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AMADA ATABE OROIZUMI UKCHAN

ISSN

Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in Northeast Thailand Using Soil

Water Storage Capacity H. H , H. W , T. M and S. S

TDR

L. A. Richards

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No. , p.

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*

**

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Electromagnetic wave sounding, nondestructive investigation, Electrical conductivity.

Yuuya H *, Yasushi M *, Hiroaki S *, Naokazu E * and Taihei M **

* Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University,

Nishikawatsu, Matsue , Japan

** The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University,

koyama-minami, Tottori , Japan

Surface soil environment was surveyed and characterized using a multi-frequency electromag-

netic wave (EM) sensor. Traditional resistivity method needs multiple point electrodes in the

field to investigate the deeper points, however, this method uses broadband electromagnetic data

to obtain the apparent conductivity from di erent depth, i.e., the higher the frequency, the

shallower data we can obtain. It is non-invasive and rapid, therefore, appropriate for wide area

environmental survey. Five frequencies of , , , and Hz were applied so

that we obtained vertical profile of the domain. Forest under di erent management, winter-

ponded paddy field, orchard and tea farm in hilly mountainside and orchard in plain field were

investigated using a broadband electromagnetic wave sensor sounding. Surface electrical con-

ductivity (EC) obtained by Wenner array has the highest correlation with Hz data, showing

it is the appropriate frequency for surface soil investigation. Moreover, EC in the order of several

tens milli-Siemens obtained by EM sounding corresponded very well with the EC obtained by

traditional method. Conductivity data successfully showed management induced changes in

soil environment by conductivity map along with vertical conductivity profile, which is advan-

tage of broadband EM survey. Water content changes in forest after rainfall, e ect of ponding

management in paddy field, and the di erences in fertilizer application practice in hilly farm,

were clearly demonstrated by the broadband EM sensor.

:

* * * * **

Soil Environment Monitoring by Multi-frequency Electromagnetic Sounding

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. , p.

Abstract

Key words

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Land Management Forest West Forest South Paddy field Tea farm Orchard (hilly) Orchard (plain)

Soil Brown forest Brown forest Gley paddy Red-Yellow Red-Yellow Red-Yellowsoils soils soils soils soils soils

Sampling point

Sampling Depth (cm)

EC (mS m )

Moisture ratio (g g )

VWC (m m )

Bulk density (Mg m )

Soil Hardness (kg cm )

Soil physical properties of examined field

VWC ; Volumetric water content

; Standard Deviation

:

:

PIA-

Shimadzu

Wenner array

cm

GPS

Wenner array

Wenner array

m, m

m

,

Hz .

Table

a

b

c

++ /

+

- -

-

,

,* ,+ ,+ ,/ ,+ +,

+* +* +* +* +* +*

+.41- .400 +142, +41- +/4*1 -4,3 .+4/- .430 ++42. *4-1 -4*/ *4*3

*4-2 *4+2 *4.0 *4+* *4.+ *4*/ *4/- *4+0 *4-+ *4*+ *4-- *4*.

*4-3 *4+. *4.- *4++ *4., *4++ *4/2 *4+/ *4,3 *4*/ *4-, *4*.

+4*1 *43/ +4., *43/ *43/ +4*2

+4*3 *40/ +431 *43, +400 *4.0 -40, +4.. /4-0 +4.,

+*3 ,**2

4

+ /

+ /

+***

+3+0

/ +* ,

+

,

- /

+* -* +, ++

+ ,, ,

,+ .

,

+*2 0/ ,

, -

.1 31*

* 31/*

+

+

- +

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Depth of investigation estimated from soil conductivity

Land ManagementForest West Forest South Paddy field Tea farm Orchard (hilly) Orchard (plain)

Electrical

conductivity (mS m )

Frequancy (Hz) Unit : m

Comparison of EC between traditional Wenner array measurement and multi-frequency EM survey

mS m

Wenner array

, Hz

.

, Hz

Table

Fig.

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+

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4

*4,+ ,4-0 +-4+2 +.4/3 143* .042,

.131* +-42- 14,0 /4,1 .40* .4.2 -4,3

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Paddy field

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Vertical EC map obtained by multi-frequency EM survey.

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field (Before Inundation), (g) Paddy field (After Inundation)

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Vertical EC map of before and after rain in the forest obtained by multi-frequency EM survey.

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Forest South (After rain)

Volumetric water content changes before and after rainfall

Sampling GEM- EC data atSite Rainfall [m m ]

Depth (cm) Hz [mS m ]

West before

after

South before

after

; Standard Deviation

f g

f f

g . mS m

Fig.

Table

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+

4

,.131*

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a kg

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Ion chromatography of : soil extracted water

Forest West Forest South Paddy field Tea farm Orchard (hilly) Orchard (plain)Sampling Depth (cm)

PO

F N D N D N D N D N D

Cl

NO Unit : mg L N D N D N D N D

Br N D N D

NO

SO

c e

c

kg kg

c

c

d

Wenner array

Wenner m

array . m

et al., et al.

Table

-.

+,

-

,.

,**- +310

+* 3*

2

+*3 ,**2

+ /

+ / 4

+* +* +* +* +* +*

+243, +343+ ,-4*/ 2-4/ +341 +340

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 *4-

04., /4+, +4. ,42 +4/ *4/

+41* 4 4 *4, 4 4 4 4 4 4

*4.2 *4/2 4 4 *4- *40 4 4

/410 *4., +/41 ,/4. *40 ,4/

+*421 ,*4/- ,.4, ./43 +241 ,41

+* -+

+, ++

. /

.

.

/

-* .*

-

/

/

-

/

+ ,

-

-

- /

* 31/* +

.

.

- 1

- 0

.

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:_ 2 ` a H I 2b c d ��ef2D9 2 V g h i ��bN j k� lm Y � n o � p

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13:

, Hz Corwin, D.L., Ka ka, S.R., Hopmans, J.W., Mori, Y,

Wenner array van Groenigen, J.W., van Kessel, C., Lesch, S.M.

and Oster, J.D. ( ) : Assessment and field-scale

Wenner mapping of soil quality properties of a saline-

array sodic soil, Geoderma, ( ) : .

mSm Huang, H. ( ) : Depth of investigation for small

broadband electromagnetic sensors, Geophysics,

( ) : G -G .

Huang, H. and Won, I. J. ( ) : Conductivity and

susceptivility mapping using broadband electro-

magnetic sensors, Journal of Environmental and

Engineering Geophysics, ( ) : .

Mitsuhata, Y., Uchida, T., Matsuo, K., Marui, A. and

Kusunose, K. ( ) : Various-scale electromag-

netic investigations of high-salinity zones in a

coastal plain, Geophysics, ( ) : .

Rhoades, J.D., P.A.C. Raats and R. J. Prather. ( ) :

E ects of liquid-phase electrical conductivity,

water content, and surface conductivity on bulk

soil electrical conductivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.

: .

Wenner, F. ( ) : A Method of Measuring Earth

Resistivity, Bulletin of the US Bureau of Stand-

ards Science Paper ( ).

Won, I. J., Keiswetter, D.A., Fields, G.R.A. and Sutton,

L.C. ( ) : GEM- : A new multifrequency elec-

tromagnetic sensor, Journal of Environmental

and Engineering Geophysics, ( ) : .

:

.

:

:

.

:

: .

Kwou Hyoung Seok

:

GREEN Report .

+

.1 31* #

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AITO UJIMAKI ASUDA

* PD

**

***

:

metry

Topp TDR Time domain reflecto-

Tadaomi S *, Haruyuki F ** and Hiroshi Y ***

* Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University & Research Fellow of JSPS (PD),

Hamasaka, Tottori, Tottori, , Japan

** Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,

Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan

*** Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University,

Hamasaka, Tottori, Tottori, , Japan

An empirical calibration method for temperature dependence of a commercially available

capacitance probe (ECH O probe : Decagon Devices) was presented in this paper. A laboratory

experiment was conducted to obtain probe outputs at di erent water contents ( ) and tempera-

tures ( ) using soil from Shaanxi Province, located in the Loess Plateau, China. The probe output

showed strong positive response to A calibration equation describing the probe output as a

function of and was developed through an empirical curve fitting approach. The values

were estimated by solving the calibration equation numerically. The root mean square errors

between actual and estimated were . m m . We also discussed the theoretical background

of the temperature dependence of the probe using the results from the experiment.

The calibration equation was applied to field observation data in the Loess plateau. The

equation significantly reduced the daily and seasonal fluctuations of the probe outputs to A

linear calibration equation provided by the manufacturer, which neglects temperature depend-

ence, caused incorrect interpretation of water movements, suggesting the importance for temper-

ature calibration in arid environments.

: dielectric probe, temperature dependence, calibration, water content, Loess plateau

m m

GHz

. F m FDR Frequency domain reflectometry

. Fares and Polyakov,

. Robinson

* ** ***

Calibration of Temperature Dependence of a Dielectric Probe

et al.

T

T.

T

T.

et al.,

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. , p.

Abstract

Key words

,

- -

- -

+, +

02* ***+ +-3*

-*/ 2/1, + + +

02* ***+ +-3*

+332

+32*

+-3* 02* ***+

+ + + -*/ 2/1,

+-3* 02* ***+

#

* *+0

,

2 2/ +*

+ . / +* +330 ,**0

,/ 12 / ,**-

+*3 +/ ,0 ,**2

+

e

q

q q

q

q

e

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b b

w bulk b

w bulk

b

w b

b w

b

b

b

w

b

b

w bond

w bulk

w bond

w bulk

b

b

w bulk

ECH O

McMichael and Lascano

.

Weast, TDR

e.g. Jones and Or, ; Jones and Or, ;

Regalado, ; Schwank and Green,

Verstricht

Peterson

Pepin TDR

TDR

Wraith and Or

Or and Wraith Or and Wraith

ECH O Decagon Devices

i

ii

Czarnomski

et al.

et al.

et al.

T

T

et al.

,

+

,

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,**0 +33*

/ ./ * -0

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TU $ V �� �� W X � .� = � �� �

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\ ] ^_ \ `: .� ( a bc d e e ��

( fg ���� ��h i ` \�� 0 j ��h ; P : P kN

lm ��� �� n o �pN $% qc � � >! <��h \ ` h r st] c uq ��� v ��w

x y z < ��� >! � 34 P qc {r

/� �- � | ( 2 z < E {r w }�~ � � $ 0 �� � y E >

�� 5 �� H ( ! ! � W p !5 ? 5 5 >

! � �� ,�-�� � � ' (

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BET

m m

:

Table

17

cm

:

Physical and chemical properties ofDecagon Devices

the soil tested

*

Campbell,

Mg m m g dS m

ECH O Decagon Devices, Pull-

man, Washington, USA

cm

e.g. Christensen ; Luedeling ;

Riley ECH O

Campbell

cm EC- . cm,

. cm, . cm

cm, cm,

cm

cm

V

. m m

. m m

Decagon Devices, Inc.,

e.g. McMichael and Lascano,

e.g. Seyfried and

Grant, ECH O

Campbell,

i

ii iii

rT

et al.,

et al.,

x

x

T

x

ECH O

- -*4.*

+ /

+

+

- , + +

,

,

- -

- -

,

+

,/

4

,**+

204. 04- 14- +4.* +,402 -4*+

0*

,**/ ,**/

,**0

,**, +

,* ,* ,/ .

- , * + +

/ / ,2

+

, +*

/ +/ ,/ -/ .

* *. /

* *,

,**0

,**-

,**1

,**+

,, +

, -

, ,

,

q

q

q

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\V � �� � � b"54 M%\4] %V � §�� �%V\"®�� &�¶·1FH" � �R��V\" �� 4

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) �� * + , -. /0'( � � 1 23 �� 4% 5 �����67 ����� . � *8 *

���9- : % ; < = > ?. ���@ A��� � B�C � �� D E * F G* H IJ �

#$ � 2� E *K� #$ � �� K� LM N O

A I I� '( P Q* � *RS TAUV -W �X � ( 1 Y Z P � [5 �\��] �� � ^ * _�

9- � �� ( `� � abD �c d �

9- S (AUV S J (e 8 � a fY � � 1 �O 5 � g S h '( -W �X O �

� 9- AUV K J ij kl � 9 � ( j � 5 g %

U m; n � o= #$p = q �� ��] [5 g D r p s �X Pt� �� Gu � v � o= w�K bD ���c ij �� AU �� x �y g z{ |] 5 � Y� � � � � �� '( � P }�� � ( � 5 9��~ '( � P

AUV ( �U � � j }�� h � �

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Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus.

mm

cm cm

cm cm

cm cm

Decagon

. m m

. V

. m m

x

T

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

T x T

Fig.

- -

- -

+*3 ,**2

.**

,**0

,**/ ,**0

/ 0*

* /

+ .

, ,/

* -

* 0/

* +

-

.

+

+

, .

, /

- +

-

q

q

q

q

q

q

q q

q

q q

q

q

q

q ��

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19:

ECH O

Relationship between the output of ECH O probe and water content at regular

temperature ( ).

ECH O

Response of the output of ECH O probe to temperature at each water content.

.

.

.

.

r r

x T

T

xx T f

T

T T x x

x T

Fig.

Fig.

,

,

,

,

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,/

* *,+ -

* +

* +

* +

,

,

-

-

- ,

q

q

q q

q q

q

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20

g g

g g

g g

g g

Dependence of on water content.

Parameter values of Eqs ( ) and ( )

Eq Eq

log

RMSE

. V K . V

r r

r

r

r

r

x T

x/ T

a a a a a a a b

x x f T T g a b

x a b

a a b

x g

x Tx g f T T

f x T g x, T,

x T

f f g

f a a a a a a

a g

x

Fig.

Table

* + , - . /

-

* /

-

, - . /* + , - . /

* /

+*3 ,**2

4 / 0 4

4 / 4 0

,4* +* *4,2 -4*1 +.4.+ -*40, ,.4+1 *4+/ +4*/

, ,

, .

1 + +* * *+,

.

, ,/

/

+310

.

.

,

,

q q q

q

q

qq q

q q

q

q q q q

q q q q q qq

q

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b

w bulk

b

b

RMSE . .

:

Comparison of the actual and calibrated water content.

Wraith and Or

ii

Decagon

Decagon

Wraith and Or

Decagon

ECH O EC-

. m m

MHz

.

T

x T

x T

x

x

x

x x T

x T

x

Fig.

,

- -

* *+0 * *1,

+333

/ /

/

,

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cm

The calibrated water contents and soil temperature at a depth of cm in the

Loess Plateau (summer in ).

ECH O EC-

cm

Decagon

. m m

Decagon

.

x

x T

Fig.

,

- -

+*3 ,**2

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/

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Inc. Application Note. AN TP- . Decagon Devices

gon

Devices Inc. Application Note. Decagon Devices

water management using capacitive water sensors.

Campbell, C.S. ( ) : Response of ECHO soil moisture

Campbell, C.S. ( ) : ECH O Dielectric Probes vs Time

sensor to temperature variation. Decagon Devices

i

ii

iii

b cm i

iii

cm

Decagon

cm

Decagon

.

Inc., Pullman, Wash.

ime Domain Reflectometers (TDR). Deca

Inc., Pullman, Wash.

ECH O Christensen, N.B. ( ) : Irrigation management

using soil moisture monitors. Western Nutrient

Management Conf. : . Salt Lake City, UT.

Czarnomski, M.N., G.W. Moore, T.G. Pypker, J. Licata

and B. J. Bond ( ) : Precision and accuracy of

three alternative instruments for measuring soil

water content in two forest soils of the Pacific

Northwest. Can. J. For. Res., : .

Decagon Devices, Inc. ( ) : ECH O Soil Moisture

Sensor Operator’s Manual For Models EC- , EC-

, and EC- Version . , Decagon Devices Inc.,

Pullman, WA.

Fares, A. and V. Polyakov ( ) : Advances in crop

Adv. Agron., : .

: Profile Probe

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of porous media. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,

surface area porous media. Physica B, : .

measurements in coaxial transmission lines. Water

Jones, S.B. and D. Or ( ) : Modeled e ects on permit-

Schwank, M. and T.R. Green ( ) : Simulated e ects

ings of the symposium on time domain reflecto-

dence and hypothesis development. Water Resour.

pp

:

Friedman ( ) : A review of advances in dielec-

: . tric and electrical conductivity measurement

: using time domain reflectometry. Vadose Zone J.

FDR : .

: . :

Jones, S.B. and D. Or ( ) : Surface area, geometr-

ical and configurational e ects on permittivity .

: ECH O

: .

tivity measurements of water content in high .

Luedeling, E., M. Nagieb, F. Wichern, M. Brandt, M. of soil temperature and salinity on capacitance

Deurer and A. Buerkert ( ) Drainage, salt sensor measurements. Sensors, : .

leaching and physico-chemical properties of ir- Seyfried, M.S. and L.E. Grant ( ) : Temperature

rigated man-made terrace soils in a mountain e ects on soil dielectric properties measured at

oasis of northern Oman. Geoderma, : . MHz. Vadose Zone J. : .

McMichael, B. and R. J. Lascano ( ) : Laboratory :

evaluation of a commercial dielectric soil water

sensor. Vadose Zone J., : .

: :

ADR

: . .

Or, D. and J.M. Wraith ( ) Temperature e ects on Topp, G.C., J.L. Davis and A.P. Annan ( ) : Electro-

soil bulk dielectric permittivity measured by magnetic determination of soil water content :

time domain reflectometry : a physical model.

Water Resour. Res., : . Resour. Res., : .

Pepin, S., N. J. Livingston and W.R. Hook ( ) : Verstricht, J., B. Neerdael, P. Meynendonckx and G.

Temperature dependent measurement errors in Volckaert ( ) : Clay moisture measurements

time domain reflectometry determinations of in radioactive waste disposal research. Proceed-

soil water. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., : .

Petersen, L.W., O.H. Jacobsen., F., Plauborg., M. An- metry in environmental, infrastructure, and

dersen and D.E. Rolston ( ) : The e ects of mining applications, Evanston, Illinois, Sept ,

temperature on the determination of soil water U.S. Bureau of Mines, special publication SP

content by time-domain reflectometry, paper , NTIS PB , .

presented at Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Annual Meeting, Weast, R.C. (Ed.) ( ) : Handbook of Chemistry and

St. Louis, Mo., Oct. to Nov. . Physics. CRC Press,Boca Raton, FL.

Regalado, C.M. ( ) : A geometrical model of bound Wraith, J.M. and D. Or ( ) : Temperature e ects on

water permittivity based on weighted averages : soil bulk dielectric permittivity measured by

the allophane analogue. Journal of Hydrology, time domain reflectometry : Experimental evi-

: .

Riley, T.C., T.A. Endreny and J.D. Halfman ( ) : Res., : .

Monitoring soil moisture and water table height

with a low-cost data logger. Computers & Geosci- : TDR

ences, : .

Robinson, D.A., S.B. Jones, J.M. Wraith, D. Or and S.P. : .

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BARA AKAHASHI OSOKAWA

*

**

***

:

;

Hiroshi O *, Tomoki T ** and Hisashi H ***

* National Agricultural Research Center, Hokuriku Research center,

(NARC Hokuriku) Inada, Joetu, Niigata , Japan

(present : National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences,

Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan)

** NARC Hokuriku (present ; Shizuoka Prefectual Research Institute of Agriculture

and Forestry, Tomioka, Iwata, Shizuoka , Japan )

*** NARC Hokuriku

Soil crusting is one of the major problems a ecting the emergence of soybean seedlings in

converted paddy fields in some regions of Japan. To identify the converted paddy fields in

which soybean emergence is at risk from soil crusting, we collected twenty-seven samples of

surface soils from paddy fields across Japan. Relationship among physical and chemical pro-

perties, clay mineralogy and surface crusting under simulated rainfall were studied.

In terms of morphology, most of the soil samples showed crust after exposure to a rainfall of

mm/h. With regard to the relationship between crust properties and soil characteristics, some

correlations were found between the decrease in infiltration and the hardness and area of the

cracks when crust dries. The infiltration rates were correlated with the mean weight diameter of

aggregates. The hardness indicated a rather obscure correlation between the silt contents and

acid-oxalate-extractable aluminum (an indicator of Andic properties). The cracked areas were

clearly correlated with the sand contents. With regard to clay mineralogy, in the soil samples

which showed no or trace peak for kaolinite and vermiculite and a clear peak for smectite,

hardness did not increase after drying.

: soil crusts, converted paddy fields, soybean seedling emergence, physicochemical

properties, clay mineralogy

* ** ***

Properties of Surface Crusts of Converted Paddy Soils

Formed under Simulated Rainfall

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. , p.

Abstract

Key words

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, 04-3 2-4* +.4+ +4/ *4,1 *4+0 +04* +-4. ,34. +233

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. 04*, ,04- +*42 042 *4-3 *4.2 +24. /4- ,-41 33+

/ /41* ,-4. +,4+ -43 *4,3 *4-, +040 /4. ,,4+ 3+*

0 /43. +141 -43 +4* *4-/ *4+, /4- *4* /4- /,,

+* /42, +042 24+ /43 +4-0 *4.+ +/42 .40 ,*4. 2+0

++ 04*2 ,.43 +/4- .4. *4.+ *4,1 ,*4. *42 ,+4, 311

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+/ + 04,+ 1,41 +-4, +40 *41/ *4** +/4/ +14, -,41 +.+0

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+1 04*, +34+ +,4. ,4, *4-3 *4+2 +/4, 04- ,+4. 2,2

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33

kg kg

:

properties of soils

*

PLFed Alo Feo Sio pF

pF *PL

g kg mm

HC

CL

CL

LiC

LiC

SL

LiC

LiC

CL

LiC

LiC

SiC

LiC

CL

SL

SiCL

LiC

CL

SL

L

LiC

CL

CL

LiC

SiC

SL

CL

Al

Ca, Mg

pH .

+

+

,

+

4

+42+42

243 +4+ 34. +4- -40 +/4* -+4, /*4- ,4/, *4.2 *4.* +4+3

+.43 .-43 +34- +340 +343 ,24- ,14. ,.4- *43+ *403 *40/ +4*0

04+ ,4* /42 *42 14/ /+41 ,/4* +/42 +41- *4.- *4-2 +4++

+,4, ,4* +-4* *40 342 -+43 -+42 ,04/ *43+ *4/* *4-1 +4-.

+043 +4, +/41 *4. .40 ,,4/ -140 -/4- +43- *4.0 *4-- +4-2

,41 -4/ ,43 +4- ,.42 .04- ,-4* /42 +430 *4-3

+*4/ *41 +*41 *4/ /4, -34/ ,+4- -.4* ,4*+ *4.* *4-* +4-+

++42 +4- +,4, *40 ,40 ,-4/ -/4* -34* ,4-* *4.* *4-/ +4+0

,43 +4+ -4, *4/ +-4, .241 ,*4- +142 +4,. *4-, *4-+ +4*-

/4- .4/ .42 +4- +342 ,04- ,+43 -,4* *43- *4-+ *4,3 +4*3

140 +,42 341 ,4- ,+4- -*4* ,-40 ,/4+ *4., *4., *4-0 +4+0

++42 +4, 141 +4+ ,40 +242 .-43 -.41 *421 *4.3 *4-3 +4,1

+-43 ,43 24- +41 ++4* +141 -*42 .*40 *421 *4-1 *4,1 +4-2

+,40 *4/ 34. *4/ 14+ /*4. ,,4, ,*4- +4+, *4-- *4,1 +4,-

/4/ ,4/ .4, *4/ ..4. ,-4+ +240 +.4* ,4.. *4.* *4-2 +4*1

141 *4- 04, *4. ++41 ,24, .,4/ +140 *402 *4-+ *4,/ +4,0

+042 *42 ++4+ *40 +041 -*4+ ,141 ,/40 *422 *4-3 *4,1 +4.0

14+ +41 .4. *4/ +34, ,24. ,14* ,/4. *43+ *4,2 *4,, +4,1

04+ *4, /4, *41 /+4. ,.43 +/43 142 +4.2 *4-1 *4,0 +4.,

.4/ *4. -41 *4/ +34- -34, -*42 +*41 *43, *4-/ *4-+ +4+,

+*41 +4, 14- *42 .4- ,.42 -34* -,4* +4*2 *4.- *4-/ +4,.

24, +4, /41 *41 14+ -,4. -043 ,-40 *423 *4.2 *4-, +4.3

341 ,40 24- +4+ +24* -24/ ,,40 ,*43 *4/+ *4-+ *4,2 +4+*

241 +4+ 04- *4- 143 +/4, -34/ -14. *4/- *4.0 *4-, +4.+

043 *41 341 *42 ,42 +*4. .34, -140 *43+ *4-0 *4,3 +4,0

+4/ *42 ,4* *4- .34+ -*4+ +.4, 040 +403 *4,,

+43 *41 ,4. *4. ,14- --4/ ,.4* +/4, *43. *4-* *4-- *43*

0/

0

/

1 1 *

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34

Crust properties formed using a rainfall simulator

no

kg kg

mm mm mm mm

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

# U

# V

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

: mm h, mm h

kg

pH

.

X

Table

+*3 ,**2

4

+ .

+ *421 +4** +.40 ,4+ 1 3 24+ +

, *420 *4.3 /42 *4* . 2 ,4+ ,

- *42. *402 +-42 +42 1 +* ,4/ +

. *4/3 *410 24+ *4/ / 1 -4* +

/ *41, *41- +/4. .4/ + , -43 +

0 *43* *4-3 +/4. ,42 . / +43 ,

+* *43- *41+ +04- +4/ 1 ++ ,4. +

++ *411 *43+ +340 +,43 0 2 .4, -

+, +4** *410 +141 -4- . 3 +4. +

+. , *430 *423 +,4- +41 . 3 *4- +

+/ + *42+ *42* +34* +*4* . 3 *42 -

+0 *42. *4-- ,+4/ +24, / 3 ,43 .

+1 *43. *430 +/4- 341 . / .43 +

+2 *42. *4,3 ,*4. 142 / 3 -4* ,

+3 *430 *410 -42 *4* . / *41 +

,* *4-2 *4,3 ,+4. +34- 2 ++ -4, .

,+ *4-2 *4-0 ,*4. +24* / 1 .4/ .

,, *43+ *4/2 +34/ 24, . 0 ,4, +

,- *401 *41+ +340 ++4- / 0 -4, -

,. *41/ *4.2 +143 +42 - +* ,4. ,

,/ *43, *423 +-40 24* , - -43 +

,0 *4-3 *4,+ ,*40 +-42 1 +* .4, .

,1 + *4/+ *4., +34* 14* 0 1 ,4, ,

,2 , *4-0 *4,+ +143 -42 . 0 -4. ,

,3 *41* *4+3 ,+4. ,*4* 1 +* 142 .

-* *430 *421 +,4/ +42 - / +4+ +

-+ *4/- *4-2 ,*43 +,4, 0 +* ,4. .

+3 -1

.

+* +*

*4/ + -, .*4/

0

1 * +

+

,

-

-

- .

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35:

Crusts formed using a rainfall simulator.

Correlation between crust properties

kg kg

*** * **

* *

kg ***

kg * *

***

: : : : :

Relationship between crust properties.

Photo

Table

Fig.

4

+ .

40-,. 4.-2, 4.3*/ 4-111 4+3*+ 4,023

4.2+2 4.002 4-+/- 4--*/ 4+*/+

+ 41.23 4-/*. 4-0-3 4-*01

. 4-3-0 4,.-* 4.,.-

41/,+ 4-/00

4*/10

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Correlation between crust properties and soil physicochemical properties

kg kg

pH

*

Fed

Ca **

Mg **

K

Na *

***

* *

*

*

Alo *

Feo

Sio *

Mno *

Alo Feo *

**

*

** ***

***

***

* ** *

pF *

PL *** *

PL pF * *

: : : : :

kg

kg

kg kg

Table 4

+ .

*4**3 *4*2, *4*02 *4+1+ *4,3* *4-+- *4+.3

*4*3- *4*0+ *4-21 *4+12 *4+-0 *4*-- *4+.0

*4+3/ *4**/ *4*-1 *4+22 *4*3/ *4,-- *4-1*

*4+-+ *4-13 *4*1/ *4*., *4+13 *4*13 *4/32

*4*.3 *4,+1 *4*.. *4*2- *4+3- *4*32 *4/,3

*4,.1 *4,,. *4+/2 *4*+0 *4+,2 *4+0* *4,.0

*4*1/ *4*1, *4*03 *4,,+ *4,21 *4+/+ *4.-*

*4+,. *4-00 *4*0* *4*0- *4,*1 *4+** *40--

*4*1* *4*-* *4,1. *4+2- *4-2* *4*22 *4.*/

*4+// *4-01 *4,+* *4*.2 *4**2 *4*/, *4-33

*4+1, *4,33 *4.+0 *4+31 *4*.. *4**- *4+-3

*4+/3 *4**. *4./3 *4,/+ *4+.1 *4*,2 *4,*/

*4*30 *4*/2 *4,+/ *4*+* *4*,+ *4*11 *4-+3

*4+-2 *4*./ *4... *4,,/ *4+*+ *4*-. *4+*,

*4+,+ *4-13 *4*1. *4+0+ *4+-/ *4+,0 *4.12

+ , *4++1 *4**3 *4... *4,+0 *4+-, *4**2 *4+*3

*4+-2 *4+01 *4,12 *4,,. *4,.. *4,/0 *4/,2

*4+-, *4*/1 *4*-1 *4-,+ *4++/ *4,3* *4.1*

*4-1. *4,1, *4-+/ *4/++ *4+3- *4*3. *40-.

*4*,/ *4,1, *4*1+ *4+-+ *4+-0 *4*,, *40,,

*4+3* *4*23 *4+20 *4-12 *4+*3 *4**. *41*.

*4./0 *4.20 *4-0* *4-2- *4*+1 *4,*+ *4+,0

+42 *4*0- *4*-0 *4-30 *4+/3 *4*,+ *4*-, *4,+3

*4,,- *4+,1 *40+, *4-31 *4+*1 *4*+1 *4*1-

+42 *4.*0 *4+21 *4,/- *4--* *4**2 *4,31 *4.,-

+* / + *4+

,/ ,14

+

+ +*

+/

,* +*

1

+ .

/ *

/

/

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Relationship between exchangeable acidity

:

Relationship between aggregate stability Relationship between clay contents and

and infiltration rates. aggregate stability.

Relationship between hardness of crusts and soil properties.

Relationship between crack area ratio

of crusts and sand contents. and residue of regression of crack area

ratio on sand.

Fig. Fig.

Fig.

Fig. Fig.

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Clay mineralogy of soils

no *

Ch- Ct-Kt Mica Chro Verm Smec Qt Kt Verm Smec

Vt Sm

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

# U

# V

#

#

#

#

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#

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#

#

#

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* : Kt : Mica : Chro : Verm : Smec :

Ch-Vt : Ch-Sm : Qt :

* : Ch-Vt Ch-Sm,

kg

kg kg

Table

,

+

+

,

+ + + - + ,* ,* 0* 2* * ,*

, + + * * * * * +**

- , + - - + ,, * -- -- * 01

. + + , - + +. * .- .- * /1

/ + + + - + +1 * /* /* * /*

0 + - + , * * * * ,* 2*

+* , + + - + ,3 +. .- /1 * .-

++ - + + + + , , + ,1 3 3 +2 -0 ./

+, - , , + .- * * * * +**

+. , , - + .* * * * 0* .*

+/ + , - + .* * * * 0* .*

+0 , + - + -- +1 /* 01 * --

+1 - + , + , + -- ,, ++ -- ,, ..

+2 - , + , + + -- ,, * ,, ++ 01

+3 - + + , + .- * +. +. ,3 /1

,* - , , , + -- ,, ,, .. * /0

,+ , + - + -- * +1 +1 /* --

,, , , + , + - ,/ ,/ +- -2 * 0-

,- - , + , + + -- ,, ++ -- * 01

,. - + , + - .- ,3 +. .- * /1

,/ , + , - + ,/ ,/ -2 0- * -2

,0 - + + , , .- ,3 * ,3 * 1+

,1 + , + , - + ,/ ,/ -2 0- * -2

,2 , - + , + , + -- ,, ++ -- ,, ..

,3 , + + - , ,3 .- * .- * /1

-* , + + - + ,3 * * * .- /1

-+ - , + , + , -- ,, ++ -- * 01

+ -

+

2 + .

+

+/

0

0

h i�� � ¶ ·��38 +*3 ,**2

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Sm Kt Vt Mica

*

kg * *

kg *

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: Sm : Kt : Vt : Mica :

N

: :

:

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Taki,

kg

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Wakindiki

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Vertisols

Ben-Hur

Wakindiki

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FAO

et al.,

et al.

et

al.

et al.

et al.,

Table 4

4*23. 4*1,2 4+111 4*0+- 4*++2 4*,1. 4*.,.

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+ 4-301 4.2.- 4/+0+ 4,.,+ 4*0-. 4*1-3 4+/,+

. 4,2/, 4--*2 4.032 4*.3. 4**1- 4*.-. 4*/-1

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Poorly ordered silica and aluminosilicates as tem-

Ben-Hur, M., Assouline ( ) : Tillage e ects on water

system. Research opportunities. Aust. J. Soil Res.,

:

:

pp.

Holder, C.B. and Brown, K.W. ( ) : Evaluation of

simulated seedling emergence through rainfall

induced soil crusts. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., :

Asgedom, G.G. and Hasegawa, S. ( ) : The e ect of .

raindrop impact and initial soil conditions on :

surface crust formation. :

.

: .

and salt distribution in a Vertisol during e uent : pH . . MKCl

irrigation and rainfall. Agronomy J., : CEC : .

. Lado, M., Ben-Hur, M. and Shainberg, I., ( ) : Soil

Ben-Hur, M., Shainberg, D., Bakker, D. and Keren, R. wetting and textuure e ects on aggregate stabil-

( a) : E ect of soil texture and CaCO content ity, seal formation, and erosion. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.

on water infiltration in crusted soil as related to J., : .

water salinity. Irrigation Science, : . Le Bissonnais Y. ( ) : Aggregate stability and as-

Ben-Hur, M., Sheinberg, I., Keren, R. and Gal, M. ( sessment of soil crustability and erodibility : I.

b) : E ect of water quality and drying on soil Theory and methodology. European J. of Soil

crust properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., : . Science, : .

Bennett, O.L., Ashley, D.A. and Doss, B.D. ( ) : Lemos, P. and Lutz, J.F. ( ) : Soil crusting and

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Bresson, L.M., ( ) : A review of physical manage- and Hopkins, M.S. ( ) : Australian soil and

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: . Morin, J., Goldberg, D. and Seginer, I. ( ) : A rain-

Cattle, S., Cousin, I., Darboux, F. and Le Bissonnais, Y. fall simulator with a Rotation Disk. Transaction

( ) : The e ect of soil crust ageing, through of the ASAE, .

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properties. Super soil : . Australian New E ects of clod size, raindrop size and initial mois-

Zealand Soils Conference, December , ture conditions on surface sealing of Kunigami

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www.regional.org.au/au/asssi :

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porary cementing agents in hard-setting soils.

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: Rathore, T.R., Ghildyal, B.P. and Sachan, R.S. ( ) :

pp. Germination and emergence of soybean under

FAO ( ) : Topsoil characterization for sustainable crusted soil conditions. I. E ect of crust imped-

land management. Land and Water Develop- ance to seedling emergence. Plant and soil, :

ment Division Soil Resources, Management and .

Conservation Service. pp. , Roma. Rolston, D.E., Bedaiwy, M.N. and Louie, D.T. ( ) :

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logical characteristics of soil surface crusts formed

: .

Taki, O., Godwin, R. J. and Leeds-Harrison, P.B. ( ) :

Tanaka, U., Yokoi, Y. and Kyuma, K. ( ) : Morpho-

Micropenetrometer for in situ measurement of

soil surface strength. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., : under Simulated Rainfall. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.,

. ( ) : .

: :

: . : .

Stern, R., Ben-Hur, M. and Sheinberg, I. ( ) : Clay Updhyaya, S.K., Sakai, K. and Glancey, J.L. ( ) :

mineralogy e ect on rain infiltration, seal forma- Instrumentation for in-field measurement of soil

tion and soil losses. Soil Scinece, : . crust strength. Transaction of the ASAE, :

: .

Wakindiki, I.I.C. and Ben-Hur, M. ( ) : Soil mineral-

ogy and texture e ects on crust micromorpho-

logy, infiltration, and erosion. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.

: J., : .

:

The creation of longitudinal cracks in shrinking

soils to enhance seeding emergence. Part I. The : .

e ect of soil structure. Soil Use and Manage- :

ment, : .

: .

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Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in North-

east Thailand Using Soil Water Storage Capacity

AMADA ATABE OROIZUMI

UKCHAN

In Northeast Thailand, permeable sandy soils are widely distributed. Most rainfall may in-

* Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences,

Owashi , Tsukuba, Ibaraki, , Japan

** Chugoku Shikoku Agricultural Regional Administration O ce, Azashosakai

, Kawabata, Itano, Tano-gun, Tokushima, , Japan

*** Okayama University, Tsushima-naka , Okayama, , Japan

**** Land Development Department, / Phaholyothin

Rd., Lardyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, , Thailand

filtrate the ground and there may be little surface runo . However, soil erosion caused by surface

runo has been reported. To investigate the mechanism by which surface runo occurs, we

selected a sloping area where the top soil consisted of a permeable sandy layer overlying a very

low permeability clay layer. We defined the soil water storage capacity of the sandy layer at a

particular time as the di erence between the maximum observed water content and the observed

water content at that time. We assumed that when the amount of rainfall exceeded the soil water

storage capacity, the excess rainfall became surface runo . As a result of monitoring of soil water

content in the sandy soil layer over a period of one year, the total amount of runo was estimated

to be about of the total rainfall and the periods for which our analysis showed that soil water

storage capacity was exceeded were followed by rises in the water level of a pond that surface

runo flowed into.

: Northeast Thailand, Sandy soil, Soil water storage capacity, Sloping layered soil,

Surface runo

ground surface. The permeability of the widely

movement of rainwater after it reaches the

The Northeast Thailand region accounts for distributed sandy soils in Northeast Thailand

one-third of the total area of Thailand. The is very high. Consequently, most rainfall may

topography of the region is undulating hills, infiltrate and there may be little surface runo .

and sandy soils occupy about of the area. However, damaging soil erosion caused by sur-

Annual rainfall is , , mm, and falls face runo has been reported (Mitsuchi

mainly during the rainy season, May to Octo- ; Sombatpanit ). It was di cult

ber (Kohyama and Subhasaram, ). Agricul- to explain the mechanism of the occurrence of

ture in the region is dependent on rainfall, but surface runo from the viewpoint of the per-

the highly variable monthly rainfall results in meability of surface soil. Watabe ( )

unstable crop yields. To use the available rain- hypothesized that surface runo would occur

water e ectively, it is essential to identify the after the sandy soil overlying a clay soil with

Hiromasa H *, Hiroki W **, Toshitsugu M ***

and Somsak S ****

et al.,

et al.,

et al.

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. , p.

Abstract

Key words

. Introduction

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46

Experimental site

(N : E : )

water storage capacity, the excess would become

very low permeability was filled with water. saturated hydraulic conductivity was on the

However, their research has not been verified order of cm/s in the LS layer and on the

experimentally. In this study, we measured the order of cm/s in the SC layer (Hamada

water content of the sandy soil overlying a ). From the permeability values, we

very low permeability clay soil on a hill slope inferred that rainwater infiltrated the ground

to verify the mechanism by which surface and is retained in the LS layer above the SC

runo occurs. layer.

We measured soil water content (at two sites,

Site and Site ), rainfall, and water level in a

We selected a sloping field covered by sandy pond (P- : area m ) (Fig. ).

soil in the Nong Saeng village, about km Soil water content in the LS layer was meas-

south of Khon Kaen city. In the rainy season, ured using Profile Probe (Delta-T Device, PR /

farmers in this area cultivate rice in the low- ) at depths of , , , , and cm at

land, and sugarcane in the upland (Fig. ). The intervals of about one week between Septem-

surface slope of the sugarcane field in our ber , and September , . Using

study area was about . There were two these data, we estimated the soil water storage

ponds in the lower part of the sugarcane field. capacity of the LS layer. The soil water stor-

The water level in these ponds was not a ected age capacity on a particular day was defined as

by groundwater and subsurface flow (Hamada the di erence between the maximum recorded

and Sukchan, ), indicating that when sur- volumetric water content of the LS layer (June

face runo occurred, the water level would , ) and the measured value on that day.

increase markedly. We assumed that when the amount of rainfall

The soil from the surface to m depth was was less than the soil water storage capacity,

Loamy Sand (LS), clay, silt and all rainfall would infiltrate, and when the

sand. The soil below m depth was Sandy Clay amount of rainfall was greater than the soil

(SC), clay silt and sand. The

et

al.,

Fig.

Field investigation and analytical method.. Materials and Methods

. Study site

.

0

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47

TM

Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in Northeast Thailand Using Soil Water Storage Capacity:

Estimation of soil water storage capacity (at site on April , )

minutes with a rain gauge (SEC, WeatherBucket).

surface runo . The process for estimation of the rainfall was mm during the period of our

soil water storage capacity is shown in Fig. . investigation. The soil water storage capacity

We measured water levels in the pond P- by was calculated at intervals of about one week.

using survey instruments, GPS positioning It was therefore necessary to determine the

(Sokkia, RADIAN IS) in order to check the daily soil water storage capacity in order to

occurrence of surface runo . First, we meas- estimate the daily amount of the surface

ured the elevation of the bottom of the pond. runo . We calculated the daily soil water stor-

We then calculate the depth of water in the age capacity by using the following equation :

pond as the di erence in the elevation between

the water surface and the bottom of the pond

(error : . m). The water-level measure- where on day is soil water storage capac-

ments were recorded at intervals of one to two ity ( indicates surface runo ), is daily

weeks from March , to September , rainfall, and is daily evapotranspiration

. (September , was day one). We assumed

Rainfall data was collected at intervals of that deep percolation beyond a depth of m

was negligibly small. Daily values of used in

Equation ( ) were chosen by trial and error. We

used mm/day from September , to Jan-

Figure shows daily rainfall and calculated uary , and as mm/day from January

soil water storage capacity in the LS layer at , to September , , chosen so that,

site and (squares and triangles). The total values (Solid line in Fig. ) would follow

n n n n

n

n n

n

W W P E

n, W

W P

E

E

Wn

Fig.

. Results and Discussions

+

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+* +

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+ , -

,

-

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48

Daily rainfall and estimated weekly and daily soil water storage capacity

Estimated surface runo (Total : mm)

observed soil water content. Using obtained

face runo as the di erence between the amount

the trend of calculated capacities using weekly ber , (Fig. ). The total amount of runo

during the period of our study was estimated

with Equation ( ), we estimated the daily sur- to be mm, which was about of the total

rainfall ( , mm). The temporal relationship

of rainfall and soil water storage capacity. between daily surface runo and variations of

Our analysis results showed that the surface water level in the pond (Fig. ) shows that the

runo occurred between September to Octo- periods when the water level rose in the pond

ber , , in the middle of June, , be- coincided with periods of surface runo , thus

tween July and August , and on Septem- validating our hypothesis that runo occurs

Wn

Fig.

Fig.

+*3 ,**2

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49Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in Northeast Thailand Using Soil Water Storage Capacity

and Hasegawa, S. ( ) : Soil water and ground-

under rozelle (Hibiscus subdari a L. var.altis-

Watabe, H., Hamada, H., Moroizumi, T. and Hase-

:

Relationship between estimated surface runo and depth of the pond (P- ).

Hamada, H. and Sukchan, S. ( ) : Monitoring of

radon- concentration in surface waters of

the Ban Phai subwatershed northeast Thai-

land using a method to concentrate radon by

air-circulation, JARQ, , .

Hamada, H., Moroizumi, T. Watabe, H., Srisuk K.

water in Nong Saeng, JIRCAS Working

Report, , pp. , Tsukuba.

Kohyama, K. and Subhasaram, T. ( ) : Salt-

a ected soils in northeast Thailand, their

salinization and amelioration. ADRC technical

papers, No. , pp. , Khon Kaen.

Mitsuchi, M., Wichadit, W. and Jeungnijiirund, S.

( ) : Outline of soils in the northeast pla-

teau, Thailand, ADSC Technical papers, No. ,

pp. , Khon Kaen.

Sombatpanit, S., Rose, C.W., Ciesiolka, C.A. and

Coughlan, K. J. ( ) : Soil and nutrient loss

sima) at Khon Kaen Thailand, Soil technology,

: .

gawa, S. ( ) : A mechanism of surface runo

at a sloping sandy field in Northeast Thailand,

Proceeding of Symposium of Japan Society of

Soil Physics, , Okayama, in Japanese.

exceeded soil water storage capacity, the excess

when the amount of rainfall exceeds soil water ganization, for his assistance in our field inves-

storage capacity. tigations.

This study identified the mechanism by

which surface runo occurs in a sloping area in

Northeast Thailand, where the soil from the

surface to m depth is LS layer and overlies a

very low permeability SC layer. We defined

soil water storage capacity as the di erence

between the maximum water content we ob-

served in the LS layer and observed values.

We assumed that when the amount of rainfall

water became surface runo . The periods

during which we estimated that surface runo

occurred coincided with rises in the water level

of the pond that surface runo flowed into,

thus validating our hypothesis that runo oc-

curs when the amount of rainfall exceeds soil

water storage capacity.

We would like to acknowledge the useful

suggestions for this research from Dr Shuichi

Hasegawa of Hokkaido University. We would

also like to thank Mr Chikara Ogura, from the

National Agriculture and Food Research Or-

Fig.

. Conclusion Reference

Acknowledgement

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*

:

Fujimaki

Susumu H *, Tatsuaki K * and Takeyuki A *

* Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi,

Tsuruoka, Yamagata, , Japan

We improved the measurement apparatus for convective velocity of ponded water in paddy

fields, proposed by Fujimaki ( ). Since the e ect of air bubbles accumulated along the

sensor on the measurement values was observed, we developed a new equipment to prevent air

bubbles from accumulating along the sensor. Another improvement was that the power sources

of all measurement devices in the apparatus were exchanged from AC power supplies to DC

power supplies. This improvement allowed us to measure convective velocity of ponded water

in paddy fields without AC power supplies. The good performance of the improved apparatus

was verified by the measurement of convective velocity of ponded water in a paddy field.

: ponded water, convective velocity, bubbles, DC power supply

Rose and Chapman, ; Mowjood ;

Mowjood and Kasubuchi,

Fujimaki

. . mm s

Fujimaki

* * *

Improvement of the Measurement Apparatus for Convective

Velocity of Ponded Water in Paddy Fields

et al.

et al.

et al.,

et al.

et al.

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. , p.

Abstract

Key words

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the thermal regime of a paddy field, Soil Sci., :

ponded water in a paddy field, Soil Sci., :

cm

cm

Fujimaki, Y., Mowjood, M.I.M and Kasubuchi, T.

( ) : Measurement of convective velocity of

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Mowjood, M.I.M., Ishiguro, K. and Kasubuchi, T.

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of ponded water with time

.

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Fujimaki of dissolved oxygen (DO) in ponded water of a

. mm s paddy field, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., : .

:

p.

Rose, C.W. and Chapman, A.L. ( ) : A physical

analysis of diurnal temperature regimes in clear

. mm s and turbid water layer : A problem in rice cul-

ture, Agric. Meteorol., : .

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AZAKI HOJI OBORIO

*

: TDR

Tang

. m

Tomotsugu Y *, Yuki S * and Kosuke N *

* School of Agriculture, Meiji Univeristy, Higashimita,

Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan

Measurement of temporal changes in hydrological condition such as a flooding depth is needed

to understand green-house gas exchange between paddy rice fields and the atmosphere. We

introduced a simple method to monitor the flooding depth using time domain reflectometry

(TDR). The results of laboratory experiments indicated that water depths measured with TDR

agreed well with those observed when the water depth was estimated assuming that the second

reflection of TDR pulse occurs not at the end of the rod, but at the water surface with large water

depths. The laboratory experiments revealed that TDR provided precise enough water depths so

that field experiments were conducted. Water levels measured with a -cm long TDR probe

agreed well with those measured with a pressure-type water gauge with a root mean square error

(RMSE) of . cm. The water levels measured by TDR, however, might be a ected by raindrop

depositions.

: TDR method, electromagnetic wave, rice paddy field, flooding depth, continuous

measurement

Nadler

Time domain reflectometry TDR

Topp TDR

TDR

Thomsen

TDR

Noborio Jones

TDR Hou

* * *

Measuring Temporal Changes in Flooding Depths in a Rice Paddy Field

Using Time Domain Reflectometry

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.,

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. , p.

Abstract

Key words

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An example of TDR waveform.

m . m ns

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cm cm cm TDR

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Laboratory experimental design for measuring water depth with the TDR technique.

TDR PCV

TDR

TDRTDR

Mojid

cm cm

cm

Campbell TDR TDR

. cm cm

. cm TDR

TDR RS C

DOY

DOY :

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et al.

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TDR mm

CR X, Campbell TDR

cm TDR

TDR

The dimension of a TDR water-depth meter installed in a rice paddy field.

cm

: TDR

DOY

cm mm WL cm TDR

WL WLTDR

SDMx Campbell WL

DOY

TDR TDR cm

KADEC- cm

MIZU, TDR

mm, cm, TDR

cm RMSE

TDR

cm mm TDR

T

No. -T,

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water

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a P

water T P

water water

P T

WL . cm WL WL

: TDR

a b TDR

. cm

The relationship between manually-observed and TDR-measured water depths for di erent

lengths of TDR rods. TDR-measured water depths were calculated (a) with Eq. ( ) and (b)

with Eq. ( ). Dashed lines show the water depths of cm.

. .

: . cm

root

mean square error RMSE . cm .

cm . cm WL

RMSE cm cm cm TDR WL

. cm . cm . cm . cm WL WL

RMSE WL . cm

TDR WL

WL . . cm WL WL

TDR

b

TDR

TDR

Mojid,

WL . . cm

cm . WL WL

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. cm

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P P

ref

P

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P PT

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T P

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WL WL

. cm WL DOY

TDR

DOY TDR cm

TDR

TDR

TDR

WL . cm

. cm WL

. cm WL

TDR

TDR

a b TDR

WL -WLTDR

WL . cm WLWL

WL . cmWL cm

: WL WL RMSE . cm

. cm . cmTDR WL

The relationship between water levels

measured with TDR, WL , and thosea mm h b

measured with a pressure-type waterTDR c

gauge, WL , in a rice paddy field. Data

DOYfor WL . cm were not shown. A

solid line shows a : line. Dashed TDR

lines show the water levels of cm and . cm

cm.

TDR DOY

. cm . cm

Temporal changes in water levels measured with a pressure-type water gauge and TDR. The

horizontal axis shows the day of year (DOY) in . Dashed lines show the water levels of

cm and cm.

Fig.

Fig.

+

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a b TDR

Temporal changes in (a) hourly precipitation and (b) the di erences of water levels measured

between TDR and a pressure-type water gauge.

TDR a b TDR

c TDR

An example of the TDR-water gauge noise observed on a rainy day. (a) Hourly precipitation

(mm), (b) temporal changes in water levels measured every five minutes with pressure-type and

TDR water gauges, and (c) the di erences of water depths measured between pressure-type and

TDR water gauges.

Fig.

Fig.

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1

1

2

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64

T

a

water

water

water

T

p P

T P

T

and applications. Hydrological Processes, :

TDR

. mm TDR

TDR

WL

TDR

DOY DOY

TDR TDR

TDR

TDR Campbell TDR

TDR

TDR

TDR

A :

B

TDR WL Jones, S.B., Wraith, J.M. and Or, D. ( ) : Time

WL WL domain reflectometry measurement principles

. cm WL WL

. cm WL .

Hou, A.X., Chen, G.X., Wang, Z.P., van Cleemput, O.

TDR and Patric, W.H. Jr. ( ) : Methane and nitrous

oxide emissions from a rice field in relation to

soil redox and microbiological processes. Soil

TDR Science Society of America Journal, :

. cm .

TDR RMSE . Mojid, M., Toride, N. and Cho, H. ( ) : The e ect of

cm TDR heterogeneous soil-water distribution on the

TDR measurement of soil-water content.

L L

L

L

L

+.+

+

+*3 ,**2

-*

* /

2

,+0 ,,3 /

,

+**

+2,*2*,+

+312*+2-

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, *

, * +/-

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* / ,+20

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+0

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/

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:

:

Measurements in coaxial transmission lines. Water

tromagnetic determination of soil water content :

: TDR

: . Schaap, M.G., Robinson, D.A., Friedman, S.P. and

Nadler, A., Ravehb, E., Yermiyahub, U. and Green, S. Lazar, A. ( ) : Measurement and modeling of

R. ( ) : Evaluation of TDR use to monitor the TDR signal propagation through layered di-

water content in stem of lemon trees and soil and electric media. Soil Science Society of America

their response to water stress. Soil Science Soci- Journal, : .

ety of America Journal, : . Tang, L., Tao, X. and Choy, C.-l. ( ) : Possibility of

Noborio, K. ( ) : Measurement of soil water con- using a coaxial cable as a distributed strain

tent and electrical conductivity by time domain sensor by time domain reflectometry. Smart Ma-

reflectometry : a review. Computers and Elec- terials and Structures, : .

tronics in Agriculture, : . Thomsen, A., Hansen, B. and Schelde, K. ( ) : Ap-

: TDR plication of TDR to water level measurement.

: . Journal of Hydrology, : .

: Topp, G.C., Davis, J.L. and Annan, A.P. ( ) : Elec-

GHz-TDR

: .

Pepin, S., Livingston, N. J. and Hook, W. R. ( ) : Resources Research, : .

Temparature-dependent measurement error in Weast, R.C. (ed.). ( ) : Handbook of chemistry and

time domain reflectmetry determination of soil physics. pp.E E . th ed. CRC Press. Boca

water. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Raton, FL.

: .

time

domain reflectometry TDR

TDR

TDR

cm TDR TDR

root mean square error RMSE . cm

,**1 +* ,.,**2 . -*

++ +3

,**-

,**-

+++- ++,+

.-1 ..2 ,**+

,**+

,,+ ,,2

,+- ,-1 ,***

,**-

/1 0/ ,/, ,/2

,**/ +32*

,*

31 +*+

+33/ /1. /2,

+320

/+ /- 01

-2 .-

,*

* ,2

3*

01

01

+*

-+

3- ,-0

..

+0

/3

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OMIYA HINJO

*

** NPO

: m

Yasuaki K * and Toshiya S **

* Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, , Japan

** Subtropical biomass research center, Nishihara, Okinawa, , Japan

In test method for particle size distribution of soils, sieve analysis result and hydrometer

analysis result may not be skillfully connected. It is said that in hydrometer analysis, much error

arises from many causes, and it brings about the error for the values of percent finer by mass and

particle size calculated using Stokes’ law. This fact was estimated by the trial, and instrumental

error of hydrometer, density error of the water, viscosity coe cient error of the water was

clarified. Hydrometer analysis result was corrected using these. It was confirmed that the

corrected hydrometer analysis result agrees almost with the sieve analysis result using m

sieve, m sieve and m sieve. Then, as convenient method, the method for moving particle

size curve by hydrometer analysis parallel in the vertical direction was proposed so that the

percent finer by mass of m particle size by the hydrometer analysis may agree with the

percent finer by mass of m particle size by the sieve analysis, and the result was good.

: test method for particle size distribution, hydrometer analysis, error, m sieve

JIS A JIS

. mm

JIS

.

mm

m

* **

Error Correction Method for Hydrometer Analysis in Test Method

for Particle Size Distribution of Soils

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. , p.

Abstract

Key words

3*- *,+- +

*- *,+- +

-,

3*- *,+-

3*- *,+-

$

./

-, ,*

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+,*.

* *1/

+,

,*** * *1/

1/

+*3 01 1. ,**2

+

,

m

m

m m

m

m

m

m

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68

: : :

JIS

JIS

Combination of sieve test result and

hydrometer result observed in particle

size distribution curve

m

b

d

, m g . g/cm

a c

JIS .

. .

.

a . .

c d JIS

. .

.

.

P : : :

: : :

: :

cos

: :

: g

w w s m

s m

w

s

s

s s w

s w s

w s

s w w s s w

w s

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sw m

s s w

s s w

m

w

n

F L

r r C F

m , V, t, C , L

F T

r

VP

m

dd

P d r

P d r

P

d V

l T m

VP r C F

m

d

d V

m

r CD T

M V v d v

g t

M

Fig.

-

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+**

,

.*

+ .

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+ *** ,2 // , 1

* 33/

+ */* * **+ +/

+ ***

* **+ * **+

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+

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69:

Dimension of hydrometer

No M g D cm L cm l cm V cm d

-A

-A

-B

-B

-C

-C

.

. NO. NO.

.

. . . . . .

. .

hydrometer

: cm

: cm

: cm

:

: g cm

: . g cm JIS

: dyne cm L

:

: cm

: cm sec

JIS

.

w

F

L

V d

v

v

d

T

D

F

Table

Fig.

-,

-,

-+

-,

-

-

,

*433/ +4*/* +/

/0 -14/2. *4.1/ ++4-- 342, -/43,- +4**,+

1+ -04..- *4.1/ +*43/ 34/3 -.42,, +4**+1

+22 .-4+*2 *4/+* ++4** 343- .+4+01 +4***,

223 -04//- *4.1/ +*42/ 340/ -.43,+ +4**++

.,+ -/4.-. *4.// ++41+ +*4-2 --42,, +4**+*

.2/ -/4-/+ *4.// ++42, +*4,2 --41// +4**+3

+ ***

* **+ + /0

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0

. + + */

+ *. + *- + *, + *+ + ** * 33/

* 33/ + */

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r

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70

Relationship between value of hydrometer and water temperature in distilled water

Relationship between scale and instrumental error of hydrometer

. g

. g, . g

JIS

m g

g m

JIS

m

m

m

l

l

l

l

l

Fig.

Fig.

+*3 ,**2

3 +

+ 2 * 0

/ 0 ,* +** ,*

,* +**

+*

,*

+* , +310

, ,* +*

-

-

.

.

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71

Measuring example of soil particle density

:

Relationship between density of water Relationship between viscosity coe cient

and dissolution quantity of dispersing of water and dissolution quantity of dis-

agent persing agent

Properties of saturated aqueous solution of dispersing agent at

pHm g g g g/cm

NaPO

Na P O

Na P O

JIS m

JIS

m g

. g cm .

Pa s

.

d

m . of respective grain diameter

m

. g cm

l

l

l

Fig. Fig.

Table

Fig.

-

- 0

/ - +*

. , 1

- -

-

$

,*

,*

+* +.43/2 34++3 /42-3 +4.30 .42

+* ++4,21 +411, 34/+/ +4+,3 24/

+* +*4./* *4/.1 343*- +4*./ +*4.

+*

+* ,

* **+. * **1. +*

. *

/ / **,

* ,

1

/ 0

/ 0

,

,

1

1

, -

m

m

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Kosuke N *

* School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki,

: water movement, soil water content, matric potential, hydraulic conductivity, hy-

sterisis

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ards

Richarddss’’ equation Richards

Richardd’’ss equation Gen Ogata W. A. Jury

Lorenzo Adolph Richards Soil Physics .

Ph. D. Doctor of Philos-

ophy

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Fielding

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Willard Gardner

Ph. D. Richards

Richards,

Reviewing classical studies in soil physics

Physics, : ( )

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“Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums”

By L.A. Richards

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

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Richards

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Campbell, G.S. ( ) : Introduction to soil physics

with BASIC. Elsevier Pub., New York.

Celia, M.A., Bouloutas, E.T. and Zarba, R.L.( ) : A

Richards general mass-conservative numerical solution

for the unsaturated flow equation. Water Resour.

Res., : .

Klute, A. ( ) : A numerical method for solving the

flow equation for water in unsaturated materi-

als. Soil Sci., : .

Narasimhan, T.N. ( ) : Central ideas of Bucking-

Richards ham ( ) : century later. Vadose Zone J., :

Philip, .

Nimmo, J.R. and Landa, E.R. ( ) : The soil physics

contributions of Edgar Buckingham. Soil Sci.

Soc. Am. J., : .

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Or, D. ( ) : Who invented the tensiometer? Soil Sci. Richards, L.A. ( ) : Capillary conduction of liquids

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Philip, J.R. ( ) : Fifty years progress in soil phys- Richards, L.A. (ed.) ( ) : Diagnosis and improve-

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Richards, L.A. ( ) : The usefulness of capillary po- USDA, ARS.

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Department of Environmental Sciences

Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University

Honjo-machi, Saga, Japan

Japanese Society of Soil Physics

Journal of the Japanese Society

of

Soil Physics

AMADA

IRAI ORI OMURA GUSA ORISAWA

AITO UJIMAKI ASUDA

BARA AKAHASHI OSOKAWA

AMADA ATABE OROIZUMI UKCHAN

ANAYAMA ASUBUCHI NNAKA

AZAKI HOJI OBORIO

OMIYA HINJO

OBORIO

IZOGUCHI

I. Y

Soil Environment Monitoring by Multi-frequency Electromagnetic Sounding

Y. H , Y. M , H. S , N. E and T. M

Calibration of Temperature Dependence of a Dielectric Probe

T. S , H. F and H. Y

Properties of Surface Crusts of Converted Paddy Soils Formed under Simulated

Rainfall H. O , T. T and H. H

Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in Northeast Thailand Using Soil

Water Storage Capacity H. H , H. W , T. M and S. S

Improvement of the Measurement Apparatus for Convective Velocity of Pounded

Water in Paddy Fields S. H , T. K and T. A

Measuring Temporal Changes in Flooding Depths in a Rice Paddy Field Using Time

Domain Reflectometry T. Y , Y. S and K. N

Error Correction Method for Hydrometer Analysis in Test Method for Particle Size

Distribution of Soils Y. K and T. S

“Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums” By L. A. Richards

K. N

M. M

Foreword

Original Papers

Notes

Lectures

Reading of Classical Study Series

Readers’ column

Announcements

Editor’s Postscript

Contents

No. July

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