTxa keci. misgan

marjvniv mowyobili iyo viwro da Rrma sanacre, isic gaxsni-

li wina mxares. kecis win da odnav dabla sagangebo safexurSi

piramde Cadgmuli iyo Tixis qoTani. kecis zedapiri cecx-

liT Serujuli, sanacre ki wminda nacriT iyo savse. sakurTx-

evlis marjvniv miwaSi Cadgmuli iyo mcire zomis qvevri.

warmarTuli sakurTxevlebi dedoflis goraze ramdenjerme

aris ganaxlebuli IV-VI saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, xolo dan-

greuli samlocveloebis nacvlad, daaxloebiT imave adgi-

las, axals aSenebdnen [gagoSiZe 1999:58-59]. ukve aRvniSne,

rom samlocveloebis garSemo Cvili bavSvebis samarxebi da

damarxuli goWebi gaiTxara. garda amisa, aqve gamovlinda or-

moebi, romlebsac, rogorc Cans, sakulto daniSnuleba unda

hqonoda, radgan im ormoebSi aRmoCnda kviristavebi da Tixis

WurWlis natexebisgan gamoTlili diskoebi, romelTaganac

zogierTi gaxvretilic iyo. aseTi diskoebis Sewirvis wesi

saqarTveloSi am bolo dromde SemorCa.

164

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

v.bardaveliZes damowmebuli aqvs qalebis salocavi - bar-

bol (svaneTSi, faris TemSi, sofel faris pirdapir eceris

mimarTulebiT mdebare gorakze). eqspediciam muSaobis dros

goraze aRmoaCina erTad miyrili uamravi fiqalis, kirqvisa

da nawilobriv rkinis mrgvali, Suaze mrgvaladve gaxvreti-

li sagnebi, romelTaganac zogi kviristavi iyo. adgilze eT-

nografiuli kvleva-Ziebis Catarebis Sedegad gairkva, rom

am salocavSi kviristavebi da msgavsi sagnebi qalebs miuta-

niaT da barbolis saxelze SeuwiravT. rodesac svanis ojaxSi

uSobeli Zroxa moigebda, ojaxis mgSgali (Zroxebis mwveleli

qali) gamonaxavda kviristavs (CerSdas), an mis msgavsad fiqa-

lisa, Tu kirqvis naWers gaTlida, am sagans axlad mogebul

Zroxas jiqanqveS SeuSverda da cali xeliT Zroxas Camowvel-

ida ise, rom rZiscvaria aucileblad kviristavis naxvret-

Si gasuliyo. Semdeg am kviristavs sagangebod gamocxobil

yvelisgulian kvers mgSgali salocav barbolSi waiRebda da

iq barbales saxelze Seswiravda wvelis baraqis, Zroxis si-

saRisa da gamravlebisaTvis locva-vedrebiT. Sesawir kvers

iqve Seeqceoda, kviristavs ki tovebda. barbolis salocavSi

aseve dadiodnen uSvilo qalebi da Svils SesTxovdnen. mi-

hqondaT cximiani Sesawiri da kviristavebi an maTi msgavsi sa-

gnebi da swiravdnen [bardaveliZe1941:19-21].

kviristavebsa da msgavs sagnebs aRiqvamdnen qalis sasqeso

organos simbolod. amgvari mniSvnelobis sagnebis Sewirva

barbolis saxelze am ukanasknelis qalur bunebasTan da fun-

165

qciebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli [bardaveliZe1941:21-24].

qarTveli tomebis mzis RvTaebis emblemac wrisa da diskos

moyvanilobis unda yofiliyo. mrgvali, Suaze gaxvretili

fiqali da kviristavebi barbales saxelze ewireboda. Sei-

Zleba isini barbales astralur bunebasTan iyo dakavSireb-

uli da maTi msgavsi sagnebi barbales, rogorc mzis RvTaebis

emblemac gaxldaT [bardaveliZe 1941:63-64; surgulaZe 1977].

dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis savsebiT ms-

gavsi warmarTuli sakurTxeveli gaTxara 1988 wels, saqa-

rTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiurma

eqspediciam yaTlanixevis amave periodis (q.S. IV-VI ss.) namo-

saxlarze ufliscixis maxloblad [gagoSiZe, 1999:59]. aseTive

sakurTxeveli aRmoCnda awyurSic, adre Sua saukuneebis ekl-

esiaSi (v.liCeli) [gagoSiZe,1999:60].

dedoflis goris pirvel fenaSi aqamde Seswavlil arc

erT SenobaSi ar dadasturda kramitis gamoyeneba. Tumca,

gaTxrebis dros fenaSi aqa-iq Cndeboda kramitis natexebi

[gagoSiZe,1999:58].

dedoflis goris IV-VI saukuneebis nivTieri masala

dedoflis goris pirvel kulturul fenaSi arqeologiuri

gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda mravalferovani da mdidari

nivTieri masala. es aris sayofacxovrebo, sameurneo daniS-

nulebis nivTebi, samkauli, iaraRi, sakulto daniSnulebis

166

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

nivTebi, romlebic liTonisagan (rkina, oqro, spilenZi),

minisagan, Tixisagan, Zvlisa da qvisagan aris damzadebuli.

gansakuTrebiT mdidari da mravalferovania keramikuli ma-

sala, romelic warmodgenilia rogorc sayofacxovrebo ise,

sameurneo da sakulto daniSnulebis nivTebiT. qvemoT gan-

vixilavT dedoflis goris pirvel kulturul fenaSi mopove-

buli masalebis ZiriTad tipebs, samSeneblo horizontebad

maTi diferencirebis gareSe. es Semdgomi kvlevis sagania.

keramikuli nawarmi - dedoflis goris pirveli fenis

keramikuli nawarmi aris, rogorc Ria feris (mowiTalo, mo-

TeTro) ise, Savad da ruxad

gamomwvari. keramikuli

nawarmi maRalxarisxiania,

Txelkedliani. zedapiri

mogluvebulia, zog Sem-

TxvevaSi angobirebuli

da gaprialebuli. orna-

mentuli Semkuloba gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT ar

gamoirCeva da warmodgenilia TiTqmis mxolod wertilovani

naWdevebiT.

ukve aRiniSna, rom yoveli sacxovrebeli kompleqsis ezo-

Si erTi an ori saRvine qvevri aRmoCnda. ufro momcro zomis

aseTive qvevrebi samlocveloebSic iyo Cafluli. dedoflis

goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis qvevrebs aqvs marTkuTxa gan-

ikveTis brtyeli bako, SedarebiT viwro, cilindruli yeli,

167

kvercxiseburi formis Zirisaken Seviwroebuli tani da vi-

wro brtyeli Ziri. tani mxrebidan Ziramde Semkulia sada,

reliefuri sartylebiT. qvevrebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. maTi

simaRle meryeobs 0,6-1,5 metramde. piris diametria 30-40 sm,

Ziris-15 sm. qvevrebi gamomwvaria kargad ganleqili Tixisgan

da Txelkedliania. kecis sisqe 2 sm-s ar aRemateba. qvevrebi

mowiTalo ferisaa.

zustad amave periodis aseTive qvevrebi gaTxrilia urbnis-

Si. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom dedoflis gorisgan gansxvavebiT

aseTi qvevrebi urbnisSi marnebSia gamovlenili. urbnisis

erT-erT maranSi 16 qvevria gaTxrili [WilaSvili1964:108].

dedoflis goraze dazianebul saRvine qvevrebs sxva dan-

iSnulebiTac iyenebdnen. rogorc aRvniSneT, gamovlenilia

miwaSi Cafluli Zirmotexili qvevrebi, zogjer pirqve. ro-

gorc Cans es sapirfareSo iyo.

zemoT ukve movixsenie sagangebo daniSnulebis qvevris

msgavsi WurWeli, romelic keris gverdiT iyo Cadgmuli mi-

waSi. am WurWels adreuli Sua saukuneebis xanis Cveulebri-

vi qvevris forma aqvs: brtyeli bako, cilindruli yeli da

reliefuri sartylebiT Semkuli kvercxiseburi tani da vi-

wro, brtyeli Ziri, magram qvevrisgan gansxvavebiT ZirTan

gamowvamde sagangebod gamoyvanili xvreli aqvs datanebuli,

romelic milisebri SveriliT gamodis gareT. meore Tavise-

burebaa Tarosebri Sverili mowyobili Sida pirze, qvevris

yvelaze farTo nawilSi. aseTi WurWlis simaRle 1 metramdea.

168

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

zustad aseTive qvevris natexebi mimobneuli yofila urb-

nisSi gaTxrili abanos mesame oTaxSi. l. WilaSvili varau-

dobs, rom aseTi qvevrebi gamoiyeneboda wylis dasagrove-

blad da naxvreti ZirSi imisaTvis iyo, rom qvevri mTlianad

dacliliyo [WilaSvili1964:109-110]. magram qvevris muclis

Sida pirze mowyobili Taro, romlis arsebobas l. WilaSvils

ar axsenebs, albaT qvevris ufro sxva daniSnulebaze unda

miuTiTebdes.

sameurneo daniSnuleba unda hqonoda agreTve didi zo-

mis pirmoyril samyura dergebs. maT ori yuri aqvs (erTmane-

Tis sapirispirod ganlagebuli) muclis zeda nawilSi, xolo

mesame - cal mxares - moTavsebulia maT Soris, maTze odnav

maRla. zog dergs aseTi mesame yuris nacvlad TiTisebri

Sverili aqvs. dergis kvercxiseburi sxeuli horizontaluri

sartylebiTaa Semkuli. zog SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi yurebis

mimagrebis adgilas SeimCneva Wdeuli ornamentebi. dergis

Ziri viwro da brtyelia.

am tipis pirmoyrili WurWeli saqarTveloSi pirvelad

Cndeba adreelinistur xanaSi da ganagrZobs arsebobas ad-

reul Sua saukuneebamde. aRmoCenilia samadloSi, ufliscix-

esa da RarTiskarSi [Гагошидзе 1979:89. xaxutaiSvili 1970:121.

Iberia and Rome 2008:71]. dedoflis goris sasaxleSi gamovle-

nili pirmoyrili dergi formiT saerTod ar gansxvavdeba ad-

reuli Sua saukuneebis dergebisgan, Tumca am ukanasknelis-

gan gansxvavebiT 4 yuri aqvs [Iberia and Rome 2008:70-71].

169

dedoflis goris pirveli fenis TiTqmis yvela saTavsSi iyo

brtyelZira, amforiseburi WurWeli. es aris didi zomis (60 sm-

de) oryura WurWeli, cilindrulyeliani, daqanebuli CaRaru-

li bakoTi. ~lenturi~ yurebi mimagrebulia yelsa da mxarze.

mxrebi daqanebulia, muceli odnav gamoberili, Ziri farTo da

brtyeli. gvxvdeba agreTve yelwiboiani egzemplarebic.

am tipis WurWeli mravladaa aRmoCenili, rogorc aRmosav-

leT ise, dasavleT saqarTvelos IV-VI saukuneebis Zeglebze da

isini publikaciebSi moixsenieba, rogorc Cafi, koka an amfo-

ra. rgansa da urbnisSi aRmoCenili msgavsi WurWeli TiTqmis

ar gansxvavdeba dedoflis goris egzemplarebisgan [WilaSvi-

li1964:92-93. bragvaZe 2000:108-109]. aseve zustad msgavsi WurWe-

lia aRmoCenili modinaxes samarovanze [nadiraZe 1975:47-48,57].

dedoflis goraze didi raodenobiTaa gamovlenili sx-

vadasxva formisa da zomis calyura doqebi. gvxvdeba ro-

gorc yelwiboiani ise, gluvyeliani doqebi. yelwiboian

doqebs yuri mimagrebuli aqvs yelze wibosTan da mxarze.

gluvyelians ki, xan yelze, xan pirze aqvs miZerwili yuris

zeda nawili. piri gadaSlili aqvs, bako momrgvalebuli. yuri

umetesad ovalurganikveTiania. gvxvdeba aseve ~lenturi~

yuric. zogierT doqs yurze daZerwili aqvs kopebi. tanis

formebi sxvadasxvagvaria. gamoirCeva msxliseburi, kvercx-

iseburi formis doqebi. Ziri farTo da brtyelia.

calke tipad gamoiyofa samtuCa doqebi - saRvineebi, rom-

lebic aSkarad sufris WurWeli unda yofiliyo. yuri TiTq-

170

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

mis yovelTvis mrgvalganikveTiania da zeda nawili miZer-

wilia tuCze.

gamosarCevia agreTve viwro da maRalyeliani doqebi, rom-

lebsac zogjer wiboc Semouyveba. yuris zeda nawili, ro-

gorc wesi daZerwili aqvs yelze.

dedoflis goris doqebs Soris aRsaniSnavia kargad napri-

alebi, daaxloebiT aguris feri, angobirebuli calyura

doqebi. keci Txelia. piri odnav gadaSlili, brtyeli daqa-

nebuli bakoTi. yeli maRali aqvs. ovalurganikveTiani yuri

mimagrebuli aqvs yelze da mxarze. zog SemTxvevaSi, yelis

qvemoT mraval rigad Semouyveba iribi marcvlovani Wdeebi.

rogorc samtuCa ise, yelwiboiani da gluvyeliani caly-

ura doqebi mravladaa aRmoCenili urbnisis adreuli Sua

saukuneebis fenebSi [WilaSvili1964:92-93,110-113]. rganis

samarovanze napovnia amave periodis msgavsi tipis doqebi

[bragvaZe2000:112-113]. isini dadasturebulia aseve modinax-

es adreuli Sua saukuneebis samarovanze [nadiraZe1975:57 58].

erwosvelze aRmoCenili am tipis WurWlis ganxilvisas r. ra-

miSvili aRniSnavs, rom msgavsi WurWeli aRmoCenilia mcxeTa-

sa da zRuderSi [ramiSvili1979:63-64].

agurisfer-narinjisferi kargad naprialebi msgavsi ca-

lyura doqebi cnobilia modinaxes samarxebSi. isini napovnia

monetebTan erTad da zustad TariRdeba IV saukuniT [nadi-

raZe 1975:47-48,57].

doqebis garda sufris WurWlidan dedoflis goraze ram-

denime TefSi, jami da samarilea aRmoCenili.

171

sayofacxovrebo Tixis nawarmidan dedoflis goris ad-

reuli Sua saukuneebis fenebSi mravladaa aRmoCenili lu-

Teriumebi. luTeriumebi langris an didi zomis konusu-

rad gaSlili jamis formisaa da pirze datanili aqvs tuCi,

an Camosasxmeli mili. luTeriumebi ZiriTadad gamomwvaria

moyavisfro-mowiTlod. bako brtyeli da Sesqelebuli aqvs,

Ziri farTo da brtyeli. zog luTeriums tuCTan kopebic aqvs

dasmuli. am WurWlis daniSnuleba zustad ar aris gansaz-

Rvruli, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom dedoflis goraze aseTi

WurWeli mravladaa aRmoCenili. urbnisSic vxvdebiT msgavsi

tipis WurWels da l. WilaSvili mas niskartian langars uwo-

debs [WilaSvili1964:111-112].

dedoflis goraze samzadi qoTnebi gvxvdeba rogorc yuri-

ani ise, uyuro. es aris Rrma, farTopiriani, brtyelZira Wur-

Weli, romelic misi daniSnulebisgan gamomdinare, umetes

SemTxvevaSi, Savad an ruxadaa SeWvartluli, Ria cecxlis

zemoqmedebis gamo. qoTnebi, rogorc wesi sada zedapiri-

ania, Tumca gvaqvs ramdenime cali, romlebic horizontuli,

wvrili RarebiTaa dazolili. urbnisSi msgavsi tipis qoTne-

bi ZiriTadad kerebTan iyo dadasturebuli. erT SemTxvevaSi

mTeli qoTanicaa aRmoCenili, romelic mTlianad nacarSi

iyo Cafluli [l. WilaSvili1964:112-113].

dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis keramikuli Wur-

Weli adgilobrivi nawarmia da, rogorc Cans, imave sawarmoo

centrSia damzadebuli, romelSic urbnisis Tanadrouli namo-

172

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

saxlaris keramika. magram dedoflis goraze aRmoCnda ramden-

ime importuli WurWelic, romlebic WiquriTaa dafaruli.

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom dedoflis goraze, rogorc

saxlebSi ise, samlocveloebTan arsebul sakulto ormoebSi

aRmoCnda Tixis WurWlis natexebisagan gamoTlili diskoebi,

gaxvretili diskoebi, sagangebod gamoZerwili rgolebi da

keramikuli kviristavi. kviristavs, rogorc wesi konusuri

forma aqvs da amiT gansxvavdeba keramikuli borblebisagan

da gaxvretili diskoebisagan. Tumca, maTi erTad aRmoCena

adasturebs, rom kviristavebs garda sayofacxovrebo dan-

iSnulebisa (TiTistaris damamZimebeli) sakulto mniSvn-

elobac hqonda. amaze metyvelebs aseve kviristavebis zeda-

pirze datanebuli ornamenti. kviristavebisa da gaxvretili

diskoebis kavSiri Svilierebisa da nayofierebis qalRvTae-

basTan, (rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT) aRwerili aqvs v. bardav-

eliZes, romelic am qalRvTaebis Tayvaniscemas mzis Tay-

vaniscemasac ukavSirebs [bardaveliZe1941:19-24,63-64].

1 2 3 4 5

1. doqi; 2. yelwiboiani doqi; 3. amforiseburi WurWlis fragmenti;

4. yelwiboiani doqi; 5. tuCiani doqis fragmenti.

173

dasasruls, unda aRiniSnos, rom aqve gamovlenilia Tixis

konusuri da naxevarsferuli formis sabeWdavebi, romle-

bzec warmodgenilia sxvadasxvagvari kveTili xazebi.

minis WurWeli - dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukunee-

bis fenebSi napovnia minis WurWlis ramdenime natexi. es aris

TeTri feris sqelkedliani minis WurWeli, romlis zedapi-

ri dafarulia wriuli amoxexili RrmulebiT. msgavsi WurW-

lis fragmentebi aRmoCenilia urbnisis naqalaqaris VI-VII ss.

fenebSi da l.WilaSvils vrclad aqvs ganxiluli. minis Wur-

Weli namdvilad importi unda iyos, magram Zneli dasadgenia

kerZod saidan aris Semotanili [l. WilaSvili 1964:118-120].

Zvlis nawarmi - dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukunee-

bis mosaxleebi farTod iyenebdnen Zvlisagan damzadebul

nivTebs. Zvlisgan amzadebdnen: maxaTs, sakinZs, salamurs.

sakinZebis Tavebi mravalferovania. gvxvdeba figurulTavi-

ani sakinZebi. aRsaniSnavia erTi sakinZis fragmentis Tavi rqo-

sani cxovelis skulpturuli gamosaxulebiT. gamosaxuleba

6. qvevris msgavsi miliani WurWeli; 7. samyura pirmoyrili dergi;

8. naprialebi doqis fragmenti.; 9. qoTani

6

7

8 9

174

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

moTavsebulia oTxkuTxa brtyel sadgarze. kudi moklea,

cxovels kisris areSi ki fafriseburi Sverilebi aqvs. gvxvde-

ba maxaTebi gaxvretili yunwiT, agreTve mrgvalganikveTiani

maxaTebi maryuJiseburi, dabrtyelebuli TaviT. Zalian sain-

teresoa Zvlis erTi soliseburi nivTi, romelsac zedapirze

oTxi Rrma koncentruli naWdevi aqvs. zeda nawilSi ki far-

To naxvreti. es nivTi, albaT sakidi unda iyos. yuradRebas

iqcevs Zvlis konusuri formis mili, romelsac cali mxridan

ori naxvreti aqvs. savaraudoa, rom es salamuria. agreTve,

gvxvdeba Zvlis ramdenime nivTi, magram maTi daniSnulebis

garkveva sakmaod rTulia. SeiZleba aq saqme gvqondes aseve

Zvlis sawer iaraRTan - stilosTan.

urbnisSi am periodis Zvlis ramdenime msgavsi nivTia na-

povni, romelTaganac l.WilaSvili erT-erTs stilosad

moiazrebs. aseve aRniSnavs, rom Zvlis iaraRi Cveni welTaR-

ricxvis pirveli saukuneebidan Cans sakmaod gavrcelebuli

[WilaSvili1964:122-124].

dedoflis goris sasaxleSi Zvlis nawarms mravali daniS-

nulebiT iyenebdnen. Zvlisgan iyo damzadebuli - stilosebi,

sakidebi, sakinZebi, piqsidebi, kamaTlebi, mcire zomis qanda-

kebebi, avejis nawilebi, gravirebuli firfitebi, samkiTxao

saTamaSoebi, gasaRebi [Iberia and Rome 2008:86-103].

qvis nawarmi - dedoflis goraze TiTqmis yvelaze didi ra-

odenobiT napovnia forovani bazaltisagan damzadebuli

mrgvali xelsafqvavebi. xelsafqvavebis zeda qvas centrSi

175

erTi naxvreti aqvs RerZisTvis. erTi naxvreti ki kidesTan

hqonda saxelurisTvis, centris maxloblad, ori mogrZo

morkaluli naxvreti marcvleulis Casayrelad iyo gamiznu-

li. qveda qva brtyeli da sada iyo da mxolod erTi naxvreti

hqonda centrSi, romelSic xis RerZi iWedeboda. qveda qvas

zogjer qvevris sarqvladac iyenebdnen ise, rogorc urbnis-

Si [WilaSvili1964:109]. Tumca, dedoflis goris zogierTi

sarqveli sagangebod qvevrisTvisaa gamoTlili.

bazaltis qvisaganaa aseve gamoTlili ramdenime sferuli

nivTi, romlebic SesaZlebelia Surdulis qvebi yofiliyo.

SerCeuli riyis qvebi gamoiyeneboda sanayebad. Savi feris

fiqlisagan gamoTlilia salesi qvebi, romelTac cal boloSi

naxvreti aqvs datanebuli. salesi qvebis sxvadasxva formis-

aa: cilindruli, brtyeli, oTxwaxnaga. dafiqsirebulia qvis

ramdenime gaxvretili disko da kviristavi.

liTonis nawarmi - dedoflis goraze aRmoCenil nivTebs

Soris liTonisagan iaraRi da samkaulia damzadebuli. iara-

Rebidan dedoflis goraze napovnia isrispirebi, danebi da

nemskavi. rkinisagan aris, agreTve damzadebuli jaWvi, xolo

rkinis firfitebisagan gaurkveveli daniSnulebis nivTi. yve-

la isrispiri orfrTiani da grZelyunwiania. danebi moxril-

ia, calpirlesuli, samanWvle naxvretebiT taris nawilSi.

nemskavi oTxkuTxaganivkveTiania da misi sigrZe 3 sm-ia. ms-

gavsi tipis moxrili danebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli ad-

rerkinis xanidan da dRemde gamoiyeneba [ramiSvili1979:93,

gagoSiZe 1968:34, Iberia and Rome 2008:145].

176

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

samkauli - samkauli gvxvdeba brinjaosi da oqrosi. brin-

jaos samkaulidan warmodgenilia: beWdebi, sayureebi, sakin-

Zebi da mSvildsakinZebi. beWdebSi gamoirCeva erTi beWedi:

mrgvalganikveTiani mavTuliT Seqmnilia spiralurad dax-

veuli, wriuli moyvanilobis faraki da beWdis rkali. fara-

kidan rkalze gadasvlis adgilas orive mxares daxveulia ma-

vTulebi. farakis diametria 1-1,2 sm, rkalis diametri 2 sm.

dedoflis goraze aris aseve brinjaos ramdenime sakinZi.

gamoirCeva erTi sakinZi - mrgvalganikveTiani ReroTi da as-

tragalis formis TaviT. sakinZebi adreuli Sua saukuneebis

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur kompleqsTa tipuri

nawilia [afxazava1979:85]. aseve napovnia ramdeni mesayure

rgoli, romlebsac Tavebi erTmaneTze aqvs gadadebuli.

dedoflis goraze gvxvdeba rkinis ramdenime mSvildsakinZic.

aseTi samkauli aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi IV saukuneSi vr-

celdeba [afxazava 1979:6]. dedoflis goris mSvildsakinZebis

analogiuria urbnisSi aRmoCenili mSvild sakinZebi [WilaS-

vili1964:127-128].

dedoflis goraze jerjerobiT oqros mxolod erTi eqvs-

furcela vardulis formis samkaulia aRmoCenili. oqros

firfitaze darCilulia 7 bude - erTi centrSi, eqvsi ki

vardulis furclebze. budeebSi muqi wiTeli feris granatis

Tvlebi aris Casmuli. budeebSi Casmuli Tvlebi sxvadasxva

formisaa: mrgvali, ovaluri da wveTis. ori Tvalbude cari-

elia. magram calke napovnia granatis aseTive ramdenime Tva-

li. agreTve, aRmoCenilia sxvadasxva formis minis Tvlebi.

177

aradeTis orgoris dedoflis goraze adreuli Sua sauku-

neebis namosaxlari warmodgenilia erTi kulturuli feniT,

romelSic 4 samSeneblo horizonti gamoiyofa. fena zogadad

TariRdeba IV-VI saukuneebiT da samosaxlos arsebobis mTeli

periodis ganmavlobaSi misi gegmareba ar Secvlila, miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom is minimum oTxjer daingra.

yvela sacxovrebeli erTnairi iyo: qvis safuZvelze am-

oyvanili alizis kedlebiTa da banuri gadaxurviT. yve-

la gaTxrili saxli daaxloebiT erTi zomisa da erTnairi

iyo. saxlebi ezoebiTurT ganlagebuli iyo goris Txemis

perimetrzeda, SesaZlebelia, Sekrul wres qmnida, romlis

SuaSi idga samlocvelo.

namosaxlaris gaTxrebma mravalricxovani da mraval-

ferovani masala mogvca, romelic asaxavs adreuli Sua sau-

kuneebis qarTlis rigiTi mosaxleobis yofis TiTqmis yvela

aspeqts. gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva

keramikuli WurWeli. arqeologiuri masala samosaxlos

mTeli arsebobis ganmavlobaSi met-naklebad erTgvarova-

nia. magram aq Cven stratificirebul ZeglTan gvaqvs saqme

da am masalis detaluri ganxilva samSeneblo horizontebis

mixedviT saSualebas mogvcems SevimuSaoT arqeologiuri ma-

salis ufro detaluri qronologia.

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia is garemoeba, rom

dedoflis goraze IV-VI saukuneebSi cxovrobdnen warmarTebi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi qristianoba qarTlis same-

foSi saxelmwifo religiad iyo gamocxadebuli. dedoflis

178

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

goris Txemis centrSi mdebare warmarTul samlocvelo-

Si arsebuli sakurTxeveli (ise, rogorc misi analogiuri

sakurTxevlebi yaTlanixevSi da awyurSi) Tavisi konstruq-

ciiT msgavsia brinjaos xanis sakurTxevlebisa, romlebic

maxloblad mdebare berikldeebis namosaxlarzea gaTxrili.

TviT samlocvelos kedlebic uZvelesi samSeneblo teqni-

kiT, e.w. sarlastisTaa nagebi. yovelive es miuTiTebs imaze,

rom Sida qarTlis dasavleT nawilSi IV-VI saukuneebSi jer

kidev cocxali iyo Zveli adgilobrivi warmarTuli religia.

dedoflis goris samlocvelo, SesaZlebelia, nayofierebis

momniWebeli, mzis qalRvTaebisadmi iyo miZRvnili. ramdena-

dac Sida qarTlis dasavleT nawilSi, sadac dedoflis gora

mdebareobs VI saukuneze adreuli qristianuli eklesia ar

Cans, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos warmarTTa samosaxlos arse-

boba dedoflis goraze.

qristianobis damkvidreba qarTlis am nawilSi, rogorc

Cans, dakavSirebulia camet asurel mamaTa moRvaweobasTan.

179

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. afxazava 1979 - n. afxazava. adreuli Sua saukunee-

bis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos nivTieri kultura.

Tbilisi, 1979.

2. bardaveliZe 1941 - v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa

uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba bar-

bar-babar), Tbilisi,1941.

3. bragvaZe 2000 - z. bragvaZe. rganis samarovani, ar-

qeologiuri Jurnali I, Tbilisi, 2000, gv.107-151.

4. gagoSiZe 1968 - i. gagoSiZe. iTxvisis samarxi.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, 25-b,

Tbilisi, 1968, gv.31-45.

5. gagoSiZe 1973 - i. gagoSiZe. batilumebi aradeTi-

dan. Zeglis megobari 33, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 73-82,

104-105.

6. gagoSiZe 1986 _ i. gagoSiZe. Sida qarTlis arqe-

ologiuri eqspediciis 1985 wlis angariSi (xel-

naweri).

7. gagoSiZe 1987 _ i. gagoSiZe. Sida qarTlis arqe-

ologiuri eqspediciis 1986 wlis savele angariSi

(xelnaweri).

8. gagoSiZe 1999 - i. gagoSiZe. qarTlSi qristianobis

damkvidrebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

muzeumis moambe, 43-b, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 57-68.

180

st

ud

en

tu

ri

gv

er

di

9. gagoSiZe, qoriZe, gogiCaiSvili 1986 d i. gagoSiZe,

e. qoriZe, a. gogiCaiSvili. Sida qarTlis arqeolo-

giuri eqspediciis 1979-1981 wlebis savele muSao-

bis angariSi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis

arqeologiuri eqspediciebi, VIII, Tbilisi, 1986,

gv. 56-67.

10. gagoSiZe, wowelia 1991. i. gagoSiZe, m. wowelia. ar-

ameulwarweriani firfitebi dedoflis goridan.

amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tbilisi,

1991, gv.47-78.

11. nadiraZe 1975 - j.nadiraZe, yvirilis xeobis arqe-

ologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1975.

12. ramiSvili1979 - r. ramiSvili, erwos veli gvi-

anarmazul xanaSi, Tbilisi, 1979.

13. surgulaZe1977 - i. surgulaZe, barbaroba. qarTu-

li sabWoTa enciklopedia 2, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 203.

14. WilaSvili 1964 - l. WilaSvili. naqalaqari urbni-

si. Tbilisi, 1964.

15. xaxutaiSvili 1970 - d. xaxutaiSvili, ufliscixe,

Tbilisi, 1970.

16. javaxiSvli, Rlonti 1962 - al. javaxiSvili, l.

Rlonti. urbnisi, Tbilisi, 1962.

17. Gagoschidze 2000. Neuer archaologischer Befundim Bezirk

181

Kareli, Schida Kartli. in: Archaologische Mitteilungen AusIra-

nund Turan. Bend32, Berlin, 2000, pp. 51-58.

18. Gagoshidze 1992. The Templesat Dedoplis Mindori. East and

West, Vol.42, N1, 1992, Rome, pp. 27-48.

19. Gagoshidze 2001. A Royal Palace in First Centure Iberia. Ac-

cording to the Archaeological Material from Dedoplis Gora,

Georgia. In The Royal Palace Institutionin the First Millennium

BC, Monographs of the Danishat Athens, 2001, Vol. 4, pp.259-

284.

20. Gagoshidze 2004. TheRoyal Palace of the First Century BC –

First Century AD at Dedoplis Gora. Journal of Georgian Archae-

ology. The Jurnal of the Otar Lordkipanidze Centre for Archaeo-

logical Studdies, N1,2004, pp. 170-185.

21. Iberia and Rome 2008: Iberia and Rome.The Excavations of the

Palace at Dedofl is Gora and the RomanIn fl uenceinthe Cauca-

sian Kingdom of Iberia.Edited by A.Furtwangler,I. Gagoshidze,

H.Lohr, N.Ludwig. Beier@Beran,2008.

22. Гагошидзе 1979 - Ю.М. Гагошидзе, Самадло, Тбилиси, 1979.

182

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

“onlain arqeologia” mkiTxvels axal

rubrikas sTavazobs - muzeumebi da ar-

tefaqtebi. rubrika gagacnobT sayov-

elTaod cnobil da naklebad cnobil

muzeumebis nacnob Tu ucnob, axalaR-

moCenil Tu didi xnis win napovn arte-

faqtebis istorias, daxasiaTebas, maT

adgils qarTuli kulturisa da zoga-

dad, msoflio kulturuli memkvidreo-

bis sivrceSi.

rubrikis pirvel werils _ bor-

jomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi

daculi sanawile jvris atribuciis

sakiTxisaTvis – gTavazobT saqarT-

velos kulturuli memkvidreobis dac-

vis erovnuli saagentos muzeum-na-

krZlebisa da samuzeumo koleqciebis

marTvis samsaxuris menejeri, xelovne-

baTmcodneobis doqtori irma doliZe.

183

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

saqarTvelos muzeumebSi, romelTa ricxvi orass aRemate-

ba, qveynis kulturuli memkvidreobis udidesi da umniS-

vnelovanesi nawilia Tavmoyrili. saqarTvelos kulturuli

memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento, romelic pasux-

ismgebelia qveynis masStabiT arsebul uZrav kulturul mem-

kvidreobaze 15 muzeum-nakrZals, muzeumsa da arqiteqtu-

rul saits aerTianebs (stefanwmindis istoriuli muzeumi,

didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZali,

varZiis, ufliscixis, qsnis xeobis, kldekaris, quTaisis isto-

riul-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nakrZalebi, parmen zaqaraias

saxelobis noqalaqevis arqiteqturul-arqeologiuri muze-

um-nakrZali, eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis guriis mxaris

arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali, didi liaxvis xeobis sax-

elmwifo muzeum-nakrZali, samSvildisa da ujarmis arqite-

qturuli ansamblebi, borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi,

niko firosmanaSvilis saxelmwifo muzeumi, gremis muzeumi).

arqiteqturul da arqeologiur memkvidreobasTan erTad

(muzeum-nakrZalebisa da muzeumebis samuzeumo SenobaTa

didi nawili Tavad aris kulturuli memkvidreobis Zegli.

aq aTeul aTasobiT artefaqtia daculi. mravalferovnebiT

borjomis mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumSi daculi sanawile jvris

atribuciis sakiTxisaTvis

184

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

gamorCeuli es koleqciebi Cveni istoriis nawilia da, imav-

droulad, mravalmxriv saintereso informaciis momcveli.

vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovania maTi samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semo-

tana mkvlevarebisa da farTo sazogadoebisTvis wardgena.

muzeum-nakrZalebisa da muzeumebis gacnobas saagentos

muzeumebs Soris yvelaze adreuli, TiTqmis saukunovani is-

toriis borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumiT daviwyebT. aq

38 aTasze meti eqsponatia daculi. 1926 wels muzeumi satyeo

muzeumad dafuZnda da erT weliwadSi damTvaliereblebic

miiRo. 1934 wels mas daemata eTnografiuli ganyofileba,

saxelwodeba Seecvala da borjomis muzeumi ewoda, 1938

wels ki, iq mxaris istoriis ganyofilebac gaixsna da bor-

jomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi dae-

rqva. istoriulia muzeumis Senobac. is

ganTavsebulia ruseTis saimperatoro

ojaxis, romanovebis, kancelariis Seno-

baSi. fsevdogoTuri stilis arqiteq-

turuli nageboba germanelma inJiner-

arqiteqtorma vladimer Sveierma 1890

wels aago. Senobas miniWebuli aqvs kul-

turuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi.

sanawile jvari borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumidan

185

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculia: arqeolo-

giuri (q.w. II-I aTaswleulebis brinjaos diskoebi, balTebi,

minisa da Tixis WurWeli, sabrZolo iaraRi, mcire plastikis

nimuSebi da sxv.), ferweris, grafikis, qandakebis, gamoyenebi-

Ti xelovnebisa (maT Soris romanovebis samefo dinastiis

kuTvnili evropuli da aRmosavluri warmoebis WurWeli da

sxv.) da eTnografiis, numizmatikis (kolxuri TeTris koleq-

cia, monRoluri drama, romauli dinari, bizantiuri, qarTu-

li, Turquli, rusuli monetebi da sxv.), Zvirfasi liTonebis

koleqciebi, sabunebismetyvelo masalebi, werilobiTi Ze-

glebi, memorialuri nivTebi, kino da fotomasalebi.

amjerad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT muzeumSi dacul erT

eqsponatze (sain. #1085), romelic prof. p. vinogradov-ni-

kitins 1938 wlis 25 seqtembers, aTeulobiT sxva nivTTan er-

Tad, gadaucia muzeumisTvis. ZiriTad SemosulobaTa wign-

Si eqsponatis Rirebulebad miTiTebulia 10 maneTi. es aris

brinjaos sanawile jvari, kerZod, misi erTi firfita (8X4,8

sm) figuriT orantis pozaSi. jvari dazianebulia. gatexil-

ia misi marjvena horizontaluri qimi. dazianebulia gamo-

saxulebac, kerZod, cxviri, marjvena xelis mtevani, Tvali.

figura mcire siRrmiTaa CakveTili da TiTqmis mTlianad

avsebs jvris sibrtyes. igi vertikalurad da horizontalu-

rad daStrixuli grafikuli dekoriT Semkul grZel samos-

186

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

Sia warmodgenili. Tavs, aseve, dekoratiulad gadawyvetili

Saravandedi amkobs, romlis zemoTac nawilobriv ikiTxeba

berZnuli warwera `... NIA~ an `... NTA~ (sawyisi asoebi waSlil-

ia). gavrcelebuli tradiciiT warwera gamosaxuli wmindanis

saxels aRniSnavs. samwuxarod, dazianebis gamo ver xerxdeba

konkretul wmindanTan misi identificireba.

figura wverosania. pirobiTadaa gadmocemuli saxis na-

kvTebi – Tvalebi, piri. xelebi mxrebis simaRlezea gaSlili,

rogorc es orantis (mlocveli) pozisTvisaa damaxasiaTebe-

li. jvris zedapiri nawilobriv mwvane patiniTaa dafaruli.

stilistur-gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT borjomis mx-

areTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculi sanawile jvari Sua sauku-

neebis bizantiasa da qristianul samyaroSi farTod gavrcele-

bul brinjaos sanawile jvrebis jgufs ganekuTvneba.

jvar-reliqvariumi, sanawile jvari, enkolpioni _ wmin-

da nawilebis SenaxvisTvis gamiznuli gulsakidi samkaulia.

wminda nawilebisadmi Tayvaniscemis tradicia qristianobis

damkvidrebis adreuli periodidanve momdinareobs. aseTi

jvrebis tipuri nimuSebi Semkulia sxvadasxva kompoziciiTa

da gamosaxulebiT. yvelaze gavrcelebuli sqemaa - erT fir-

fitaze RvTismSoblis, meoreze ki jvarcmis gamosaxuleba,

rasac xSirad jvrisebr kompoziciasac uwodeben. mravladaa

SemorCenili, aseve, sxvadasxva wmindanTa gamosaxulebebiT

187

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

(wm. giorgi, wm. irine, wm. nikolozi, wm. stefane da sxv.) Semku-

li sanawileebic. mcirericxovania anikonuri (mcenareuli,

geometriuli motivebi) dekoris jvrebi. sanawileebi gvx-

vdeba erT mxares wmindanis, meoreze ki jvris dekoratiuli

gamosaxulebebiTac.

es `siriuli~, `siria-palestinuri~, `axloaRmosavluri~

enkolpionebi da `wminda miwis jvrebi~ _ ukve as welze metia

mkvlevarebis mier bizantiuri (farTo gagebiT) jvar-rel-

iqvariumebis Zalian didi da arasistematizebuli jgufis

aRmniSvnelad gamoiyeneba~

(Пескова А.А., Строкова Л. В.

Христианские древности Византии

в «Сирийской коллекции» Б.И.и

В.Н. Ханенко. СПб.: Петербургское

Востоковедение, 2012).

sanawile gulsakidi jvre-

bis warmoebis masiur xasia-

Tze ar qeologiuri gaTxrebis

Sedegad aRmoCenili jvrebis

simravlis garda, maTi mra-

valferovnebac metyvelebs. gansakuTrebiT izrdeba maTi

warmoeba xatmebrZoleobis periodis Semdeg (IX saukunis Sua

xanebidan).

xofuris sanawile jvari

188

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

marTalia, isini gansxvavdeba teqnikiT, stiliTa da

zogjer masaliTac, magram msgavsia ikonografiuli

TvalsazrisiT. rogorc n. pokrovski SeniSnavs, aq ar

iyo farTo Canafiqrisa da originaluri Semoqmedebis

dro. miT umetes, rom es sakulto-saritualo nivTebi

gamiznuli iyo ara mxolod dam-

kveTTaTvis, aramed, sazogadod

mravalricxovan morwmuneTaT-

vis. amitom xSirad jvrebi mzad-

deboda ara imdenad mxatvrebis,

ramdenadac xelosnebis mier _

sazogadod miRebuli Sablonebis

Sesabamisad (Покровский Н.

Евангелие въ памятниках иконографии,

преимущественно византииских и

русских, 1892 г. стр. 337).

jer kidev gasuli saukunis I naxevarSi g. CubinaSvili

yuradRebas amaxvilebda enkolpionTa Seswavlis aucile-

blobaze, ramdenadac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi isini

mniSvnelovani teqnikuri evoluciis suraTs warmoaCens

(g. CubinaSvili, `siriis barZimi uSgulSi~, saqarTvelos

muzeumis moambe XI-, Tbilisi, 1941 w.). n. kondakovis az-

riT ki, es nivTebi calke unda iqnas Seswavlili, arqe-

va

ni

s s

an

aw

il

e j

va

rc

mi

s g

am

os

ax

ul

eb

iT

189

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

ologiur masalaSi isini XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan

Cndeba, ramdenime aseuls aRwevs da aqedan gamomdinare,

sistematizacias saWiroebs. enkolpionTa daniSnulebis

Sesaxeb mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom sanawile jvrebi um-

Tavresad gamoiyeneboda ara gulsakidad, aramed sacecx-

luris TavsarTis Camosakideblad, riTic aixsneba aseTi

Zeglebis eklesiaTa nangrevebSi aRmoCenis xSiri faqtebi.

zemoaRniSnulis dasturs mecnieri jvrebis wyvil `yure-

bSi~ xedavs, romlebic zemodan da qvemodan ekvris Ziri-

Tad korpuss. n. kondakovis azriT, am yurebSi eyreboda

saSualo zomis jaWvi, romelzec magrdeboda sacecxlu-

ris saxuravi da ixsneboda moZraobis Sesabamisad. mkvl-

evari aqve gansazRvravs sanawile jvrebis tipologias da

maTi gavrcelebis periods – VI-XIV saukuneebs. misi dak-

virvebiT, uZvelesia brtyeli, kveTis teqnikiT Sesrule-

buli jvrebi daTariRebuli IX saukunemde periodiT,

Semdeg Cndeba inkrustirebuli da bolos, yvelaze gvian

– reliefurgamosaxulebebiani jvrebi. daaxloebiT XI

saukunidan kveTa icvleba Camosxmuli gamosaxulebebiT,

romlebic XII-XIII saukuneebSi enkolpionTa Semkulo-

bis TiTqmis erTaderTi xerxia. am dros moixaza msgavsi

jvrebis aRmoCenis arealic _ xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiro,

gansakuTrebiT misi aRmosavleT nawili (Кондаков Н.П.

190

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

Иконография Богоматери, т. I. С-Петербург, 1914 г. стр. 258-260).

v.zalesskaia bizantiis gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSi siri-

is rolis gansazRvrisas yuradRebas amaxvilebs enkol-

pionebzec. misi azriT, enkolpionTa warmoeba jer kidev

adreuli Sua saukuneebidan momdinareobs. mogvianebiT

ki, maT Zveli nimuSebis (adreuli ikonografiuli ti-

pebisa da stilisturi xerxebis) mibaZviT, TiTqmis XII

saukunemde amzadebdnen. mkvlevari gamoyofs, agreTve,

jvar-enkolpionebs gravirebuli gamosaxulebebiTa da

vercxlis inkrustaciiT, romelTac X-XI saukuneebiT

aTariRebs da Tvlis, rom isini VI-VII saukuneTa im pro-

totipebis mixedviTaa Seqmnili, romelTac Cvenamde ar

mouRwevia (Залесская В.Н. Сирииский художественный металл

византииского времени и его историческое значение (вопрос о

роли Сирии в прикладном искусстве Византии), Ленинград, 1970г.

стр.8-12). mkvlevari, aseve, aRniSnavs, rom `sazogadod

miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, aseTi jvrebis warmoebis cen-

trebi iyo siria da palestina, saidanac momlocvelebi

maT avrcelebdnen mTels qristianul samyaroSi, magram

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom X-XI saukuneebSi es terito-

riebi ar Sedioda bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi,

im mcire periodis gamoklebiT, roca roman II-is dros

siriis rigi olqebi gaaTavisufles arabebisagan, gamor-

191

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

icxuli ar aris rom isini mzad-

deboda konstantinepolSi, ma-

gram aRmosavluri tradiciis

mimdevrobiT~ (Залесская В.Н .

Часть бронзового креста-скл адня из

Херсонесса, ВВ. Т. XXV.. стр.173-

174).

mniSvnelovania, rom am l i t-

urgikuli nivTebis da m za deba

mxolod ga r kveul periodebs

ar mo i cavs. es procesi grZel-

deba sauk u neebis ganmavloba-

Si. Tavad jvris formis, dekoratiuli morTulobisa

da ikonografiuli programebis umniSvnelo cvlilebe-

biT. amasTan, xSirad saqme gvaqvs arqauli ikonografiis

gameorebasTan. rac, Tavis mxriv, arTulebs enkolpi-

onTa daTariRebas da xSirad maT vrcel qronologiur

CarCoebSi aqcevs. mniSvnelovania, rom arqeologiuri

gaTxrebis an SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebisas sanawile jvrebi

gamovlenilia rogorc sacxovreblebSi, ise samarxebSi,

Tumca es ukanaskneli umniSvnelo raodenobisaa da raime

saxis tendenciaze ar unda miuTiTebdes.

dawyebuli XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnidan, yofili bizan-

va

ni

s s

an

aw

il

e R

vT

is

mS

ob

li

s g

am

os

ax

ul

eb

iT

192

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

tiis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi damzadebuli

jvrebi, msoflios msxvili muzeumebis mier gamocemuli

katalogebis saSualebiT TandaTan cnobili da xelmi-

sawvdomi xdeba. ase magaliTad, b. pitarakisis brinjaos

gulsakidi jvar-reliqvariumebisadmi miZRvnil mono-

grafiaSi (2006w.) warmodgenilia Svidasamde nimuSi

anatoliis, saberZneTis, dasavleT evropis, amerikis

muzeumebidan da kerZo koleqciebidan (Brigitte Pitarakis.

Les croix-reliquaires pectorales byzantines en bronze. Paris, éd. A. et

J. Picard, 2006 (Bibliothèque des Cahiers Archéologiques. XVI). aq

`ganxiluli jvrebis 20%-s arqeologiuri konteqsti

aqvs, rac azustebs maT TariRs. ZiriTadad, isini XI sauku-

niT TariRdeba...~ (Пескова А.А., Строкова Л. В. dasax. naSr.).

samwuxarod, daudgenelia borjomis mxareTmcodneo-

bis muzeumSi daculi sanawile jvris aRmoCenis garemoe-

ba da, Sesabamisad, arqeologiuri konteqsti, rac Zeg-

lis Sesaxeb damatebiT informacias mogvawvdida. amitom

enkolpionis Seswavlis safuZveli Tavad jvris ikono-

grafiul-stilisturi Taviseburebebis analizia.

Cvenamde moRweuli sanawile jvrebis ikonografiaSi wa-

myvani adgili eTmoba wmindanTa orantis pozaSi gadmoce-

mas. aseTi gadawyveta tipuria zogadad sanawile jvrebis

dekoratiuli SemkulobisTvis da gansakuTrebiT gravi-

rebulgamosaxulebiani enkolpionebisTvis.

193

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

oranta gavrcelebulia rogorc calkeuli wminda-

nis gamosaxvisas, ise erT mxares jvarcmis, meoreze ki,

RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebaTa warmodenisas. amis Tval-

saCino nimuSebi saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculi

enkolpionebis magaliTzec SegviZlia ganvixiloT. oran-

tis garda, isini saerTo stilistur niSnebze, ikono-

grafiul sqemebsa da maTi gavrcelebis qronologiazec

dagvafiqrebs, rac borjomis muzeumSi dacul sanawiles-

Tan msgavsebis gamo ufro metad mniSvnelovania. esenia:

S. amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumSi dacu-

li xofuris sanawile jvari (saqarTvelos xelovnebis

muzeumis saganZuris fondi, #11296. brinjao, zoma 7X4

sm), romelic gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi moiZia da

saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeums usasyidlod gadasca

gurgen qurasbedianma (saxelwodeba jvris aRmoCenis ad-

gilidan momdinareobs - lentexis raionis sof. xofuri)

da s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos istoriis muzeum-

Si daculi vanis sanawile jvari (saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumis s.janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos istoriis

muzeumi. ̀ a~ fondi, inv.#1480. spilenZi, 10X5 sm (sakidebis

gareSe 6,8X5 sm). `motanilia e.v. ter-avetisianis mier

vanis vilaieTSi mowyobili eqspediciis Sedegad. aRmoCe-

nis adgili vanis vilaieTi~ (muzeumis sainventaro wigni)

dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoria).

194

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

IX-X saukuneebiT daTariRebuli es jvrebi (i. doliZe,

xofurisa da vanis sanawile jvrebi, stilistur-qro-

nologiuri sakiTxebi, xelovneba, #5-6, 1993 w. gv.87-99)

damzadebulia Camosxmis wesiT, CakveTil-gravirebuli

gamosaxulebebiT. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia berZnule-

novani warwerebi. borjomis muzeumis sanawile jvris-

gan gansxvavebiT xofurisa da vanis jvrebi sruli sax-

iTaa daculi. erT firfitaze jvarcmis, meoreze ki

orantis pozaSi gadmocemuli RvTismSoblis gamosax-

ulebebiT. Tvalis farTo WrilebiTa da wertilebiT

aRniSnuli gugebiT, gansxvavebiT borjomis sanawilis

figurisgan, sadac Tvalis farTo ovali SedarebiT mkve-

Tradaa CakveTili da gugis gareSea.

vanis sanawile jvari

195

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

jvarcma, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze metad gavrcele-

buli kompoziciaa, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsax-

urebs. qristianul ikonografiaSi jvarcmis or tips va-

devnebT Tvals. jvarcma cocxali macxovris warmoCeniT,

rogorc es vanis enkolpionzea da jvarcma gardacvlili

(an momakvdavi) qristes gamosaxulebiT, rogorc es xo-

furis jvarzea. `pirveli jvarcmis Teologiuri, dog-

maturi interpretaciaa: qriste triumfatori, qriste

gamarjvebuli, `qriste sikvdilisa sikvdiliTa dam-

Trgunveli~. jvarcmis meore tipi am Temis `realisturi~

asaxvaa. qriste Cveulebrivi adamiania, Cveulebrivi mo-

makvdavia da dogmaturi suraTis nacvlad aq `adamianuri

drama~ - tanjva-vaeba da sikvdilia warmodgenili~ (T.

sayvareliZe, XII saukunis qarTuli Weduri xelovnebis

istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1980 w. gv.31). xofuris jvarze

macxovari gardacvlilia - Tvalebi daxuWuli aqvs. tanT

usaxelo kolobiumi mosavs. Tavs ki jvruli Saravande-

di umSvenebs. qristes monograma IC XC sanawile jvris

horizontalur mklavze, macxovris xelebis qvemoTaa ga-

nawilebuli. xofurisgan gansxvavebiT, vanis sanawileze

macxovari cocxalia, Ria TvalebiT, nakawri wveriT, sax-

is dagrZelebuli ovaliTa da Tvalebisa da cxvir-piris

SemaerTebeli naxatiT. mis Tavs jvruli Saravandedi

196

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

amkobs. kiseri patara da moklea. tanT usaxelo, grZeli

kolobiumi mosavs, romelzec qvemoT daSvebuli xaze-

biT miTiTebulia klavi. terfebi aqac ferxTsayrdenzea

ganTavsebuli. qristes monograma (IC XC) warmodgenilia

horizontaluri RerZis marcxena nawilze. meore mxares

_ berZnuli warwera NIKA (gamarjveba). sigrZivi RerZis

zeda nawili, romelzec warwerebiani ficari unda iyos

mikruli, sami samkuTxedisgan Semdgari jvris formis

motiviTaa aqcentirebuli, is xofuris jvris jvarcmis

kompoziciis msgavsad, Sebrunebuli saxiTaa mocemuli.

amdenad, enkolpionebis wina pirze Cven jvarze gakrul

macxovars vxedavT, meore mxares - RvTismSoblis gamo-

saxulebas palmis totebiT. es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs,

rom Tavad sanawile jvris mxatvruli gaformebis idea

sikvdilis daTrgunvisa da masze gamarjvebis simboluri

azriTaa gajerebuli. Cven mier ganxilul orive jvarze

macxovari sikvdilze gamarjvebulia. rogorc Cans, am

droisaTvis gardacvlili qristes mxatvruli saxe, ro-

melic cocxali macxovris gamosaxulebis paralelurad

Cndeba, jer kidev ar warmoaCens tkivilebiT saxeSeW-

muxnilsa da tangaqzneqil qristes figuras, adamianuri

sawyisiT wina planze.

197

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

borjomis sanawile jvrisgan gansxvavebiT, vanis jvar-

ze RvTismSoblis saxe nikapTan mkveTrad dagrZelebul-

daviwroebuli ovaliT, xofuris jvris gamosaxule-

bas enaTesaveba. am ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT vanis

jvarze dekoratiulad da, imavdroulad, sqematuradaa

naCvenebi Tma, rac mas borjomis jvars amsgavsebs. xofu-

ris jvarze Tma ar isaxeba. RvTismSobels maforiumis

Tavsaburavi xuravs, romelic, imavdroulad, Saravande-

dis funqciasac asrulebs. dekoratiulad nimbiTaa Sem-

kuli borjomis jvris gamosaxulebac, romelic savarau-

dod mamakacs unda asaxavdes, amaze miuTiTebs wveric.

xofurisa da vanis sanawile jvrebis gamosaxulebaTa

Tavze jvrebia mocemuli, rac maT wmindanobas aRniSnavs.

vanis jvris SemTxvevaSi berZnuli warweriT – IYHTPXP.

T. yauxCiSvili wignSi `berZnuli warwerebi saqarTvelo-

Si~ (Tbilisi, 1951 w.gv. 271-272) sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom

`saqarTvelos muzeumis istoriis ganyofilebaSi aris

spilenZis jvari vanidan, zed orive mxares amokawrulia

adamianebi SaravndiT. erT mxares TiTqos aris jvarcma.

mis xelebqveS weria ... iesu qriste, Zleva. meore mxares

adamianis Tavze weria: I...TPXP. nivTi XVI-XVII saukunee-

bze adrindeli ar unda iyos.~ amJamad warweris yvela

aso ikiTxeba. vfiqrobT igi sanawile jvris damzadebis

198

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

Tanadrouli unda iyos. warweris adgili saerTo kom-

poziciaSi Tavidanve Cans gansazRvruli. Sesabamisad,

misi gviani Sua saukuneebiT daTariReba umarTebulod

gveCveneba. miT ufro Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sanawile

jvrebi am droisaTvis ukve aRar gvxvdeba. figurebs

orive jvarze grZeli stola mosavs, welamde gadmofe-

nili maforiumis kalTebiT. ise rogorc es borjomis

muzeumis sanawilezea. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, jvar-

reliqvariumebis gamosaxulebaTa mniSvnelovani Sinaar-

sobrivi da ikonografiuli Tavisebureba orantis gamo-

saxulebaa. rogorc morwmuneTa sulis gamoxatuleba igi

uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili. jer kidev qristianobis

gavrcelebis pirvel xanebSi micvalebulTa suls oran-

tis saxiT gamosaxvdnen. asea katakombebis mxatvrobaSi,

sanawile jvari sof. Zevridan

199

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

magaliTad, romis priscilas katakombis velatos kubi-

kulis moxatulobaSi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, aseve, rom

gavrcelebuli varaudiT, oranta, rogorc es Zvelqris-

tianul periodSi iyo, ierusalimis taZris msaxuri wmin-

da qalwulis an RvTismSoblis, rogorc pirveli dia-

koni qalis saxes warmoaCens (Кондаков Н.П. Иконография

Богоматери, т. II. Петроград, 1915 г. стр. 69).

saqarTveloSi mravlad Semodioda iseTi liturgikuli

da sakulto nivTebi, rogorebicaa siria-palestinuri

brinjaos sacecxlurebi da bizantiuri gulsakidi jvrebi

_ enkolpionebi. maTi `saqarTveloSi gavrceleba, ufro

zustad ki aRmosavlur-qristianul centrebSi Seqmnili

liturgikuli nivTebis arseboba savsebiT kanonzomierad

Cans, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTuli qristianobis aR-

mosavlur warmomavlobas~ (k. maCabeli, brinjaos sacecx-

lurebi saqarTveloSi, xelovneba, 6, 1991 w. gv.43).

sanawile jvrebze kveTiT Sesrulebul pirobiT gamo-

saxulebebSi wamyvania primitiuli, sqematuri naxati.

gamomsaxvelobiTi enis mkafiod gamovlenili sibrtyo-

briv-grafikuli maneriTa da dekoratiulobisadmi

miswrafebiT, razec TvalnaTliv metyvelebs figura-

Ta samosisa da nimbis damuSavebis principi formebis

gamokveTili geometrizaciiTa da danawevrebiT.

200

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

aRsaniSnavi da saxasiaToa, aseve, is uzustobani, rom-

lebic gamosaxulebaTa amokveTa-damuSavebaSi iCens Tavs.

acdenili, konturs gadasuli, zog adgilas gaormagebu-

li xazebiT, xelebze arazusti raodenobis TiTebiTa da

zogadi miniSnebebiT.

sanawile jvrebis gamomsaxvelobiTi, mxatvruli ena

ukiduresad gamartivebuli da sqematuria, gadmocemis

xazobriv-grafikuli maneriT, rac bunebrivad da logi-

kurad aRiqmeba xatmebrZoleobis (VIII s. da IX s. I nax.) das-

rulebis Semdeg. imdenad didia simbolizmis mniSvneloba

sazogadod am periodis xelovnebaSi, rom gamosaxuleba

garkveuli niSan-simbolo xdeba.

saxviTi enis paralelurad mniSvnelovania, Tavad

jvris formac. Cven mier ganxiluli sanawileebi mklave-

bgafarToebuli jvrebia (borjomis muzeumis sanawile

jvars Tanabari siganis qimebi aqvs). qronologiurad

isini XI saukunemde gvxvdeba. Semdegi periodidan vr-

celdeba ufro rTuli formis _ qimebmomrgvalebuli an

samnawiledi daboloebis jvrebi. icvleba maTi Semkobis

xerxic. Warbobs Camosxmis wesiT Sesrulebuli jvrebi

(Залесская В.Н. Часть бронзового креста складня из Херсонеса,

ВВ. 1964 г. стр.173).

mravladaa msgavsi formis jvrebi aRmoCenili Crdil-

oeT kavkasiisa da ruseTis teritoriebze. isini farTod

201

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

yofila aq gavrcelebuli XI-XIII saukuneebSi. s.janaSias

saxelobis saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmwifo muzeumSi

daculia rusuli warmomavlobis jvarcmis gamosaxule-

biani enkolpionis erTi nawili (`a~ fondi, `16~ md. mal-

kis napirebidan. zomebia 7,3 X 5,3 sm). misi oTxive qimi mom-

rgvalebulia da Semkulia medalionSi Casmul wmindanTa

biusturi gamosaxulebebiT, rac sazogadod damaxasi-

aTebelia am periodis rusuli warmoebis jvrebisaTvis.

Camosxmis wesiTaa, aseve, Sesrulebuli amave muze-

umSi daculi enkolpioni (sainventaro @#a22. brinjao,

6X4,5 sm enkolpioni, napovnia yofili quTaisis mazraSi,

sof. ZevrSi, md. ZirulasTan tarielis xeobaSi. Semowira

meTode qaTamaZem Cxaridan, 1891 wels). erT mxares jvarc-

muli macxovrisa da avazakebis, meoreze _ nikopeas ti-

pis RvTismSoblisa da mTavarangelozTa gamosaxulebe-

biT. am ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT, borjomis, vanisa

da xofuris jvrebi erTi stilisturi mimarTulebis _

brtyel, gravirebulgamosaxulebiani jvar-reliqvari-

umebis _ jgufs ganekuTvneba da qronolgiuradac ufro

arqaulia.maTi saerTo niSnebia: figuraTa mkacri fron-

taloba, pirobiTad gaazrebuli garemos warmoCeniT,

gamokveTili sibrtyobriv-grafikuli manera, romelic

Tavs iCens ara marto samosis, aramed sazogadod figura-

202

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

Ta gadawyvetaSi.aseve, niSandoblivia am tipis Zeglebi-

sTvis metyveli, gamomsaxveli saxeebi, rac Jestebisa

da proporciebis an sxeulis romelime nawilis mkafio

utrirebiT miiRweva. es stilisturi niSnebi mWidrod

akavSirebs erTmaneTTan ara marto borjomis muzeumis,

vanisa da xofuris sanawile jvrebs, aramed qristianu-

li aRmosavleTidan momdinare amave jgufis Zeglebs.

ase magaliTad, naTelia, rom erTi prototipis mixed-

viT aris Seqmnili xofurisa da vanis sanawile jvrebi.

msgavsi kompoziciur-dekoratiuli gadawyvetis mag-

aliTi ramdenadme garTulebuli ikonografiuli sqemiT

(RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebasTan damatebuli mTavaran-

gelozTa figurebi) warmodgenilia georgios colozi-

dis katalogSi `koleqcioneris TvaliT danaxuli bizan-

tia~ (saberZneTis kulturis saministro, aTeni, 2001 w.

berZnul enaze) #32 sanawile jvarze (spilenZi, 8,5 X4,7

sm). Tumca aRsaniSnavia am ukanasknelis damuSavebis uki-

duresad sqematuri xasiaTi. aq warmodgenili spilenZis

Camosxmuli sanawile jvrebi jvarcmis, orantis pozaSi

gadmocemuli RvTismSoblisa da sxvadasxva wmindanis (wm.

nikolozi, wm. giorgi) gravirebuli gamosaxulebebiT XI-

XII saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli, rac adasturebs jvar-

reliqvariumebis ikonografiuli sqemebisa da dekora-

203

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

tiuli SemkobisTvis mza nimuSebis xangrZlivi periodis

ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebis faqts.

sainteresoa, rom ikonografiul sqemaTa msgavsebis para-

lelurad gvxvdeba identuri nimuSebic. aseTia, xofuris

sanawile jvris zusti analogi daculi bizantiuri kul-

turis muzeumSi (saberZneTi, Tesaloniki). IX saukuniT da-

TariRebuli am nimuSis mixedviTaa Sesrulebuli sanawile

jvris replika ukve XX saukunis II naxevarSi (http://www.

greekjewelryshop.com/byzantine_crosses.html), rac TavisTavad sain-

tereso faqtia. gvxvdeba, aseve, vanis jvar-reliqvariumis

ikonografiuli sqemis sanawileebic daTariRebuli VIII-XI

saukuneebiT (http://www.ancienttouch.com/crosses_and_enkolpia.htm

http://www.ancientcoinage.org/judea-capta--jewish-war-coin-types.html).

IX-XII saukuneebs ekuTvnis Tesalonikis bizantiuri kultu-

ris muzeumSi eqsponirebuli aTeulobiT gravirebuli Tu

Camosxmis wesiT damzadebuli jvar-reliqvariumi tipuri

ikonografiuli kompoziciebiTa da Sesrulebis teqnikiT.

brinjaos sacecxlurebisa da tyviis ampulebis ms-

gavsad, gulsakidi jvrebic wminda adgilebSi Casuli mTe-

li saqristianos momlocvelTaTvis samaxsovro nivTebad

iTvleboda da farTod vrceldeboda mTel msoflioSi.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Catanili es wminda sagnebi iqceoda im

sasu rvel nimuSebad, ro m elTac saukuneTa gan mavlobaSi

204

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

baZavd nen qristian-

uli samyaros sx-

vadasxva ku T xeSi

(k.maCabeli, brinjaos

sacecxlu rebi saqa-

rTveloSi, xelovneba,

#6, 1991 w. gv. 43).

ra Tqma unda, dRes

Znelia msjel oba ad-

g i lobrivadaa da mz-

a d e buli sanawile

jv r ebis Cven mier

gan xiluli nimuSebi

uk ve SemuSavebuli

m za ikongrafiuli

sqe mebis safuZvelze

Tu Semotanili, vi-

sa

na

wi

le

jv

re

bi

bi

za

nt

iu

ri

ku

lt

ur

is

mu

ze

um

id

an

Te

sa

lo

ni

kS

i

sanawile jvari, colozidis katalogi, N34

205

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

naidan siriuli ikonografiuli da stilisturi niSnebi

Tavs iCens rogorc bizantiis dedaqalaqidan momdinare,

ise amierkavkasiaSi, yirimsa da egvipteSi gamovlenil

Zeglebzec (Залесская В.Н. Сирииский художественный металл

византииского времени и его историческое значение (вопрос о

роли Сирии в прикладном искусстве Византии), Ленинград, 1970

г. стр.18), rac vfiqrobT TvalsaCinod gamoixata Cven mier

ganxiluli nimuSebis magaliTzec. marTalia, sanawile

jvrebis formasa da dekorSi xangrZlivi drois ganma-

vlobaSi myarad SenarCunebuli arqauli ikonografi-

uli sqemebi da gamosaxvis xerxebi, xSirad ar iZleva maTi

zustad daTariRebis SesaZleblobas, magram mxatvruli

amocanisadmi midgomis, damuSavebis, ikonografiuli ti-

pebisa da stilisturi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

borjomis muzeumis sanawile jvari IX-XI saukuneebis ti-

puri nimuSi da saerTo suliskveTebiTac am epoqis mxat-

vruli gemovnebis Tanaziaria.

206206

merab boWoiZe

xerTvisis cixe-darbazi erT-erTi kargad Semonaxuli

safortifikacio nagebobaa saqarTveloSi, mdebareobs

aspinZis municipalitetSi, qvemo javaxeTSi, istoriulad

ori mtkvris - mdinare mtkvrisa da javaxeTis mtkvris

SesarTavTan. vaxuSti batoniSvilis sityvebiT: “sad erT-

vis mtkuars javaxeTis mtkuari, am or mdinares Soris ars

xerTvisi, mtkuris aRmosavleT kideze da javaxeTis mt-

kuris samxriT. da Seni ars aqa cixe friad magari”. misi

saxelwodebac adgilmdebareobas ukavSirdeba. xerTvisi

xanmetobis periodis sityvaa da ZvelqarTulad Sesar-

Tavs niSnavs.

xerTvisSi uZvelesi periodis naSTebia, rac imis miman-

iSnebelia, rom is dasaxlebuli iyo manam, sanam aq cixe

aSendeboda, anu jer kidev Zveli, adreuli xanidan. xerT-

visis agebis TariRis Sesaxeb saistorio wyaroebSi cno-

bebi ar moipoveba. gadmocemiT cnobilia, rom xerTvisis

cixe-darbazis eklesias daTariRebuli (985 w.) warwera

hqonda. cixe-darbazi X saukuneSi unda iyos agebuli.

momdevno periodSi nageboba araerTxel ganaaxles. sau-

kuneTa ganmavlobaSi icvlebodnen misi mflobelebic.

Tavdapirvelad xerTvisi samefo cixe iyo. XIV saukune-

Si mis mflobelad gvevlineba mefis molareTuxucesi za-

xerTvisis cixe

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

207

qaria qamqamiSvili, romelsac 1354-1356 wlebSi aq augia

koSki da galavani. amis mauwyebelia cixis Sesasvlelis

karze, amJamad ukve dakarguli warwera, magram warweris

teqsti cnobilia: “saxeliTa RvTisaTa, oxiTa da Sewevni-

Ta wmidisa mSoblisa RvTisaTa, mindobiTa wmidisa ioane

maxaroblisaTa, viwye mefeT-mefisa molareTuxucesma

zaqaria, Zeman qamqamisSvilisman, ofelman koSki da gala-

vani ese qronikonsa mb gavaTaveT md. gulxine, amin”.

gvian Sua saukuneebSi xerTvisis mepatroneebad amat-

akisSvilebi gvevlinebian. 1578 wels xerTviss osmalebi

daepatronnen, romlebmac igi livisa da sanjayis cen-

trad aqcies.

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

208

1624 wels giorgi saakaZem, xolo 1771 wels mefe er-

eklem aiRo xerTvisis cixe, magram misi SenarCuneba verc

erTma SeZlo. istorikos oman xerxeuliZis gadmocemiT:

ereklem “xerTvisis cixidam mcvelni gamoiyvana. iqidam

jarma tyve da saqoneli mravali gamoatanes. xerTvisi qa-

laqi iyo. iq sul mdidari xalxi esaxlnen”.

xerTvisi osmalebisagan gaTavisuflda 1829 wels,

rodesac adrianopolis xelSekrulebis mixedviT

Turqebma xerTvisis cixe ruseTs gadasces.

xerTvisis cixe Sedgeba citadelisa da galavnisa-

gan. citadeli kldis viwro Txems miuyveba. Crdilo-aR-

mosavleTidan igi miuwvdomelia. burjebiani zRudiT

SemosazRvruli citadelis Sida teritoria ramdenime

monakveTadaa dayofili. aq aris mcire darbazuli tip is

eklesia da sxva n a-

gebobaTa na STe bi.

samxreTida n da

na wilobriv aR m-

o s avleTidan mas

a k ravs galava ni;

ci xis Crdilo-

da savleTiT wya-

l ze Ca sasvleli

gvirab ia. xerTv i-

sTan ax lo saa te-

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

209

rasebi, ganTqmuli xilis baRebiT.

xerTvisis cixis dasavleTis koSki mrgvalwaxnagovania,

me-10 saukunisa, aRmosavleTis ki - xuTwaxnaga, is cita-

delSi yvelaze amaRlebul adgilze dgas da gamorCeu-

lad maRalia, garda amisa, arsebobs gviandeli samxreTis

koSkic.

dasavleT da aRmosavleT koSkebTan dakavSirebiT, ze-

pirsityvierebaSi SemorCenilia legenda ostatisa da

misi Segirdis Sesaxeb. legendis sizuste sadavoa, radgan

meore koSki gacilebiT gviandeli periodisaa pirvelze,

magram xalxSi amboben, rom aRmosavleTis koSki dasav-

leTis koSkis aRmSeneblis Segirds augia. es xuTwaxnaga

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

210

koSki swored imiT aris unikaluri, rom saqarTveloSi

analogi TiTqmis ar eZebneba. mis mexuTe waxnagSi asasv-

leli kibea ganTavsebuli.

xerTvisi tipuri cixe-qalaqia. citadelSi gamagreb-

ulni gaxldnen feodalebi, anu maRali ierarqebi, qveda

cixeSi ki dabanakebulni iyvnen meomrebi, garnizoni da a.S.

omianobis dros pirvel dartymas qveda cixe igeriebda,

Sesabamisad, citadelSi Sesvla mtrisTvis sakmaod rTu-

li xdeboda. orive - zeda da qveda cixeebs mtkvrisken Ca-

mavali saidumlo gvirabebi aqvs. gvirabebis saSualebiT

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

211

SesaZlebeli iyo saidumlod gasvla cixeebidan, garda

amisa, iq myofTa wyliT momarageba. am Caketili gvirabebis

konstruqcia sakmaod sainteresoa da rTuli arqiteqtu-

riT gamoirCeva. dasavleTis vertikaluri gvirabi Ses-

aniSnavad morgebulia kldes da qvemoT, im mrgvalzurg-

iani koSkSisken miemarTeba, romelSic mowyobili iyo Wa.

SedarebiT horizontalurad dagegmarebulia ufro aR-

mosavleTiT mdebare zeda cixis gvirabi. is, savaraudod,

zeda cixes amaragebda wyliT.

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

212

warsulSi nebismieri safortifikacio nageboba mud-

mivad moiTxovda aRdgena-ganaxlebas. sxvagvarad misi

SenarCunebaSeuZlebeli iyo. xerTvissac etyoba sx-

vadasxva periodis saaRmSeneblo fenebi. rom araferi

vicodeT misi istoriis Sesaxeb, mxolod arqiteqturis

mixedviT SeiZleba garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana.

sabrZolo xerxebisa da iaraRis ganviTarebac moi-

T xovda cvlilebebis Setanas adre agebul saforti-

fikacio nagebobaSi. rogorc cnobilia, XV saukunemde

cecxlsasroli iaraRi saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda. Sesa-

bamisad, am dromde arc ambrazurebi gvxvdeba. asea xerT-

visSic. misi adreuli fenebi saTofurebsa da sazarba-

zneebs ar Seicavs.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xerTvisi ara marto simagre,

aramed feodalis rezidenciac iyo. aqedan gamomdinare,

cxovrebis wesis cvla da sacxovreblis ganviTarebac mo-

qmedebda nagebobaze. am mxriv xerTvisis cixe-darbazze

yvela mflobelma Seitana garkveuli cvlilebebi. dam-

kveTebi maRali wris saero pirebi da aq xangrZlivad Casa-

xlebuli dampyroblebi iyvnen.

strategiulad metad mniSvnelovani mdebareobis gamo

xerTvisis cixe-darbazs mTel feodaluri xanis ganmav-

lobaSi ar daukargavs funqcia. Sesabamisad, mis aRdgena-

ganaxlebebsac didi xnis istoria aqvs.

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

213

mSvidobiani periodis dadgomis Semdeg xerTvisma

funqcia dakarga da mxolod 1980-1988 ww. Catarebuli

sarestavracio samuSaoebis dros (proeqtis avtori mer-

ab boWoiZe) gamococxlda cixe-darbazi da misi Semoga-

reni. swored am periodSia aRdgenili kedlebis didi

nawili. 2014 wlidan saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvi-

dreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento xerTvisis cixis ga-

naxlebas - dasavleT koSkis, sasaxlisa da sxva avariuli

nawilebis reabilitacias gegmavs.

xerTvisi mudam moiazreboda saintereso turistul

obieqtad. varZiisken mimavali sazogadoeba gulgrili

arasdros dautovebia xerTvisis cixis mSvenierebas. mas

uzarmazari potenciali aqvs da damsaxurebulad Sei-

Zleba daikavos erT-erTi wamyvani adgili turizmis gan-

viTarebis segmentSi.

fotoebi gadaRebulia merab boWoiZis mier.

214214

kaxa ximSiaSvili

vin aRar yofila xevsureTSi... umravlesoba piriqiTa xe-

vsureTs midis da arc Tu usafuZvlod, radgan swored iq

elis mnaxvels xevsureTis ZiriTadi RirsSesaniSnaobani -

Satili, muco, ardoti. Tumca, am bolo dros piraqeTa xe-

vsureTSi, abdelauris tbebze amsvlelTa raodenobamac

imata, gasagebi mizezis gamo - Wauxebis Zirs mibjenili sami

patara, samive sxvadasxva feris - mwvane, lurji da TeTri

tba, marTlac saucxoo sanaxavia.

xevsureTSi naklebad popularuli adgilebic arsebobs,

Tumca isinic saocaria... saocari - silamaziT, saocari - is-

xevsureTigorSeRma xevi

bacaligo

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

215

toriiT, saocari - andrezebiT.1 swored aseTi saocari adg-

ilia gorSeRma, xevsureTis aragvis saTave, nawili bude xev-

sureTisa. am xeobaSi samanqano gza gudanidan Sedis. gorSeRma

ramdenime sofels aerTianebs - winxadusa da ukanxadus, ata-

bes, Cxubas, zeisteCos, bacaligos. soflebi dacarielebu-

lia, zafxulSi TiTo-orola ojaxi Tu stumrobs, zamTarSi

ki (rogorc miTxres), mxolod erTi kaciRa rCeba.

gudanidan sul ramdenime kilometrSi, jer sofel Cxubas

gaivliT, Semdeg miadgebiT bacaligos, swored im bacaligos,

sadac Tinibeqa cxovrobda, romlis koSkis saZirkveli axlac

gorSegmis xevi

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

216

SeiZleba ixiloT da romelic ase brwyinvaled Semogvinaxa

folklorma:

~zen bacaligos Tovlsa Tovs,

qven bacaligos Srebisa,

TinibeqaurT cixesa

kuTxe marjvena skdebisa.

zeda zis Savi yorani,

liboSi gveli Zvrebisa,

Siga wevs Tinibeqai,

gulsuwadinod kvdebisa,

gverds uzis coli lamazi,

sanTeliviTa dnebisa.~abudelauri TeTri tba

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

217

Semdeg SemogxvdebaT sofeli atabe, gzad ki dainaxavT

mopirdapire ferdze gadafenil winxadus. gorSeRmas xeobi-

dan, SesaZlebelia gadasvla arxotis TemSi, tanies tbasTan,

xolo anatoris Reles gavliT, guroTi piriqiTaSi, giorgi

wmindasTan, aseve sofel roSkaSi.

gorSeRmas xeobas medidurad dahyurebs crolis mTa. es

is mTaa, romelic qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, aleqsandre

makedonelma mis mier qarTlis mmarTvelad dadgenil azos

qarTlis samefos CrdiloeTis sazRvrad daudo.

crolis mTa erT-erTi yvelaze mistikuri adgilia xev-

sureTSi. xevsurebs sjeraT, rom swored crolis mTa iyo

aisi - Wauxebi

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

218

dedamiwis Sua samani (anu niSnis qva). crolis mTaze gax-

ldaT sanebis (samebis) mTavari salocavi, romelsac misi

ymani moixsenieben, rogorc ”mfrinao angelozi, batono

sanebav croliswverisao”. andrezebis mixedviT, crolis

sanebis ymebma icodnen, rom saneba crolis mTis wverze

iyo da, miuxedavad amisa, xevsruni mxolod garkveul adg-

ilamde adiodnen crolis mTaze da iq swiravdnen SeTqmul

saklavs. upiratesoba saklaviT asulTa Soris eniWebodaT

wul-maxvewurT, anu maT, vinc vaJiSvilis SeZenas sTxovda

sanebas. saklavis Sewirvis win xucesi gaikiTxavda, vin iyo

wulT-maxvewuri da pirvel rigSi maT saklavs swiravda, mx-

muco

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

219

olod Semdeg - danarCenebisas.

mijna, romlis iqiTac xevsurebi aRar Sediodnen, daax-

loebiT im adgilidan iwyeba, sadac balaxi mTavrdeba,

romlis zemoTac naSalia, TiTqmis qviSad qceuli sipi.

aseT tabuirebul adgils, sadac adamianis Sesvla ar Sei-

Zleboda, xevsurebi mkvrivs uwodeben. crolis mTis wver-

ic mkvrivia. masSi SemTxveviT moxvedrili monadire Tavs

movaled Tvlida, yovel wels saklavi Seewira da patieba

eTxova crolis sanebisTvis imisTvis, rom mkvrivSi avida.

andrezis mixedviT, mTis wverze, swored mkvrivSi iyo

darbazi (darbasi) da saqvabe. andrezi imasac mogviTxrobs,

muco

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

220

rom am utyeo adgilas saklavi qvabSi ucecxlod ixarSebo-

da da zamTarSi asul xalxs iq ar scioda.

2013 wels andrezSi naxsenebi darbazis naSTebis sanaxavad

mcire eqspedicia moewyo. cxadia, eqspediciis wevrebi crolis

mTis wveramde unda avsuliyaviT. crolis mTaze asvlis neba

xucesma dagvrTo da avuyeviT aRmarTs. aRmarTi sakmaod kar-

gad gatkepnili bilikiT iwyeba, daaxloebiT mTis Suawelze

niSia gamarTuli. mivuaxlovdiT mijnas, romlis iqiTac mkvri-

vi iwyeba da, bunebrivia, bilikic daikarga. mivaRwieT Txems,

sadac wesiT unda yofiliyo andrezebSi naxsenebi nagebobaTa

naSTebi, Tumca, samwuxarod, araferi aRmoCnda.

ai, xedebi ki marTlac gasaocari gaxlavT. sadRac Sors

vxedavdiT Jinvalis wyalsacavs, sxva mxares - Wauxebs. gan-

sakuTrebul xibls iqaurobas matebda SegrZnebac imisa,

rom iseT adgilas viyaviT, sadac adamians didi xania fexi

ar daudgams... gorSeRmaSi maspinZelic gansakuTrebuli

dagvxvda - atabeli xucesi petre gogoWuri.

vinc crolis mTaze asvlas gadawyvets, pativi unda sces

xevsurTa rwmenasa da tradiciebs da mkvirvSi ar unda avides,

an ki asvlis nebarTva iTxovos xucesisagan.

1andrezi - xevsurul zepirsityvierebaSi samagaliTod

Semonaxuli ambavi laSqroba-mesisxleobis, gmirobisa da

laCrobis, Temis an bWeebis gadawyvetilebisa da sxva Sem-

TxvevaTa Sesaxeb, erTgvari moralur-iuridiuli Segoneba.

Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda zepiri moTxrobis an leq-

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

221

sis saxiT. xSirad mas precedentis Zala hqonda; mniS-

vnelovan rols asrulebda CveulebiTi samarTlis Se-

qmnaSi da misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro iyo. bWeebis

gadawyvetilebis gansamtkiceblad da andrezis dasa-

maxsovreblad mesisxleTa Semrigeblebisagan special-

ur pirebs niSnavdnen, romelTac ~andrezis Sesanaxi~

gasamrjelo eZleodaT (vikipedia).

fotoebi gadaRebulia kaxa ximSiaSvilis mier.

Satili

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

222

omar lanCava, roland isakaZe, Salva buaZe

bagratis taZris mecnierul kvlevas safuZveli di-

ubua de monperem (XIX s-is 30-iani wlebi) Cauyara.

quTaisis siZveleebis arqeologiuri Seswavlis

sakiTxi, jer kidev kavkasiis arqeologiis moyvaruli

sazogadoebis gaxsnisas, a. berJem wamoWra. 1880 wlis 18

noembers ruseTis V arqeologiuri yrilobis mosamza-

debel komitets giorgi wereTelma warudgina moxseneba

quTaisSi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Sesaxeb.

imave xanebSi bagratis taZarSi arqeologiuri sa-

muSaoebi Cautarebia quTaisis gimnaziis direqtors e.

stoianovs.

1951 wels prof. vaxtang cincaZis xelmZRvanelobiT

nangrevebisgan gaiwminda taZris interieri da fasadebi.

samuSaoebSi monawileobda arqeologi aleqsandre ra-

miSvili. imave wels taZarSi gaWril 20-de sadazvervo

TxrilSi Tavi iCina taZramdeli fenebis naSTebma.

arqeologiuri kvlevis axali etapi iwyeba 1984 wli-

dan. quTaisis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (prof. oTar

lorTqifaniZe, prof. omar lanCava) taZris garSemo aR-

moaCina galavnis, karibWis, sasuliero pirTa senakebis,

bagratis arqeologia

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

223

Ria da daxuruli marnebis, sawnax-

elisa da sxva nagebobaTa naSTebi.

2005-2012 wlebSi taZris reabil-

itaciis procesis paralelurad

interiersa da ezoSi Catarebulma

samuSaoebma gamoavlina sxvadasxva

epoqisa da daniSnulebis pirvelx-

arisxovani Zeglebi.

arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad

dadginda, bagratis taZris ezosa

da mimdebare teritoriaze (`arq-

ielis gora~) uZvelesi dasaxlebis

naSTebi q. w. II aTaswleulis Suax-

anebidan Cndeba [lanCava o., isakaZe

r. 2007: 15-19., lanCava 2007: 34-42.,

lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvi-

li d., WumburiZe m., qarciZe n. 2010:

68; lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2010a: 4-13;

lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili

d., buaZe S. 2012: 11-12]. jerjerobiT

mcire monakveTze Seswavlil kulturul

fenaSi gamovlenilia riyis qvisa da kaJis iaraRebi, Savad da

movardisfrod gamomwvari keramikis fragmentebi.

momdevno epoqa warmodgenilia q.w. VIII-VII ss-is im vrceli

namosaxlariT, romelic Tavis droze TiTqmis mTlianad far-

suraTi 1, 2, 3

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

224

avda quTaisis gorak-borcviani zolis centralur nawils

`gabaSvilis goridan~ -`arqielis goramde~.

taZris interiersa da ezoSi dadasturebulia 3 metramde

simZlavris kulturuli fena xis nagebobebis naSTebiT.

gairCeva ori stilis Senoba:

1. erT metramde simaRlis momrgvalebuli formis ormos

garSemo aRmarTuli, TixiT Selesili Zeluri an wnuli

2. imave teqnikiT qvis erTriga fundamentebze agebuli

Senobebi, maT Soris erTi orsaTavsianic .

gamovlenilia adrerkinis xanis mravalricxovani kolx-

uri keramika, TixiT naZerwi adamianisa da cxvris qandakebe-

bi, sadazedapiriani sabeWdavebi da kvirisTavebi ([lanCava o.,

isakaZe r. 2007: 15-19., lanCava o. 2007: 34-42., lanCava o., isakaZe

r., berZeniSvili d., WumburiZe m., qarciZe n. 2010: 68; lanCava

o., isakaZe r. 2010a: 4-13; lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili

d., buaZe S. 2012: 11-12]).

sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa taZris interi-

eris gaTxrebisas gamovlenili adreqristianuli arqiteq-

turis Zeglebi.

q.S. IV s-Si or etapad agebuli cixe-qalaqis [lanCava o. 1996:

80-91., lanCava o. 2007: 109-111] centralur nawilSi iq, sadac

dRes bagratis taZari dgas, augiaT didi zomis samnaviani ba-

zilika [lanCava 2007: 112-113., isakaZe 2009: 138-153., lanCava

o., isakaZe r. 2010a: 4-13; lanCava o. 2012: 11-15]. miuxedavad

imisa, rom misi adreve dazianebuli kedlebis qsovili mom-

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

225

devno epoqebis samSeneblo fenebiTaa gadafaruli, moxerxda

wagrZelebuli marTkuTxedis formis (gare zomebi narTeq-

sisa da minaSenebis CaTvliT 38X29 m) nagebobis gegmisa da in-

terieris mowyobis calkeuli elementebis dadgena. (bagra-

tis taZris arqeologiuri kvlevis procesSi gamovlenili

Zeglebi sxvadasxva dros azomes: g. grZeliZem, m. yaraSvilma,

iv. gremelaSvilma, m. gelaSvilma, n. inwkirvelma, e. narouS-

vilma, m. kvicianma, T. vaxtangaZem, m. WlikaZem, S. buaZem, r.

isakaZem).

am bazilikis naosis (interierSi 26,7X12 m) orive mxareze

dafiqsirebulia misi Tanadrouli sworkuTxa minaSenebi.

CrdiloeTis minaSeni ornawiliania: araswori oTxkuTxedis

formis sanaTlavi (interierSi daaxl. 8,9X5,7 m sur. 5-9) da

masze dasavleTidan midgmuli damxmare saTavsi (interierSi

daaxl. 5,3X4 m). sanaTlavis aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeTis

suraTi 4

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

226

kedlebs Signidan gasdevs aguriT naSeni arxi, romelic sanaT-

lavis dasavleT nawilSi hidravlikuri xsnariT mopirkeTe-

bul auzSi ixsneba. samxreTis saTavsis (interierSi daaxl.

7,1X6,1 m) funqciis garkveva kvlevis am etapze ar xerxdeba.

gamovlenilia bazilikis narTeqsic (interierSi daaxl.

12X6,4m ). misi dasavleTis kedlis centrSi kirxsnariT mole-

sili 2 metramde siganis karis zRurbli da xis CarCos Casa-

dgmeli cilindruli foso dadasturda. narTeqsis kari

SigniT iReboda. imave zomis, albaT orfrTiani karis naSTi

dafiqsirda naosis dasavleTis kedelis SuaSi. kidev erTi

kari CrdiloeTis kedlis dasavleT nawilSi yofila, romlis

meSveobiTac damxmare saTavsis gavliT naosidan sanaTlavSi

SeiZleboda moxvedra.

bazilikis centraluri navis aRmosavleT nawilSi

suraTi 5

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

227

gamoikveTa marTkuTxa formis sakurTxeveli (interierSi

8X5,4 m), romlis orive mxares, gverdiTa navebis gayolebaze

aseve marTkuTxa moxazulobis viwro (interierSi 8X2 m) saT-

avsebis (pirobiTad pastoforiumebi) gegma ikiTxeba.

analogiuradaa mowyobili nekresis naqalaqaris Wabukau-

ris bazilikis (IV s.) sakurTxevlis monakveTi [baxtaZe 2010:

210]. sakurTxevlis monakveTis aseTi mowyoba arc Tu iSvia-

Tad dasturdeba CrdiloeT siriisa da palestinis, mesopo-

tamiisa da egviptis adrindel bazilikebze [baxtaZe 2010: 210.

iqve literatura].

naosis karis Crdi-

loeTis CarCosa da

sa kurTxevlis cent-

raluri da Crdil-

oeTis saTavsebis

gamyofi kedlis win

erT xazze ganlage-

buli kuTxeebmom-

rgvalebuli ori or-

mos (zomebi daaxl.

0,45X0,45 m, h=0,4-0,5

suraTi 6

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

228

m) naSTi gaiwminda. erTi maTganis fskerSi uformo qvis fila

ido. SedarebiT mcire zomis natexi qvebi ormoSi sxvadasxva

simaRlezec dafiqsirda. sakurTxevlis monakveTSi gamov-

lenili ormo naosis hidravlikurxsnarian iatakSi kuTx-

eebmomrgvalebul sicarieles aCens, stratigrafiuladac

Tanxvdeba da iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom iataki ormoSi

Casmul xis svetze iyo milesili.

qvis svetebze dayrdnobili saxuravis xis konstruqciebi

igulisxmeba Wabukauris IV s-is bazilikazec, romelic gegmiT,

zomebiTa da sakurTxevlis mowyobis principiT quTaisis ba-

zilikis analogiuria. `rogorc qristianul dasavleTSi, ise

romis aRmosavlur-qristianul provinciebSi, antikur-ro-

mauli tradiciebidan gamomdinare, uZvelesi bazilikebis or-

ferda saxuravebi umTavresad xis mzid konstruqciebs eyrd-

noboda...~ (baxtaZe n. 2010 : 211; ix. agreTve jabua n. 2009: 151).

sakurTxevlis mo n a kveTis gegma, aR niSnuli ormoebis aR-

moCena da is garemoeba, rom gaTxrebis Sedegad IV s-is bazili-

kis kuTvnili qvitkiris svetebi ar gamovlenila, safuZvels

suraTi 7, 8, 9

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

229

gvaZlevs xis svetebis ori rigiT gayofili orferdasaxura-

viani samnaviani naosi warmovidginoT.

bazilikis fundamentebi CaSvebulia winareantikuri xanis

kulturul fenaSi. maTi simaRle meryeobs reliefis formisa

da gruntis simkvrivis Sesabamisad da nagebia riyis qviTa da

Warbkiriani, maRali xarisxis duRabiT. fasadebi amoyvanil-

ia myife jiSis TeTri kirqvis mcire zomis, Sublgamoyvanili

qvebiT, Sida sivrce ki Sevsebulia natexi qviTa da Warbkiriani

duRabiT. kedlebis sigane 1,4 m-ia, wyobaSi ̀ SeZlebisdagvarad

daculia rigebis horizontaloba, riTic igi waagavs romaul

xuroTmoZRvrebaSi kargad cnobil `pus incertum-s.~

analogiuri teqnikiTaa nagebi q.S. IV s-iT daTariRebuli ara

marto quTaisis, aramed vardcixis, noqalaqevisa da Sorapnis

safortifikacio da saero nagebobebi [lanCava o. 1996: 79-98,

sur. 5-6-11-12; lanCava o. 2007: 109-115, sur. 95-97-98-100-101;

jafariZe v. 1989: 112 da Semdeg; jafariZe v. 1990; zaqaraia p.,

kapanaZe T. 1991: 17 da Semdeg].

bazilikis naosSi da sanaTlavSi dafiqsirda samSeneblo

anatkecebze dafenili hidravlikurxsnariani iatakis Txe-

li (10 sm-de) Sre (naosis iataki sagrZnobladaa daxrili aR-

mosavleTidan dasavleTiT. analogiuradaa mowyobili mom-

devno bazilikebis iatakebic. aseve SeiniSneba, rom gverdiTa

navebSi iatakis done odnav SemaRlebulia).

momdevno etapze bazilika safuZvlianad gadaukeTebiaT,

manamde ki drois raRac monakveTSi, rogorc Cans misi fun-

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

230

qcionireba SeCerebulia, risi dasturicaa Tavdapirvel

iatakze dafenili 0,4 m-de simZlavris miwis fena, romelSic

ikiTxeba ngrevisa da xanZris kvali.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gadakeTebis kvali momdevno eta-

pebis mSeneblobebis dros ukiduresad dazianebulia, mainc

moxerxda axali nagebobis gegmis warmosaxva, romlis gare

konturi Zveli bazilikis naosis interierSia Casmuli. sax-

eldaxelod amoyvanili kedlebi (sigane 0,4 m-de) nagebia

bazilikis dangreuli konstruqciebidan aclili qvebiT,

duRabisa da agurebis natexebiT. or SemTxvevaSi wyobis

gasamagreblad horizontalurad dawyobili xis sworkuTxa

Zelebis budeebic dafiqsirda. praqtikulad fundamentebis

doneze SemorCenili fragmentebis mixedviT gamoikveTa

suraTi 10

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

231

dasavleT-aRmosavleT xazze erTmaneTis paralelurad gan-

lagebuli sxvadasxva zomis 5 saTavsis gegma.

dasavleTis mcire zomis (interierSi 10,8X2,6 m) saTavsSi

dafiqsirebulia lokaluri, xangrZlivi cecxlis nTebisgan

gadawiTlebuli Tixatkepnili iatakis done. momdevno, didi

zomis, orsvetiani saTavsis (interierSi 10,8X10,8 m) samxreT-

dasavleT kedelTan, savaraudo iatakis doneze aRmoCnda

farTo, brtyelZiriani (adreuli Sua saukuneebisaTvis dam-

axasiaTebeli) sadazedapiriani qvevri. mesame da meoTxe sa-

Tavsebi pirvelis msgavsad marTkuTxa formisaa, Tumca maTi

gegma naTlad ar ikiTxeba.

arc nagebobis gegma, arc xangrZlivi cecxlis kvali da

qvevri kanonikur qristianul msaxurebas ar ukavSirdeba. sa-

varaudod es yvelaferi V s-is 70-80-iani wlebidan 523 wlamde

egrisSi ganviTarebul movlenebs (iranis gaaqtiureba, waTes

gaqristianeba da politikuri orientaciis Secvla) unda da-

vukavSiroT da SesaZloa cecxlis kultis an sulac iranis-

gan mxardaWerili qristianuli eresis (savaraudod nesto-

rianobis) arsebobis gamoZaxilic iyos [dawvr. ix. lanCava o.,

isakaZe r. 2010b: 10-12; isakaZe 2009: 139-140]. amave konteqstSi

(iranis gabatoneba egrisSi) unda ganvixiloT Terjolis rai-

onis sof. RvankiTSi adgil `dedaRvTisaze~ gaTxrili ekle-

siac, romlis mSeneblobac fundamentis donezea Sewyvetili

[bragvaZe 2009: 5-13].

sadReisod Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebiT, daaxloebiT

VI s-is II meoTxedSi bazilika safuZvlianad Cans ganaxlebuli:

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

232

zemoxsenebuli gadakeTebis kvali mTlianad gadafarulia,

aRdgenilia CrdiloeTis kedlis nawili., Sendeba axali, S xa-

zze ramdenadme daviwroebuli (interierSi 9,2X6,4 m) narTe-

qsi da misi TaRebis gadasayvanad centrSi gaCenilia ori

sworkuTxa burji. naosSi fiqsirebulia kargad damuSaveb-

uli qvebiT amoyvanili navebis gamyofi sworkuTxa burjebi,

romelTa bazebis qveda safexurebi VIII saukuneSi axali bazi-

likis jvris formis burjebis sayrdenebad gamouyenebiaT.

narTeqsSi da naosis dasavleTis nawilSi iataki mopir-

keTebulia sagangebod momzadebul safuZvelze dafenili

maRali xarisxis hidravlikuri xsnariT, romelic centridan

aRmosavleTiT kirxsnarSi Sezavebuli xreSiT Sedgenil iat-

akSi gadadis. orive maTgani calkeuli SekeTebebiT momdevno

etapebzecaa gamoyenebuli.

sanaTlavis iataksa da arxSi Caleqil ngrevis fenaSi in situ

fiqsirebuli samSeneblo (maRalbortiani [h=7 sm] kramitebi

da sxvadasxva zomis agurebi) da sayofacxovrebo (pirqedi-

ani, farToZiriani dergebi, Txelkedliani, moCalisfroke-

ciani, viwrod tandaRaruli amfora) keramikis fragmentebi

VI s-iT TariRdeba. bazilikis meore da saboloo ngreva VI s-is

SuaxanebSi egrisSi `did omianobas~ unda davukavSiroT.

VII s-Si, savaraudod herakle keisris laSqrobebidan (VII s.

20-iani wlebi) sergi barnukis Zis ajanyebamde (697 w.), amave

adgilze axali eklesia augiaT (28,3X15,8 m sur. 13).

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

233

kedlebis (SemorCenili h=0,5 m) sisqe 1,4 m-ia da nagebia saSu-

alo zomis zedapirdakeWnili, uxeSad damuSavebuli kvadre-

biT. samxreTis kedlis dasavleTis fasadze erTsafexuriani

cokolia. naosSi, dasavleTis karis win sagangebod gaTlili

qvis filebiT Sedgenili iatakis naSTi dafiqsirda, romelic

centrisken Zvel, hidravlikurxsnarian (VI s-is) iataks ebmis.

navebis gamyofi sworkuTxa burjebis naSTebi imdenad cudadaa

daculi, rom ara marto zomebis, dasavleT-aRmosavleT xazze

maTi ganlagebis intervalebis aRdgenac ki ver xerxdeba.

SemorCenili naSTebis mixedviT, savaraudod oTxi wyvi-

li sworkuTxa svetiT sam navad gayofili marTkuTxeds mi-

axloebuli naosi (interierSi 17,4X13,2 m) erTi Sverili af-

suraTi 11

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

234

sidiT bolovdeboda, romlis gare konturis kvali mTlianad

waSlilia. afsidis interieris nawili mxolod fundamentis

doneze Cans, Tumca gegmis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva.

sakurTxevlis orive mxares ikveTeba sxvadasxva zomis

samkveTlo da sadiakvne. sadiakvnes (interierSi 5,9X2,7 m,

kedlebis sigane 0,7-0,8 m) CrdiloeTis kedelSi fundamentis

doneze SemorCenili svetiT (1,3X0,7-0,8 m) orad gayofili sa-

kare Riobi (sigane saSualod 1,2 m) Cans. simetriis principiT

aRdgenil samkveTlos (interierSi 5,9X5,2 m) samxreTis ke-

delSic analogiurad mowyobili sakare Riobi unda vivarau-

doT. sakurTxevlis monakveTis TiTqmis msgavsi gadawyveta

Cans opizis taZarze [jobaZe 2006: 24, sur. 1; xoStaria d. 2009:

80-92, sur. 12].

sakurTxevlis afsidis win, centrSi qvis filebiTa da du-

RabiT nagebi, damoukideblad mdgari sworkuTxa struqtura

(daxl. 1,5X1,5 m) ikiTxeba, romelic trapezis safuZveli unda

iyos. wyobis pirvel rigze milesili, erTmaneTisgan 5-10 sm-

iT daSorebuli kirxsnaris iatakis ori Sre uCvenebs, rom igi

funqcias gvianac (VIII s-Si) inarCunebda.

TariRisa da istoriuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT

vfiqrobT, rom swored es aris qarTul wyaroebSi moxsenieb-

uli `quTaTisis saydari~ romelSic unda daekrZalaT qarT-

lis erisTavi stefanozi (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 241).

stratigrafiulad amave konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT

`saydris~ samxreTiT 2 m-is daSorebiT gancalkevebiT mdgari

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

235

koSkisebri nageboba (5,7X5,7 m) kariT (1,2 m) dasavleTis ked-

lis centrSi. misi interieris gaxsna da detalebze msjeloba

SeuZlebelia. savaraudod esaa martiriumi, SesaZloa swored

stefanoz erisTavis gansasvenebeli da Tu es asea, maSin igi

arCilis quTaisSi moRvaweobis xaniT SeiZleba davaTariRoT.

samsafexurian cokolze amoyvanili koSkuris CrdiloeTis

kedeli VIII s-is bazilikis struqturaSia CarTuli da 2-3 me-

tris simaRleze dResac kargad ikiTxeba.

murvan-yrus laSqrobis Sedegad dazianebuli `saydari~

safuZvlianadaa gadakeTebuli leon II mier VIII s-is meore nax-

evarSi: gafarToebulia interieri, CrdiloeTisa da samxre-

Tis mxares Cndeba sworkuTxa mklavebi, samxreTis sworkuTxa

mklavSi sanaTlavia mowyobili, risi dasturicaa Rariani

kramitebiT Sedgenili arxebi; dasavleTidan miSenebulia

SesaniSnavad damuSavebuli safasado qvebiT agebuli narTe-

qsi. narTeqsis centrSi or, damatebiT paralelur sayrden

kedelze fiqsirebul jvris formis svetebze gadayvanili

TaRebiT sivrce sam araTanabar nawilad yofila gayofili,

naosis dasavleTis kedelSi kvlav funqcionirebs Zveli (VII

s.) kari. amave zomis kari unda yofiliyo narTeqsis dasavle-

Tis kedlis centrSic.

VIII s-is ganaxleba-gadakeTebis kvali `saydris~ interier-

Sic kargad Cans. gaTxril monakveTebSi aRmoCnda erTmaneTi-

sagan TiTqmis Tanabari intervalebiT (saSualod 2,5 m ) daSo-

rebuli CrdiloeTisa da centraluri navebis gamyofi jvris

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

236

formis 6 burjis naSTi. erTi maTganis safexurebrivi baza

TiTqmis mTlianadaa gadarCenili, danarCenebi ki momdevno

mSeneblobebis drosaa dazianebuli an gadafaruli.

arsebuli monacemebiT eqvsi wyvili svetiT sam navad gay-

ofili bazilikis naosi gare sworkuTxedSi Cawerili sami

naliseburi absidiT mTavrdeboda. es monakveTi momdevno

ori samSeneblo feniTa da gasuli saukunis restavraciis

SriTaa gadafaruli, Tumca bagratis taZris samkveTlosa

da sadiakvneSi fundamentis doneze mkrTalad, magram mainc

ikiTxeba Zveli afsidebis rkalis naSTebi, rac gegmis srulad

aRdgenis saSualebas ar iZleva.

am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT kulturuli fenidan mom-

suraTi:12

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

237

dinare asomTavrulwarweriani antefiqsic, romelzec qa-

ragmis gaxsniT ikiTxeba `gabrieli,~ warwera paleografi-

ululad VIII_IX ss-iT TariRdeba [silogava 2009: 75-79].

analogiuri antefiqsi cnobilia gudauTidan, sadac ikiTxeba

`miqaeli.~

2009-2010 wlebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad kidev

erTi samSeneblo fena gamoiyo. mSeneblobis am etapze ganu-

axlebiaT sakurTxevlis afsidebi. ganaxlebis kvali Crdil-

oeTis sworkuTxa mklavis samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxis

interiersa da eqsterierSi sarTulnaxevris simaRleze

TvalnaTliv ikiTxeba. amave fenis kuTvnilia sakurTxev-

liswina naxevarwriuli burjebi (erTi maTgani SesaniSnavadaa

ornamentirebuli sur. 16) da bagratis taZris dasavleTis

kedlis amoyvanisas gauqmebuli Zveli karibWis TaRi ,Zeglis

stratigrafiis gaTvaliswinebiT es fena zogadad IX-X ss-iT

unda daTariRdes.

faqtobrivi masalisa da werilobiTi wyaroebis ukiduresi

simwiris gamo axla Znelia Tqma riTi iyo ganpirobebuli VIII

s-is bolos agebul bazilikaze am masStabis ganaxlebiTi sa-

muSaoebis Catareba. am fenis ufro mkafiod gamosakveTad da

bagrat III droindeli mSeneblobisgan gasamijnad damatebiTi

xuroTmoZRvruli kvlevaa saWiro.

ori ukanaskneli samSeneblo epoqis kedlebis, sarkmlebis,

sarTulebis gamyofi TaRebis, naliseburi sami afsidis, af-

sidiswina mrgvali svetebis naSTebi qsovili organuladaa

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

238

CarTuli bagratis taZris struqturaSi da sarTulnaxevris

simaRleze dRemde kargad ikiTxeba, interieris elementebi

ki iatakis donezea nivelirebuli.

arqeologiuri masaliT dasturdeba bagratisa da win-

amorbedi taZrebis Rvarsadenebisa da sakanalizacio siste-

mebis arseboba.

TurqTa marbieli laSqris mier 1510 wels gadamwvari taZ-

ari, rogorc Cans gelaTTan erTad ganuaxlebia imereTis

mefe bagrat III (1510-1565). kerZod: sakurTxevlis ganaxlebu-

li iatakisa da kankelis kirxsnaris struqtura dasavleTis

suraTi 13

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

239

mxridan `SeWrilia~ ambionis `mozaikur~ iatakSi. ganaxlebis

kvali `mozaikazec~ kargad ikiTxeba.

gviani Sua saukuneebiT TariRdeba samxreTis karibWeSi

SemorCenili freskebic.

saarqivo masalebsa da arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebze

dayrdnobiT aRdgenilia 1698 wlis [isakaZe r. 2006: 91-98] `ia-

varqmnas~ (vaxuSti bagrationi) gadarCenil taZris samxre-

Tis karibWeSi XVIII s-is bolos gamarTul eklesiaze 1830-ian

wlebSi Catarebuli saremonto samuSaoebis kvali [lanCava o.,

isakaZe r. 2007: 8-14; ].

1985 wlidan dRemde taZris interierisa da ezos gaTxrebi-

sas 100-ze meti samarxi aRmoCnda. maTi qronologiuri CarCo

V-XIX ss-iT ifargleba. samarxTa ZiriTadi tipebia: ormosa-

marxebi, qvayuTebi, aguriT amoSenebuli samarxebi, kirxs-

nariTa da natexi qvebiT amoSenebuli samarxebi, akldamebi,

kirxsnariani samarxebi, sarkofagi. adreuli Sua saukuneebis

samarxebSi ori qronologiuri jgufi gamoiyofa:

1. uinventaro ormosamarxebi, romelTac faravs VI s-is da-

sawyisis hidravlikurxsnariani iataki. am ormosamarxebs CaW-

rili aqvs IV s-is bazilikis iatakis done.

2. VIII s-is meore naxevriT daTariRebuli ormosamarxebi

da kirxsnariani samarxebi. am ukanasknelTa Soris gamoirCe-

va 50 mdidruli samarxi, romlis kamera mowyobili iyo VIII

s-is bazilikis narTeqsSi. kirxsnariT dafaruli micvaleb-

ulis damxroba kanonikuria, xelebisa da fexebis poza (mar-

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

240

jvena xeli edo mkerdze, marcxena ki menjze. marjvena fexis

muxls qvemoTa Zvlebi gadajvaredinebuli [gadalagebuli]

iyo marcxena fexze, falangebi nakluli da gabneulia) ki

araqristianuli.

50 samarxis inventari warmodgenilia oqros, vercxlisa

da minis samajurebiT, beWdebiTa da sakidebiT. oqros nivTe-

bi Semkulia lalisa da firuzis TvlebiTa da cisferi minan-

qriT [lanCava o., isakaZe r., qarciZe n. 2009: 17-20; lanCava o.,

isakaZe r. 2010a: 4-13, iqve lit-ra; lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2010b].

interdisciplinaruli kvlevebis Sedegad gairkva, rom 25

wlamde asakis qalbatoni iyo 1,56 m-de simaRlis, 40,9 kg. wo-

suraTi 14

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

241

nis; savaraudod daibada zamTarSi, dRenakluli, ikvebe-

boda sxvisi rZiT, hqonda sasunTqi organoebis daavadeba

da bavSvobaSi raqitiT iyo avad, rac misi gardacvalebis

mizezi ar gamxdara.

samarxidan aRebul sinjebSi aRmoCenilia 50-ze meti

saxeobis mcenaris mtveri, selis, bambisa da Salis boWkoe-

bi, bevria zoologiuri masala. irkveva, rom mikrogaremo

rbili haviT xasiaTdeboda, sadac Tbili qveynebidan Semo-

tanili mcenareebic xarobda.

micvalebuli dakrZales Semodgomaze, tanT ecva

moZvelebuli, cisferi, sayeloiani kaba da gadafarebuli

hqonda bambis TeTri sudara [dawvrilebiT ix. biTaZe l.,

yvavaZe e., lanCava o., isakaZe r., laliaSvili S., vaCeiSvili

n., gafrindaSvili p., dobrovolskaia m. 2010: 280-310].

aseve gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs taZris

samxreTis nalSi aRmoCenili 24-e samarxi. Sida mxridan

SesaniSnavad damuSavebuli filebiT Sekrul qvayuTSi ori

micvalebuli esvena. qristianuli kanonikiT dakrZalul

ZiriTad micvalebuls (qali) marjvena beWis orive mxareze

gadafenili hqonia wvrili ZafebiT naqsovi oqromkedi,

xolo bavSvis (gogona) TavTan aRmoCnda oqros mrgval-

ganivkveTiani mavTulisgan damzadebuli wyvili sayure.

stratigrafiis gaTvaliswinebiT 24 samarxi IX-X ss-iT Sei-

Zleba daTariRdes.

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

242

taZris interieris arqeologiuri kvleva praqtikulad

dasrulebulia. ezosa da mimdebare teritoriis samoma-

vlo Seswavla ki bagratis taZarTan da Zvel bazilikebTan

dakavSirebuli infrastruqturis gamovlenis saSualebas

mogvcems.

literatura:

1. baxtaZe n. 2010: nekresis naqalaqarze gamovlenili Wa-

bukauris eklesiis

2. daTariRebisaTvis, Ziebani, 19. Tbilisi.

3. biTaZe l., yvavaZe e., lanCava o., isakaZe r., laliaSvili

S., vaCeiSvili n, gafrindaSvili p., dobrovolskaia m.

2010: bagratis taZarSi aRmoCenili `mdidari qalba-

tonis~ samarxis kompleqsuri kvlevis winaswari Sede-

gebi, analebi, 6, Tbilisi.

4. bragvaZe z. 2009: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sofel

RvankiTSi, iberia-kolxeTi, 5, Tbilisi.

5. zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T. 1991: cixegoji-arqeopolisi-

noqalaqevi, xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi.

6. isakaZe r. 2006: quTaisi XV-XVIII ss-Si (istoriuli wy-

aroebisa da arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT), sakan-

didato disertacia, xelnabeWdi, quTaisi.

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

243

7. isakaZe r. 2009: quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi,

qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, quTaisi.

8. lanCava o. 1996: quTaisi egris-lazikis cixe-qalaqTa

sistemaSi, quTaisi.

9. lanCava o. 2007: quTaisis arqeologia, quTaisi.

10. lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2007: saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis centrisa

da akaki wereTlis universitetis arqeologiuri eqs-

pediciis mier quTaisSi, bagratis taZris eqsterierSi

2007 wels (15 ivnisi_30 agvisto) Catarebuli arqe-

ologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi, xelnabeWdi, quTaisi.

11. lanCava o. 2012: quTaisis `didi bazilika,~ quTaisis

saxelmwifo–istoriuli muzeumis Sromebi, krebuli

XXII, quTaisi.

12. lanCava o., isakaZe r., qarciZe n. 2009: qalis mdidru-

li samarxi `quTaTisis saydridan~ (axali aRmoCena),

quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis Sromebi,

krebuli XIX. quTaisi.

13. lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., WumburiZe m., qa-

rciZe n. 2010: gaTxrebi quTaissa da gelaTSi, Ziebani,

19, Tbilisi.

14. lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2010a: arqeologiuri kvlevebi

bagratis taZarSi, Zveli xelovneba dRes, 1, Tbilisi.

15. lanCava o; isakaZe r. 2010b: 2009 wels bagratis taZris

fundamentebis gamagrebasTan dakavSirebul samuS-

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

244

aoebze arqeologiuri meTvalyureobis angariSi, xel-

nabeWdi, quTaisi.

16. lanCava o., isakaZe, r., berZeniSvili d., buaZe S. 2012:

bagratis taZris galavnis CrdiloeTis eqsterierSi

2012 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis wi-

naswari angariSi, xelnabeWdi, quTaisi.

17. silogava v. 2009: `quTaisis saydris~ antefiqsi da misi

warwera, gulani, 3(7), axalcixe.

18. qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiS-

vilis redaqciiT, t. I., Tbilisi.

19. jabua. n. 2009: samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli

tipi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi.

20. jafariZe v. 1989: vardcixis naqalaqari, Tbilisi.

21. jafariZe v. 1990: antikuri xanis Sorapnis (sarapanisi)

axali arqeologiuri monacemebi (preprinti). Tbili-

si.

22. jobaZe v. 2006: adreuli Suasaukuneebis qarTuli mon-

astrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi.

Tbilisi.

23. xoStaria d. 2009: klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastre-

bi, Tbilisi.

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

245

suraTebis aRweriloba:

1. arqeologiuri masala Zv. w. II aTaswleulis

Sua xanebis kulturuli fenidan.

2. Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-is orsaTavsiani nagebobis

gegma.

3. arqeologiuri masala Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-is kul-

turuli fenidan.

4. IV s-is sanaTlavis gaTxrebis xedi taZris

CrdiloeTis mklavSi.

5. taZris dasavleTi nawilis gaTxrebi reabili-

taciis procesSi.

6. taZris interieris centraluri navis 2010

wlis gaTxrebis xedi.

7. IV s-is bazilikis gegma.

8. V s-is nagebobis gegma

9. VI ganaxlebis kvali IV s-is bazilikaze.

10. xre

11. IX-X ss-is karibWis TaRi.

12. bagratis taZris ambionis `mozaika.

13. 50 samarxis inventari.

14. gaTxrebiT gamovlenili arqiteqturuli

fenebi. gegma.

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

246

giorgi pataSuri

svaneTi - saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi istori-

ul-geografiuli mxare, dasavleT saqarTvelos mTiani

nawili mdebareobs kavkasionis mTavari qedis samxreT

kalTebze, mdinareebis enguris, cxeniswylisa da kodo-

ris saTaveebsa da Sua welSi.

igi Znelad gasavleli bunebrivi sazRvrebiTaa Semo-

fargluli. CrdiloeTidan _ kavkasionis mTavari qediT,

aRmosavleTidan raWis qediT, xolo samxreT-dasavleTi-

dan egrisisa da afxazeTis qedebiT.

zemo svaneTi

mulaxis Temi da uSba

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

247

istoriul warsulSi svaneTi gare samyaros sauRel-

texilo gzebiT ukavSirdeboda. svaneTis farglebSi ka-

vkasionis yvela uReltexili zRvis donidan 3000 m-ze

maRlaa da wlis xagrZliv monakveTSi TovliTa da yinuli-

Taa dafaruli. uReltexilebis garkveuli nawili rTuli

teqnikuri pirobebis gamo amJamad mxolod alpinisturi

da samTo-turistuli moZraobisTvisaa gamoyenebuli.

aris SedarebiT advilad savali uReltexilebi, romle-

biTac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba axlac sargeblobs.

svaneTis geofizikuri pirobebisa da mosaxleobis

sameurneo da sulieri cxovrebis sxvadasxva Tavisebure-

baTa Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebia Semonaxuli, rogorc

qarTul saistorio TxzulebebSi ise, berZnul-romaul

ieli

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

248

werilobiT wyaroebSi. svanTa yofis Sesaxeb mraval sain-

tereso informacias vigebT gviandeli Sua saukuneebis

mkvlevar-mogzaurTa Canawerebidanac.

antikur xanaSi svaneTi kolxeTis samefos Semadgeneli

nawili iyo; adreul Sua saukuneebSi - egrisis samefosi,

xolo ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi ki, saqarTvelos

feodaluri saxelmwifos erT-erTi saerisTavo gaxldaT.

geografiuli mdebareobisa da bunebrivi pirobebis

gamo

svaneTs saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ar exeboda mezobel

regionebSi mimdinare istoriuli kataklizmebi, magram

svaneTi - mudmivi moziare, monawile qveynis saxelmwifoe-

brivi cxovrebisa Znelbedobis Jams Zvirfasi nivTebis sa-

ifxis reliefebi

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

249

ganZur-sacavi iyo mTeli saqarTvelosTvis. aman ganapir-

oba mis teritoriasa da eklesiebSi qarTuli da ucxouri

warmomavlobis xelovnebis mravali Zeglis arseboba.

garda amisa, svaneTi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kera iyo - aq arsebobda adgil-

obrivi, TviTmyofadi mxatvruli skola, saoqromWedlo

saxelosnoebi da a.S. svaneTi gansakuTrebulad mdidaria

gamorCeuli saeklesio Tu saero xuroTmoZRvruli mem-

kvidreobiT. mkvlevarebi yovelTvis dainteresebulni

iyvnen svaneTis warsuliT. XIX s-is Sua wlebidan ki, mec-

nierebi ukve intensiurad ikvlvdnen svaneTs, xolo XX

saukunis 20-iani wlebidan daiwyo svaneTis kulturuli

memkvidreobis sistematuri mecnieruli kvleva.

svaneTis materialuri da su-

lieri kulturis Zeglebi amJa-

mad sakmaod kargadaa Seswavlili.

svaneTi - saqarTvelos ganuyofe-

li nawili - sxva kuTxeebisgan gan-

sxvavebuli TaviseburebebiT xas-

iaTdeba. Sua saukuneebis svaneTis

cxovrebis zogierTi specifika

axlac bundovnad aRiqmeba. jer

kidev ar arsebobs erTiani azri

regionis socialur-ekonomi-

wm. giorgis Weduri xati nakifaris eklesiidan

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

250

kuri, politikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis mTel rig

arsebiT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. saeklesio krebaTa

matianeebi da saero saxis sxvadasxva xelnaweri, maRalmx-

atvruli oqromWedloba, daxvewili arqiteqtura, `fer-

weris svanuri mxatvruli skola,“ eklesiebSi daculi

didZali ganZeuloba da qristianuli kulturis mrava-

li sxva komponenti svaneTSi qristianuli ideologiis

yovlismomcvel xasiaTsa da saeklesio cxovrebis maRal

doneze metyvelebs. svaneTis qristianuli monumenturi

ferwerisa da liTonmqandakeblobis Seswavlis Sedegad

dadginda, rom man stilisturi evoluciis igive eta-

pebi gaiara, romlebic sruliad saqarTvelos xelovne-

bam. svaneTSi qristianuli xelovnebis

ganviTareba, mravali TaviseburebiT

gamoirCeva. is saerTo qarTuli xe-

lovnebis ganviTarebis sinqronulad

mimdinareobda da misi nawili iyo.

marTalia, svaneTis adreuli Sua

saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglebis

kvleva dRemde SemTxveviT aRmoCeneb-

sa da arqeologiur dazvervebzea

dafuZnebuli, magram gamovlenili

masala konkretuli epoqis socialur-

ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi wyo-

fxotreris kari, XI saukune

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

251

bis mraval sakiTxs

hfens Suqs.

adreuli Sua sauk-

u neebis svaneTSi qr-

i s tianuli ideol-

o giis xasiaTsa da

sa e klesio cxovrebis

doneze metyvelebs

engurisa da cxen-

iswyalis zemo we-

l ze gamovlenili

sa marovnebi da ekle-

siebi - solSi, xofur-

Si, fxutrersa da nes-

gunSi.

adreuli Sua sau-

kuneebis svaneTSi

qristianuli Temebis

arsebobaze metyve-

lebs qveda marRisa

da xofuris samarovnebi.

xo furSi aRmoCenil sama-

rxeuli inventaridan gansakuTrebulad sayuradRe-

boa adreuli Sua saukuneebis e.w. `webelduri culebi“,

romelTa analogiuri, VI saukuniT daTariRebuli cule-

laSTxveris mxatvroba

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

252

bi, mravladaa aRmoCenili webeldis samarovnebze.

zemo svaneTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvruli tipi

ZiriTadad erTgvaria _ saSualo da mcire zomis darba-

zuli nagebobebi, Tanadrouli an gviani minaSenebiT sam

mxares. miuxedavad tipobrivi simwirisa, gegmis mixed-

viT svanuri Zeglebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: Cveu-

lebrivi, sworkuTxedSi Cawerili nagebobebi da Sver-

ilafsidiani eklesiebi.

Sverilafsidiani eklesiebi ZiriTadad erTmaneTis ms-

gavsia. samwaxnagiani afsidis wibos xSir SemTxvevaSi “ga-

datexili” pilastri, zogjer ki, lilvebis kona auyveba.

aris aseve sruliad sada Sverilebi da ori SemTxvevaa,

rodesac afsidi xuTwaxnaga SverilSi Tavsdeba. am tipis

eklesiebi saxuravis mowyobis principis mixedviT Sei-

nakifaris interieri

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

253

Zleba or nawilad davyoT. pirveli - eklesiebi, romelT-

ac Sverili afsidisa da navis gadaxurva damoukidebeli

aqvs da garedan afsidi nagebobis tanTan SedarebiT daba-

lia. meore jgufi ki aerTianebs iseT nagebobebs, rom-

lebsac erTiani saxuravi aqvs, anu dasavleTis kedlis

frontoniani gasrulebis sapirispirod, aRmosavleTiT

frontoni ar keTdeba da saxuravic pirdapir gadadis af-

sidze. eklesiis fasadebi yuradRebas izidavs sada zeda-

pirebiT, romlebic aRmosavleTiT gacilebiT mZlavr

moculobaSia gadazrdili. sibrtyeebiT manipulireba da

maTi sisadave fasadis mTavari mxatvruli datvirTvaa.

sainteresoa aseve eklesiaTa jgufi, romlebsac mx-

olod aRmosavleT fasadi aqvs morTuli sxvadasxva re-

wvirmis macxovari

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

254

liefuri gamosaxulebiT, isini adgilobriv rwmena-war-

modgenebs unda ukavSirdebodes. mniSvnelovania, rom

daxasiaTdes es reliefebi da kuTvnili adgili daikavos

qarTuli qvis plastikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.

Zalze sainteresoa svaneTis lilvovani TaRnariT ga-

formebuli nagebobebidan eklesiebi, romlebSic, xSirad

am dekoris sruliad axlebur da originalur gadawyve-

tas vxedavT. fasadis SexedvisTanave mkafiod igrZnoba

misi kavSiri svanur saero xuroTmoZRvrebasTan, TaRna-

xedi sof.laRamze

ga

ic

an

iT

sa

qa

rT

ve

lo

255

ris gadawyveta aSkarad msgavsia maSikulebiani maCubebi-

sa da koSkebis.

amgvarad, svanuri saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba mWidrod

aris dakavSirebuli zogadad qarTul xuroTmoZRvre-

basTan, Tumca, imavdroulad, adgilobriv tradiciebze

dafuZnebuli mkafio individualobiT xasiaTdeba.

vfiqrobT, svaneTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis Seswav-

las didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xu-

roTmoZRvrebis saerTo suraTis srulad warmosadgenad.

amdenad, svaneTi gasaocaria rogorc bunebis silama-

ziT ise, tradiciuli Tu saeklexio xelovnebis mraval-

ferovani nimuSebiT.

fotoebi gadaRebulia giorgi pataSuris mier.

•

saintereso gamocemebi

256

aruxlos goraze 2005-2011 wlebSi

Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis

angariSi

adresamiwaTmoqmedo kultura samxreT kavkasia-

Si - germaniis arqeologiuri institutis evraziis

ganyofilebisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeu-

mis oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiuri centris

gamocema. Tanaavtorebi - katrin bastert-lampri-

si, ivan gacovi, petranka nedelCeva, daniel noimani,

mixail ulrixi da ioahim vali. redaqtorebi - svend

hanzeni da guram mircxulava. Tbilisi, 2013 weli.

gverdebis raodenoba - 104.

gamocema gankuTvnilia profesionalebisTvis,

acnobs mkiTxvels aruxlos goraze 2005-2011 wlebSi

ganxorcielebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sede-

gebs. gaformebulia saukeTeso ilustraciebiT,

Sesrulebulia maRal poligrafiul doneze.

adresamiwaTmoqmedo kultura

samxreT kavkasiaSi

257

•

saintereso gamocemebi

258

adreuli Sua saukuneebis centralur-gumbaTo-

vani xuroTmoZRvruli tipis istoriidan

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis

erovnuli saagentom gamosca guram abramiSvilis

wigni “atenis sioni.” redaqtori - dinara vaCnaZe,

gamomcemloba “nekeri,” gverdebis raodenoba - 219

da tabulebi - 55.

naSromi adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xu-

roTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Zeglis -

atenis sionis monografiulad Seswavlis pirveli

mcdelobaa. wigni sainteresoa, rogorc profesio-

nalebisTvis ise, farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

wigni gaformebulia saukeTeso ilustraciebiT,

Sesrulebulia maRal poligrafiul doneze.

atenis sioni

259

•

saintereso gamocemebi

260

muzeumi - saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

Jurnalis pirveli nomeri. Tbilisi, 2012 wlis

dekemberi. gverdebis raodenoba - 70. redaqto-

ri - Tamar babuaZe, dizaineri - Tornike lorTq-

ifaniZe.

Jurnalis Sesaval nawilSi saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis Jurnalis pirveli nomeri

acnobs sazogadoebas saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali daweseb-

ulebebis saqmianobas, romelic mecnieruli kv-

levisa da sxvadasxva saxis gamofenebis garda,

saganmanaTleblo sferosac moicavs.

Jurnali gaformebulia saukeTeso ilustra-

ciebiT, Sesrulebulia maRal poligrafiul

doneze.

muzeumi

261

•

saintereso gamocemebi

262

ufliscixis istoriul-arqeologiuri muze-

um-nakrZali - saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvi-

dreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos orenovani

(qarTul-inglisuri) gamocema. Tbilisi, 2013. re-

daqtori - m. boWoiZe, Semdgenelebi - g.WeiSvili,

e.TabukaSvili, n.kviciani, v.SaniZe, n.maxaraZe.

gverdebis raodenoba - 64.

gzamkvlevi “ufliscixis istoriul-arqeolo-

giuri muzeum-nakrZali” mkiTxvels acnobs klde-

Si nakveT unikalur qalaqs, mis umTavres arqite-

qturul kompleqsebs, muzeumSi eqsponirebul iq

aRmoCenil artefaqtebs.

gzamkvlevi gaformebulia saukeTeso ilus-

traciebiT, Sesrulebulia maRal poligrafiul

doneze.

ufliscixis istoriul-arqeologiuri

muzeum-nakrZali

263

264

redaqciisgan

redaqcia, SesaZloa, ar izi-

arebdes JurnalSi ganTavse-

bul samecniero statiebSi

gamoTqmul zogierT mosaz-

rebas, magram Cveni Jurnali

Seuferxeblad gamoaqveynebs

amgvar werilebsac da, Sesa-

bamisad, Riaa polemikisTvis.

redaqcia

• koordinatori da samecniero redaqtori -

iulon gagoSiZe

• koordinatorebi da lit.redaqtorebi -

maia ColoyaSvili, qeTevan qurdovaniZe

• inglisurad Targmna nino maisuraZem

• inglisuri teqstis samecniero da lit.re-

daqtori - nino gabunia

• dizaineri - Tamar gulbani

265

N3 JurnalSi n.paWikaSvilis statia “rusTavSi,” 186-e gverdis, zemo-

dan me-7 striqonSi sityvebis ~mirdat revis Zis~ nacvlad unda ewe-

ros ~Trdat revis Ze.~

N4 JurnalSi iulon gagoSiZis statiis “mefe flavius dadis vinao-

bisTvis” me-16 gverdis, zemodan me-14 striqonSi sityva potepis

nacvlad unda eweros - nomeni.

266