˘ ˇˆ +*3 ,* 1 ,* - ./ 1 · ˘ˇ ˆ˙˝˛ ˚˜ !"# $% % !"# & !"# $% %...
TRANSCRIPT
� �� � �� � �� � �� � � ������� �������
���������������������������������� �
���������� �
��������� �
���������������������� �
��� �
������ �
������� �
�������� �
� � ������������ �
� �������������������� �
�����������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������
� !
"#$%&'()*+,-��./012345
�6 78 9 8:; <= >� ?@ A 9 B�
C&DEFG�HIJK��LM N OP NQ R� S T
UVWXYZ[�\]^E _`ab��cdef��gh���ij��kl
mn o pq rs tu v
wE�x yIz{|}-~��� �� � � �� S� ��
*+,-E �E����{| �� �� �� � �� ��
�� I��+��-�WF������M * m¡ ¢£ ¤¥ ¦8
§ "¨g©zª-«©�¬®¯ �� ��
°±2²��� ��³´�¤�µ ¶· ¸
� �
�
�
� �
�
� � �
� � �
� �
���
�
�����
���
����
����
� �
� � � � � �
� � � �
� �
� �
� �
� �
�
AMADA ATABE OROIZUMI UKCHAN
ISSN
Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in Northeast Thailand Using Soil
Water Storage Capacity H. H , H. W , T. M and S. S
TDR
L. A. Richards
+*3 ,* 1 ,* - ./ 1 -+ *-21 0*+,
+
-
+/
,1
#
./
/+
/1
01
1/
2+
2-
2/
+*3 ���� �
� � � �
� � � �
� � � �
� � � �
� ��� �
� �� �
�
��
� �
� � ���
� �
� �
� �� �
��
� �
� � �
�� �
� �� �
� ��
� �� � �
� � �� � �� � � � � �
� � � � � � �� �
� �� � � � � � � �
� � � � � �
� �� � � � � �
� � � �
� �� �
� � � � � � �
� ��
� � � � � � � �
� � � � � �
� �� � ��� ���
� ����������� !"#�$% �% !"#�
� &� !"#�$% �% !"#
' ( !"#�$% �%
) !"#�$% �
*�+ *� ��� �� ,���-./ 012� 3456
*�+ ��78� � 9� 56 �: �; <�34�� ��% =>?9@ABC*� �DE F�� � � + G� � @� ,��� <*�+H� � IJ�K�4=� LM �+ *��NO,PQ�RS./ 4=;78 � �9@T*��U�VW X Y PY � � Z �P *�[ � �+ ��9@* ��R\ 12
@�H� ,��+ ��� ]�-��^ ���_$ � L 0 �,` H� �a 4b�c d�78 >?�e 9@ �*� f ,���, +� �F2�SI��g �9@ ,���,P+� �hi P2I � � Ijk � � Z+ �0 l�H� *�� � IJ� � � � �m � 4= *��� + ,��9@ ��,�n*����+ �� * ��9@m � / � � <�� 9@34�F2� o ��� p� �����+ �qL � qL� � + � J,��� �rs�s2t���^ � �+ H�u� *��) �-% s0 *��K�����v��s2t���^ ]w �����+K�� �x �y zR� J&� ��� �� ,���-./ 012� *�� ,� ]�w � � { | <���
* �� { | ��� �� ,���-./ 012�*} �hi ��-./\ 12 *�[H� �_$ �
m �� ~� { | <� Io �� �[ { | *� ����� � m �� | ��� �� ,���-./ 012�m ���d | ��-./\ 12 *� � �*��K� ��v� y+ � *��n +� H� �� ��./S/Ijk y �a + J�^ 0 *���; + � ��z%+K�- � ���� � <����� �� ,���-./ 012 *�� + F2� ��K� �,� ���
� ��� �� ]�-./ 0 �� * * ABC*C12 � + � -%�L
� ��;��
l+ *���RSF������ � !"#+���-
�S% �� ��78v-@>?� �� � ��T�12&� ~ ��� �k/�\ � �F���^/� ��T�U !"� �/^/ [� �&��� #�$% �% !"#� �!"#�$% �% !"#� � �� � � �¡78¢"£ � �� ^+�^� � <����¤Xk/ G�k^4¥�78 �� �U� ^ �R �I./LM&��¦ !"#�$% �
�S% [� �&� !"#� % !"#� �$% �% !"#� � < � ��� �
�^/ *� 4 § &k�+ <����¤X�^/ H2zR�78� ¨k ©ª� « k/LM&��¦ !"#�$% �%
!"#� �� �� � ��f4 % !"#� �
b� ��;IJ� ¬�� ��@�78>?� 9e� JIJ� ®�U !"#� �!"#�$% �% !"#� � �v �� �v^/ <������zI+78 ® ¯°L./^7 ���d� �± F��S
8 �*�[ �²³12I 78 �´ ���µ + <����P <����U��^/� ¬� ® !"#�$% + v-@ 78¢"£ ��^/+�% !"#� � H� � ����+ �¶ l� ·R¶ �
�� �� ���
� � � �
�� �� � � �
�� � �
� � �
� � �
� � � ���� � � ��
� � � ���� �� ! " � �# $ %�
&' � � � () �� * � +� � � &' ,-
� �%. /0 1 2 3 4 � �
�� ��� 5 -* 6 � � 7 �
� % � 6 8 /� 9 6 :; � � �
< � � => ?@A 0B C .D 2 3 � E6 � &' ,- F8 G � - 8
� � � ! � �� � � 5 H � I � " �
J ! F8 K L �� MN O
� P Q � � �� �
� � R � S T � � � �� � �
) "5 ) � � �U 5 - 6 �H ) " VJ ) W�� H � � �
H - W �� � � 7 = ) � � � R R 6 X
YZ = N � [\ � )] () S^) S
� I � " � _2 � � � � Y`a VG b� �cd ef
� � � U $ g5� �� 2 ) S
h�i �j G �0B kl� ����� �� m �n �� ���
" 0B o pq �- r 6 s%. � � �
� � � � '�� ��� t " u@
v [\ w x � � �kl� 6 s%. � �� � t �� ���
! "� %�[ � �
��� �� ��� �� y � � z � �
� � � G "z j {
6 4 0B � | } " � "y z � � 0B � 6 j J � J
� �
�����
������ ���
�
���
�
��
��
�
�
�
��
� �
�
�
�
����������������������������������������������������
Reviews :
Miscellaneous :
Foreword :
Book reviews :
Japanese Society of
Soil Physics
Journal of the Japa-
nese Society of Soil Physics
,
,
,
,
,
,
. .
Original papers :
Readers’ column :
Lecture series :
Notes :
Topics :
Lectures :
My research :
-
0
0
+
,
1 +-
- ,2
..
3
/
/ /**- ***
,, /**1 /**
+/ ***,, /**
0 , +*- . +
- -++ + +
2.* 2/*, ++/
,**1 . +,**0 +* +.
,
+ 0,
+1
,0 2
,
0. 3
-0
+*. ,
++,
0/
-,
0 +
� � �
� �
�
�
� �
� � � �
� �
�
� �
� �
�
��� �� ��� � ������
� � � � � �� � � � � � �� � �
� � � ���� � � � � � �� � � � � � �
� � � � � �� � �
� � � �� � � � � �
� � �� � � �
� � �� � � � �
� �� � �
� � �� � � �
� � �� � �� � �
� � �� �
� � � � �� � �
� � � ��� � � � � ��
� ���� � �� �� � � � �
� � �� � ���� ��� �� � � � �� � �� �
� �� �� �� �
� ��
� �
� � ���� � � �
� � � � �� ���
� �� � �� ��
�� � � � �� � � �
�� ��
� � � �� �
� �� � �
� � � � � �� � �
� ��
� ��
� � ��
��
�� �
��� � �
�� � � ���
�� � ��� �
� � �
� �� ��� !"# $
%&� %' � (� %
) �* +� , - �. / 0� 1� �� �2��3# ���� 4%5�6� � ��7� � 89:;<
"!"# �=�> ?@A�BC* D�� ?@AE � F� ��* G H% � � IJ HK �L* MN@OP% D� � ��* /%!"6� % 0�"�* D� !" QR@ %S %L1� $ '/� =�* D�
�!" � �.T� UVWX� %L1� $ '/%!"6�* +� UVW# � D�4 � �7 � %L1� $%5�6�� /% YZ[@\% D %
"!"� T T D UVW� ]^ ��'/� =�*� 0� � � _@`G � � a 5 �� b c� �� " � * G "!"%de�f � � �� �* � T*
D a !"� � %g� � � � 6h �*^ G � � � �* � % � � T* � �
% 0�i 6=�� �3%GG �*%6 7%
j � j%k��* G � � # � �*�5�OPlk%!"� �� � m�nL3% � � $de� !"% op8`� � � q�� $ $ % % �] % ��
* G � P��OPr ^qs �*4� P� #�% ��t ��f�*#6 * ]u v �� �.T ] �
�de� !"% hw� xW� .T�y �* % 0� � �G���b
z ��*6 {�| �* D�
G � ��*# � %!"� /G �'/6 �*
D� %E�� q G � �./%!"� }�� �~��T* q� % ��* 6 ?@A�*| {� %E�� % �/% "!" +� � $ � �2
$ �| {���=e���� /6 � 3%E��'/6| {% ���%L1��*� o`�@� �� � �
��^q � �* G ?@A�%�� /6 ��� � (� %�@
�@�� $/% nL�YZ[@\� '/�L*
�� � =� %&�'/6� � �?��A@ ?��A% � (� % � *�\/% "!" +� � �� � �$ � %�� /6 % �.�T*� %?@A�� ] �.T� %'/%!"� ��`�?@�6h �*?@A� � D�� ?@A� � D�6 ?@A�*� �.T*'/% "!" +� � $ � �2�
%�^ �x� � ��� ��*� ��^q
z� �*'/% "!" +� � �$ � �
IJ HK �.��� $% 6� ��'/% � * �*%6 44�� � �� % � H%'/% "!" +� � $ � % � ��� /6 � �� � �* H �q* H
% (� %�@�@��.T* �n #�I %k% �� / %h # �� D '/ ^q% �L� UVW% 64q�h �*!"�� � hr% ¡� * � �}0� } � * ¢`'/% ¡��£� % �n��}14� �x % ]j �¤¥%E*'/% ¦§:¨©`�8§ª��R@M@�L«�¬®¯���* °# G�� 89:;<� ��a !"� �*� �� ±UVW# �*² % op8`�� �*
� ! ��� � % # 27%� %� �� %� ��% D�+T �*c%� �� %L1�
� ³��*3% ´ %E*7%�.���µ�� ��¶¨®¯ 8·¸®¯ % ] � UVW6¹ �*m Gºq³�� � » % �i 6
�* z
� �� ��� � �� �
�� � �
� ��� �� � � � � ���� � � !"
# $ %��&' ( � ) (
% *+ ��&' ,- . / 01 2 . /# % 3 3 3 01 � 4 %5 6 �7�� 89 � �
� 89 �:;� % . 01 / �,- <� % . / 01
# = > % 89 ? @� A=>2 =>,> B� C� . / 01 DE F � G /
�6 # � 5 # $ . HI /� J% K =L =M,> B� . / 01 NO P Q�6 �� 5> P 7 R > ST ��� ./U
2 V. 01 WX YB
�� Z � [ � ��\ . ] ^F_ ;$ ]
�� `a b � . c d �e b�� � � f g b h
i. j 01 $k ^k ]_-l � �mnMo . / 01 2 @� �7 p
/-�q � r % ��� st
��� st ��� � g,- uV
% v ���,- P e g� wxg ST Nr� -� ��� y �,- # �� z{|/ }~ r�,- /@ ��� �r� � )/@ ��� �o � i �
-� � � v� ,- �o � i �
�,- <� �
o � i/ -�x� �mnM�� � f
,- # �� ��� ��w ��� �mnM � �z -� ,- e�� E��l - (�P Q
� % I� � %�# �� z
-EL ����� � ��� -�
� �# �� ��� �� z
-�( � �Xn �
f �mnM � � � ( �# �� z -� r� �
,- /@ ��� �o � i �� ( � (e�� E� � ���� � ,- 3� Q �� �_ % 3� ¡¢ 89 ��£¤ Q ¥�¦ _ . -� §�2 O � f §�¨ �� £¤ ©ª« <� uV ��
¬� � !"¦K® K �� 89 ¯�;� � °� �� G± ²"5>/� ³ �´ �� �! G-� µ � ¶ �% r�
�· ¸ ¹ 8U e� g> > �
9 ºe �e »¼½ V;$
� ������ �� ��
������� ���
�
�
�
�
�
�
c c
kg ha , Mg ha , t ha
mol kg , cmol kg
words Abstract
:
CEC
, SI
Fig. , Table , Photo.
Fig. , Table
A
A
. .
: Tanaka
Nakamura and Suzuki,
et al.A: Tayler et al.,mm
ABC
Bouma, J. and Dekker, L.W. ( ) : A case study
on infiltration into dry clay soil, I. Morphological
observations. Geoderma, : .
FAO ( ) : Revised legend of the FAO-UNESCO
Soil Map of the World. p. , FAO, Roma.words:Abstract Key words
: .
: p.
p. pp.Ap.,words
pp.
SISTManuscript title, Full names of authors, Ad-
dress of institutions of authors. .
Address of institutions of authors
SI
Key words
kg kg *
m m
m L, cm , mL
kg m , Mg m
kg m , Mg m g L , mg L
mol m mol L
N
J kg kPa, m, cm, **
m s cm s
s min
kg m
*., ., ., .
. . . . . . . .** cm H O
. .
[ SI ]
+ + +
+ +
+
- -
- -
- -
- - + +
- +
+
+ +
+ +
,
,
0
+1/ /
+/
. ,+ +/ *** +0
+1 +/ + , - , -
+ , -+ ,
+20
+3
,* + ..
1,+
2,, + , ,
3
,-+*
,.,**1 +, +
,/+33.
+32+ -++, . ,/ ,-
+312 +3./-* . +,0-
,1+312+
/,* ,1 .*
+322.++3+1/
+31*/+. ,2 --/
+303 //-/*
0 .0** +
1,2
,**. 0 ,3
2
3-/*
/
+*/
++
+,
+- + , - + ++ , + - + + + + + , + + -
+.
,*** - +*
�
���
� ��� �
� � �� ��� �
� � ��� � �� � �
� ��� � �
� ����
� � �� � � � �� � �� � �
��
�� �� � � �
�� � ����
� �� ��� �
� ���
�� �� �
�� �� ��� ��� �� �
� �� ���� �
� ��� � ��
���� �
� ����
� ����
� ��� ��
�� ��� ��
�� �� �
���� �
� ����
� � �� ���
�� ����
� ��� �
� � ��� � ��� ��
� � � �
�� �
�
��� ����� ��� ��� ��� � ������� !"# �� ��$�� ����
%& � '()* +,-. /���+,-�0 12� 3� "!"#4"!" ��5
�6 ��� �#7 89:;<=>+,-� -,?@#AB "�CD����! )��E#FG �H>��)* "I��!"�J�K$ $ �L��M0 )N O P �#��QRSQR�� T� ��>)UV�>�� ���# O� 0 12� M W� �!"�# QR��!"� )W� X
QR6 ���?=Y ��N#����)P �� +,# O � NG � � # P-� "!"P # QR��#ZI��[QRS # O ��� )NI\�> �]=!"���?^G?�5 )�
# O� � '(=>� _ I� QR#S � ��� J` a)#J ����� !"P I� +,"� �@��� -P �b ��c � ���"!"��@��N#
# O � NG � � # P" �W�� "d )* "eI��f g0 �� �� # O ��!"h �F$ �i� G)* 0
� )N # O� � '(=>� P J �cj�k$�)�F$ l��m�� LJ ����� I�� !n ��Y ��!")��?@ "��E"�g%0 �o>��I> "!"��@��N#�E# ���
# O P QR # O�=>�#0 �p ���)�q� +,rstusvw;P���) 89:;<-P � ���# O
# O )N # O� i# �a# )W� X����)M� . "���89 ?@1 x�y P0 � z��)� g0 `>�N �����)
� # P�� O� +,-P �{=>����!" #| P W�>��)
0 12# O � )�� �}#FGP ����)JN#��{P ����)~ )�JI��N#� ���<��<� �P ����J � J��P��N#)
'�5�>� ��J$ J�B�P����#�> P ����)K@��>�y�J>N# 89:;<#�;�;�P ����)O��# {P ����)
P K@��>��M� �> �P"!"#$J>N# 89:;<# O+,-� "!"P � m n )��
� ��� J� '(� $q �>�� ���>��)�b ��f !"� M�N#M�� �� ���>J> O� .#R���| I��`� �) ��>O\� N�$�!"� M M�i#��
N#) �P�>N#"�� OP����| � P �� # P�LJ0 # )�
>N#+,-� M M� "!"P #P a# �O\J>N#.QR��#ZI\�>?^G?� ��
i# aQR��!")��ZI\�$� � ���0 �o>�� +,-�J>N##0 � � 0 �p ���i#+,-�0 �� }# =>�* � ,P!" � W�EI> *��` >��>�� P>�N??\@� i#* P!"�!"# �� � ���) � �J>) I��FGJ5 J¡�P�� !"#¢ � P ��N#����)
� O� 0 � £�� "���)P��0 � # � 3�oGN#��J>���) W� �l# ¤�QR # J@J
!"� �� O� 12P�¥>�) ?�FGJz � '( ��0 � " ��89� �� J¦ § �¨ � ��EI>>�) W� �J�©�ª«# ¬ �J^!"�§ ®¯ I��) °$ ¢)�± M��)
# J��� 0 �� ���±0 p ²n�³ ���)?= ��EI> �lP�W� O0 ?@ I�� =>� +,-� i#�l�l$�M�J$ �l� MJ>F�!"P "!"��@��N#� ���GJ L ´�� P��@���QR � "I��!"�g "�� O
� e "H>)J��� QR )��� b µ # g "��EI>0 # ) "!"#4
+,-� 89:;<=>�� ´i# #¶ # "!"=>�� # .0 �p ���0 � # "!"��@��·( =>� "!"� ¢� 0 12� ��`F
�� � ��� � � �� � �
� � �� ��� � � � �� � ���� ���� � �� ��
� ! " #�� $%& � ' � ()*+ ,%- � .
'% �/ �� ��! " #� ! � 0� *+ ,%-
�� & !� 1& � � 2 34� #5 6 78��� �� 9: ��;��� ; 0 '%�! " #� ! � 0� < � � �
�� � �� &=�> � ?! & � �� @A B %C �� 9: ��C DE / ��� F
! " #� GH & I�� #� J ����� #5&! " #� & %K� � .
) � L�M NO � P �%-� �#� & �� �Q
#5RS / T� " #� %KQU HV
�WQ HVXQ� Y�� HV8� Z[ �3
� \ ]\ � HV��HV
&Q HVF^ ] _ ` R� ')
�� &�� � S a 4 ���� � �3 � @b c ; '
) b c & �d / � efg ' ) L;&
RS / �W h � #�� i3 j�� ' ) � *+ ,%
� � k- #�6 �l m � �� H
� n� � J6�� � � o 0� R � pq
� �� � � �� #5 �3r � #5& � B L� � s# t
? u GH %K�� Lv & ��[ wx � � ��� � � � f&y � z / {)? _ | �
} Q ~ � s#E��� � � E��� J ��8 �$ &� : gU0 ��
'� cx � DEGH L � &
_ � GH %K �[ ; t a �� N� � �
�� �� � �6 [ � � H � J� � i� � � RS
� ������ �� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
A
A B
B
B C
C
D
D
C
D
D
SI
. .
+
+ ,
, + +,
,- + +
,
. +-+
/ ,,-
0 ,
+,-
+.,-/
01
.-
/
0 +
1.
23
0+
+
,
,
-
-
.
.
/, ,**. 0 ,3
+
,
�� � � � �
� �� � �
� � � � �� � � �
� � ��
� � � ��� � � �
� � �� � � �
� ��
� � � �� � �� � � �� �� �
� � �� � �� � �� � � � � � �
� �� � � � �� �� � � � � �
� � �� � � ��� �
� � � �� � �� � �
� �� �
� � � � � �� � �
� � �� � �
� ��
� ��
� �� � �
�� � �� � �
� �� �
� � � � �� �
� � � ��
�� � �
�� �
�� � ������� ��� � � ����� �� �! "#$ �%$� &' ( )$* +,$ -./0 # 1&%�23 � 4�� � + & 5� &�6(78 $�� 4� 797$:1 �
��� � $�� ;�<�=> #�� & ?@A$)B(�� = ?$C���97#� D�B�E
$F� (�GHIJHKLM&N�;# OPQMR 97 $ �� *NE�� S$N!� ) � �% 97T * S& ����? S$#U V�N�;# � * + W�XY�*N!�Z
OP[ ,<\ $]�^ $ & _ U `a b*C� $*(!�N�;# Z_c$F� � S* 7S$ � OPd �� $N!97 � & U ��;# �Z_ eU %(fg+hi j :(k*
c& �N�;# l m 4��& �N�;# � S* S# ��(��4�� S
n opqRrsR+ A& �N�; #t *�u -./ �X���# � S#� ! %vw 97 *�,
x+yz{� & �N�;# (��� | �Z_ �$" }4~M�M�& �N�;# ��n� c& �N�;# S$� �:1%�$�� � ) �C� #�� #� * 4eY( C� #��;#* � S$#U S$
&��<��� #U � �� � �97(k$�� #�(��� � * � �:1�� �XYe! C�( $� (�!&N� #� ! � ,< %$ 7��eY �%
0f$>��% �*(E (���& &e� )&N!�� = )$* C�u<� ��$^�(� OPQMR � � �� 4�� � d 0�) 3}`* ��
& u<� ���m� �� `& � S,< -./3}` &N� )*E(� OPQMR ) � -./3}` #� �3y ���� � ��� (d 0�� E�_�� ����
�
� �/ $ # �q�M ��E �/ �-./ �4-./#�Y * * X� �/? ¡¢ �q�M ��XY;#�
$£��� #��¤ -./*F�¤ �XY
* /. � $e! ��% �/ ¥ $>�E ¡¢ �q�M�¦ #�� �* � § �/0 2 �/�/ �$¨��= 0
3 �� ��q�M $F� * � #�( � -./*-. �e¢-. �
� ©U � ��� �/ ª ¢$ �* �-./$ -./* /.e!� ���
�� XY -.* W./ $>�6 /�« �* /$�� �XY �
= * #�� %�� � *��%�( &(� ) �-./& ¬ � ,< ���;#&�6� -. *-. $e! ��$® �� * $ ¯° -.��E;#� 1�
9 #� ± ² ,<± ³´ -./* ³´��² ��$C���%9 � # ����q�M S* �/µ¶
�I·¸�q�M S #�� (�� $�!/.¹�NU $�1�
�
� � � � � � � � � � � �� �� �� �� � �� � �� ��� � �
� � �� �� �
���� �� !" #
$ � �%� � & � �� '� ()* + � , �-. / 0 12 -3
4 � � ) �� � 5 6 7 8
��4 29 :;4< 29 � # =>?@ #� A�8 29 B �� !"
� C D E ��F G 29 HI IJKL M
294 29 # N � O ��
12 -3 12 � #PQ R �S T
U4 N � 12V8 WX �R Y = 6 � Z G
�� F [ 12�� -3 \ ] ^ _
18`a [ 6 C � � �� J b
�� �� ^ *N 8 �R _ c
d
e f ��f gh f iR fjk� ��f k� l mn ��f gh f j iRo-.pq � ���f N r s pq f � ��f gh ft j
pq u� ve b8Wwx � mno- fj �yKgh f pq b8 � z r r,S
�j f { | j j N �
} pq O �4~ ��f `�O 4~� " l "��f pq j 2�� � j z j jK��f � �� mn o-. r �� �� f El � fl l ,S� # �� � �� N
gh f � mno-U4 ��
Q ��� N
� ������ ��� �
����������� ����������������
�
�
� �
� �
�
��
��
�� �
�
�
����������������������������������������������������
SI
D
. .
. . . .
. . . .
+ 0 +
1,
23
+ .
, /-
0+,- 1.
2/01 3
-
+,-
-
. +*
/
,**- / ,2
+ +
, +
- ,
+
- + /
.
/
0 ,
. + - . -
-+ ,**, ++ ,- ,**- ++ ,,
,**, ++ ,- ,**- ++ ,,
� �
� �
��� ��
� ��
� ��� ������������������� �!"
� �
� �
� �
� �
#
� � � �
$�%& ��'�(
)*+,� + , � $�+,� ��'�( + , �
- . /0 123�4 56 76 89 12:; �<= >?
@A B0
@A 0
C�D�E
C�D�E
FGHIJ � � �K L�K
M�NO
FGHIJ � � �K L�K
M�NO
FGHIJ � � �K L�K
M�NO
P Q � R H
S I
TU %&
�0V�WX W OYV�Z[ W
@ W \ W ] ^ W
_ ` a b b b b b b
� � � � �
�
�
�
�
�
� � � � �
:
:
: http : //wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jssp /
:
FAX TEL : FAX :
E-mail E mail :
A :
/
/
-
+
,
-
o
. .**
-* /* +** +/* ,** -**
� � � �� �
� �
�
�
� ��
���� ��� ����� ��� �� �������� ! "#$�%&
' ( ) * �+ ,+ -./0
1 2 3 4 5 67 3 4 5
+ 8 9 : ; <= >? @A
B C
D�EFGH?I
J : K L
=34 673 4 67 3 4
M N �
MN�OPQ
MN�RSTU TU
MN�
V W X O
VWRSTU TU
VW
+Y�#�� MN� VW
Z<+[\�]�O^<+
Z+ �_�345`a345
#�� b&cde�fghi<+Nj kNl
mnomnpZqr TQmns<t<u=hvwx<x) y z{ �
� �������� � � � ������
�
� �
� �
� � �
�
�
�
�
� �
FAX E-mail
FAX
FAX
:
:
Tel Fex.
E-mail : [email protected]
2.* 2/*, +
*3/, ,2 21/1
�
�
�
�� � �� � �
� � ��
� � � � �� ��
� � � � �� � �
�� � �� � � �
�� � �
�
� ��
�
�� ���
������������������ !��"# $%&#�'()���*+,- ,- ./�0123&45��#6 78�9 &�:;<(*=5��*��&>?�� !��@5A5 ./�23&�:;(*=5*8 BC�� !��*DEF� G�8�'(�� !��
H
./�IJ6 K.L M N.L M OP.L M QR.L M�ST#�U�� ..VE W$% % &XY �*6Z[�&\]^_�`abc<�db�e] ./<�3f8="( S� g&hi3U��j klm6noF�pq8="(.Lrstuvw�xy6 z{|&�H38="(},-~2�9&45��#6 +,-J���#�3f8="( �* z{|&6����H38="(},-�./23��w �������j��(��*� .�������F���8="(
�(������ .��� .���
������ ����� � N�¡¢£ £C��¤¥
� �������� � �
�
� � � �
, , ,
,
Tel Fax
E-mail : [email protected]
,**2
+ / /** - *** ,, /**
1 /** /
, +*2
-
.
/
2.* 2/*, +
*3/, ,2 210+ *3/, ,2 21*3
,**2
� �
� �
� �� � � � � �
�� �
�� � � �
� �� �
� � �� �
� ��
� ��
� ��
� ��
� �
� ��
� � ��
� � ��� � �
��
� �
�� � � � ����� � �� �
���� �� ��� !" # $ %&'()* %+ ,-* . /0
1'()* � 2 !" 3� 4%&'(56 �78 9�:5;<=>?@A'B*78C 9C 156D* �EF�78'GD6 � 2 H�IJKLMNGBOPEF�Q R � % ST U6D*
,� Q � V1 �W %&T X �HQ '(Y* Z�78 T 5 �EF�<=>?@A'GD6[ %\]9^ ,*_M`>ab,� �c<=>?@A� , d 'C eE6D* �f%* �78ghF ij � '()*78'kD6i��TD;l mD� no2p T X6 �c<=>?@A'Gq* 78� S'kD6rs� tT u;D i��D;lZ �� v�Gw,-*W x y � �z {|�78| }
/�~� � c� 78� � � � � �z � ���~ � � $�� �78s
��� � � + 'Gq* � S� .� � � }#� �'B*��L�� �� �� �� � � � �z ��c78| �~ �78�MK� }
'B* � � H 1P�L�@ �
� rs9 '(Y*� � �78 �T`�K� � _¡M V, Y*<=N¢b,Y £ � d %��T¤¥D;5¦Y V%&� §'kD6� �r��b¨�>Ti ©eD
� 1Tª Y*« �W � �9\]Y¬����xk,Y P�,�r'® D6D*¯#� -*D�(°¯#� '��T±Ohq � �ª ²³
2�M´�%&T �56 ���µ¶T u*B·% �ª « '(Y* no� T ¸D;5¦Y
�r��b¨�>'¹º5¦Y
� � ����� �
��
� � �� � � � � � � � � �� �� � �� ��� �!" � #� $ � % &
�!'(�� )* +,- � � . �! �/.0 1 �!" '� 2 34 5 � 6 7
� " 4 8 � �� ��9 :; <= > 1 �
�!'( % ? @ A�
B C D� � E F� / G �! �
H I J � � � � K � : LM N O � �!P Q %R ST � � U F
H� V W X �!'( 8��YZ [ J � � \ F
�!]^_( ` a � b
c �!'( d ef � gh 4 8 gh i
j
�! kl � / m �!'( �!'( n A A d /
o n (> p �!'( / m <=q r
�
�
�
�
� �
����� �� �������������������
� !" #$�%��������&'(
)*+,
-./01
23 456789:; ��<=
> ? ����@1����� ABCDE
� �
�
�
�
:
:
: ,
CEOP GEOSS
Challenges in Soil Physics
,**2 +* +2
, ***
+
,
-
.
+
,
-
.
/
/*
�
� �������� ����
��������� ���������� �
������
��� ��
�
� �Tel Fax. E-mail : [email protected]
http : //wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jssp /
2.* 2/*, +
*3/, ,2 21/1
-
� �
������� �� �������� ���� ���������
�
��� ! "#�$ % " # �&' � ()* +�� ��,- �. /�
*0123�"# � �� � 4 5 �&' � ( 6 7 �78� 9:;<��=>? @A �� BCDEB��FG�HIJ�2�K L �&' � ( 6
������ ���MNOP�
G�HIJQ������BCD �RCEB� S TU��VWXYWZ
����� ��*[�\] +���^_- +���MNOP�^_- �`abc*deYWZ*01� �fgh�2��
� � � ��� ��� ������ ����
:
:
original paper
:
:
:
:
: http : //wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jssp /
E-mail : [email protected]
,**1 +3 +*0 +*1 +*2
,**2 ,* 2 -+
,**2 ,* +*
-
0 ,**2
�
� ��� ��� � � ��� ���
� � �� � � �� � �� � �� � � � � �� � � � � � �
� � � �� �
� � �� � �
� � �� �� � �
�� � � �� � �
� �� �
� � �� �
�� � � �� � �
��
�� � � �
� � ���
� ���� �� � � ������ !" #$% & ��' ��()�* +,#-./� �0 1� ! �23 �45�6 789: ;< =�> ?@ 1 0 1A 1+�BC#DE F ,G HI JK./� �IL� ! � �MK.NE O6 P�� � �: ? HI./� : �QI( �! RS�T� U DV �TE HI�? ��23 U!W � X1�5I���? / Y � �45�6 �! � Z [\ ] ^ _ ?`E �IL�6 �4K.F� �: ? HI : �QI� �! : ���T��a HI U
�b �c/.Fdefgh� i� � �U ! jhk�lm?nn��1o��K.#HI���F , � ��: p,E1`� qK. !� r�# s�()� t1`� KnK W � Xuvw1� ! 23� x.#HI./#/ yz " � ���� � { #r� s�:�#��BC ! 1`E q�()�|� #���' K./, ?`�}~�n� �6 ��� 0 1 � C� �1+��!� Z [ 1`� q
� ��! � � H�1 ��� ?`�? q���hj��nL�� 1� �]HF'�1+� �( �I1r� �F����?1+� 0� X1 ���� !�). #/�1 ��������-.FL/(/ �� ] F] �1 ���?1+ �� U � �c/. ���?1+� �Q� �4��� ����� ] �� /�� �M�? ������-,EHI� [1`�? �0�"��� �! jhk2� ?`� �/1 �� HD�D�� ���F1+��IL! 1`�? � � � o# 1`� nc.O��! ,� ���� ?/(? �IL� �! # �� ?#,.F0 1b¡� �K.����1 #: �� K 0 1¢-.FL�£ ?¤)LI� �( � r�� ���� r! D �"c �� ¥� ¦�-. �K./� � r!
¦�� �� "K(E �nL i( �§ K./� �� ��45E1! �23qK.V �¨ �F #4��"-.NE ���TE � � � ©�
�4 �'�1+�0� ª?«� �! o��¬ 2 TE # ��()�" ��' Q« � ��® @ � / i ¯ �°±#²³¬ «� #´/�¦ µ#| # +# 8¶�·�./� � �0 � � �#?L � ��()�l � -( � ¸! +/
¹ Y
�� ���
� � � � �
�� � �� �� �� �� �� � �� � � ���� �� � � �� � � � � � � ! "# �� $%�� � ��& �& '# ()'# � �� * + ,- � .� � �� ��� � � / �0
1 23 �� 4 523 67 �8� 98�� � ��& �& '# () '# � '#: ; .< = �� ��� *
�� > ������� � ?@� ABC � ������� �� ���6 �� �� � � � ����� �� 7D E � ADF ����� � � 6 �G , � / �0, H� I4 J � AD K ��L � � �M ��N O �� 4 4 P
Q 0� * AD R ��, ��,�� 4 � S #T / �
� � U AD � 7 �)� �� ��� R � VW ��,
� , XY� ��, � �������)�� ' 3 � Z �
�� [K \1 ] � ^ _ ` � _� � � a $% b $% ��
��� + � c[ �� ��� �� d�e
� f gh � ��� ��� �� � i jkl ; m n op q +q� r � �q
s ]� � t �� � uv w � �x y ������� z �
{ |
� �
� � �
������ �����
�
� �
*
pH, EC,
cm
*
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
/*
+*3 + ,**2
��
� �
���� �
�� ������ �������������� ������ ��� !�" #
$%&'( )*+&' $,-./
0 � 12� �
� 20 � 1
� 2 � �� 22 �� � � �
� 2 �
3456789 : ;<=��>? � &'@ABC9DE�FGHI7
�� JK JLM4�3NOP >? QRHS9 T U�J�V 4WXY Z[\M]^H_`ab\cd�:459eH@f \8H8O=g\hij M ?��klm=no p���klqrs ItIt)*+u'@ABC9 JLMvwxJ yz{|sCY} hi> ~�M���\s� �� ���'>?���(&'���@�� �� � [d���4�' V S9eH@ABC9 ~�M?�y�S9�'>?���&'���@�8 � $ D�y�M�'yw�7����4��S9eH@>�%&'(?�y��&'y 8sC7�Y@ ��P 9@ G����>{9T J M<>?���'4QRHIY¡�&'¢£@¤¥¦C § P y¨@ �Y©y���Jyªs\«Ct\s\8 IjI e
¬ T ®¯ °±¨² �³´ T µ¬
�
� �
��
� � ��
� ��
� � �
�
� � � �
� � �
�����
� �
� �
��������� ����������
��
�
� �
�
� �
� � �
� � � �
IRAI ORI OMURA GUSA ORISAWA
*
**
:
Electromagnetic wave sounding, nondestructive investigation, Electrical conductivity.
Yuuya H *, Yasushi M *, Hiroaki S *, Naokazu E * and Taihei M **
* Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University,
Nishikawatsu, Matsue , Japan
** The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University,
koyama-minami, Tottori , Japan
Surface soil environment was surveyed and characterized using a multi-frequency electromag-
netic wave (EM) sensor. Traditional resistivity method needs multiple point electrodes in the
field to investigate the deeper points, however, this method uses broadband electromagnetic data
to obtain the apparent conductivity from di erent depth, i.e., the higher the frequency, the
shallower data we can obtain. It is non-invasive and rapid, therefore, appropriate for wide area
environmental survey. Five frequencies of , , , and Hz were applied so
that we obtained vertical profile of the domain. Forest under di erent management, winter-
ponded paddy field, orchard and tea farm in hilly mountainside and orchard in plain field were
investigated using a broadband electromagnetic wave sensor sounding. Surface electrical con-
ductivity (EC) obtained by Wenner array has the highest correlation with Hz data, showing
it is the appropriate frequency for surface soil investigation. Moreover, EC in the order of several
tens milli-Siemens obtained by EM sounding corresponded very well with the EC obtained by
traditional method. Conductivity data successfully showed management induced changes in
soil environment by conductivity map along with vertical conductivity profile, which is advan-
tage of broadband EM survey. Water content changes in forest after rainfall, e ect of ponding
management in paddy field, and the di erences in fertilizer application practice in hilly farm,
were clearly demonstrated by the broadband EM sensor.
:
* * * * **
Soil Environment Monitoring by Multi-frequency Electromagnetic Sounding
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
Abstract
Key words
03* 2/*. +*0*
02* 2//- . +*+
+*0* 03* 2/*.
. +*+ 02* 2//-
#
,-+* -21* 13/* ,./+* .131*
#
.131*
#
#
+333
,**0
+*3 - +. ,**2
+
�
�
�
� � �
�
�
������� �� �����
� �
�� �
� �
� � �� �
� � � �� � �
� �� � � �
�� � �
�� �� � ��
� � � �� � � �� � � � ��
� � �� � �
� �� � �
� � � �� � �
� � � � � � �� � �
� � �� � � ��
� � �� � � �� �� � ��
� �� � �� � � � �� � � �� �
� � � �� � �
� � � �� � �
� �� �
��
� �� � � �� �
� �� � � �
� �
� �
���������� � !"� # $%&�' ( )� *��+ * ,)!� � -% ./0 1�2 % 3�4�
% )5 6 � ������ )�� 78!� 9 ):;<=>?� @ ABC�+ 9 )% 5�D �EF G � %H ? I�J>+K �L M�4 N O ) !H M :;<=� M� PQ�>R PQ�% +� S ) 3D � � � � T U 9 %V 5I>4�W�X?C ��Y U �# BZ ![ ��\C� 9]% M^>�_`% aI>4 �+ �bcd� ��ef 4 ? � 61I! 78!� S 9 ) �� )% �g,� h 4 5 1�i3 9 �S 4 +j' + k*! ���� � , l9 >�l9 %R? m�nS � + k�?C ?�+ ��\�� C��ocp�nM !q ? 1�r %s ��+tuC�S % � C� v� T U 9 � % 5 ��M^� � w? l � 5 9 % \ ��\ R ��\xy �
V 5�D -x2 % 3I>�t � ! �� �z M��Ee �{|}% ~�V ![ 5��. BZ�� �S � R 4� !" � �>+K ! 6 �e * # BZ� �S % +� 5 � �)>+K ! 9 )�e !" �? 9 ) � ) � H 5 9 �S� U � � �_`4 (! � � > � 9 �� 5 nS !����D ����� )��u�d��>?� �e � 4 S !��e v � 4�!" �� � � 9 � �9 )%�K � 9 � U �� � B2 !� 5 I� 4 ��
W�X� %���c� )�'����� 5 � 9 ��M4 � ��I>4 + I�*!� � �E+� Z� % > ? >��>+K � [��+% 5�� T �
� �% )5� 4����+ � � * �� �EFnN� 9 )!� N > >+�� N �� [��+%� 5�� T !���� II!
� ��u+� )4����+ �S 978! >5 U S !" I��C� S
� T 4 � �v! I�*! �M 4n+j' 9 4 [+j' * 4��[� �eY�>N 4 t 1� � [+j' 9 4 � � t�I>4�C� M+ * �� ! �� �C� I� � ���!"e �¡� )>+K¢�£��e� � � � 5 � >5 � 4" �� 9 � ) U T� � ¤M�' |}� U� � � �I�� � ) % ¥ ��%'��K� ![C¦ 5 �" �78� � S 9 ) ����
U % )? §� ¨ ©ª�% «?|}¬ ® � ��� ( |}¯°X�c�± >? II� �� ² !1�³��� % I>!" ´ �� !">?�+ 78!�� %H�� ))��� S � ¬ T � >i3¤M� ¬ 9 )�EF � � l+! ��W�X�u+�i3 9 )µ>%�� 4 ! PQ�xy ocp�nM �
� �¶� ·x��l9 %CF> h
�� �
�� ��
� � ��� �� � � ����� � � � �
��� � �� � �� � � � � � � !" �# �� " $%& ' ( )� * " + , -. . "
/ 0�� 1 � ��2 � 34� 5 6�7 $� 8 9� :;<� �= -. �> ?@ ��
� AB 2 �C �& ?@ �� ��� � 0�� � � � D4�E �E ?@ D4�E� 0 0� F 2� G H I @ J K K .
L 0 2M G HL N $ O$+ � P Q 0� RS� � 34� 5 6 O T+?@ UV ? � ?@ � K � W -. .$ � � � ��� �� � X +� $ 9Y= > Z 0� - . [ ��# �� � �= ���� 0� " $+ \# /��� � �! � � � � � �� " � 0 0�
� 9�]^ : � _� `a 8 Z b 6 4�6 c 0�� Z� Md ef F 0� �G ef
� 8 4�g 2 � 0 h+�� � K � 0 HL�� 8 = � i O
jk � l O � K Nm n �� o UV U � N Np�� Np
q9 9�r Z sA � 3 ��4�n � �
\ Yt u� 5 � � 9 v9 w ( u� Z A � 34�n Np��
� � 0� b 6 4�6� xy z { 0� 0�
| � 34� � f b 6 Z 4�6K u� F 9� �> Z � 0 3 �� M
} , �t � ~ Np�� ��� � ��� Nd �� �� � �� g�
�� Q � 0 � �� � 34� ]^�xO � �� �� � �" � � �� W �ef sA � ��� �� � 0�� � � z {| � E m � � �
� _� �� � �� [ � �� ��Nd � � �� �� 0� � ��� 34� � �
� � � � !"� � s 8 � �A m 9Y]^ K
�� � K �E
� ����
� � �
�
�
�
� � ��
�
� �
�
� �
�� ���
4
Huang
Geophex
GEM- broadband EMI sensor
Corwin
.
. m
Hz , Hz
: :
.
skin depth
skin depth
mS m
, Huang, : m
mS m : rad s : H m :
Mitsuhata S m : Hz
mS m
m
m depth of investigation, DI
, . .
s p
z
p
et al.,
H H
h
r
f
e z
z e z
e
f
et al., f
f
DI
r h
H
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+*3 ,**2
,
,**-
, +
, + + 00
--* .1 31*
+/ - /
,**/
* -02
+ -1
+**
,**/ ,
+ *** ,**/
,**0
+
,**/
* 3. * /-
, +
,
a
b
m s
a
d
d
d w p
d
w m s
m s
ad
a b
�
� �
�� � ��� �
� � ��
�� �� �
� � � � �� � �
� � � �� �
� �� � � �
� �� � � � �� � � � � � �� �� � �� �
� � � � �
� �� �
� �� �
� � �� �
� �� � � � �
� � � �� �
�� � ��� ��� ���������
� ! "# $%&%� '�( � ) "*�+,-.+,&*� / 0*1'2. &*� 34 �� 5 6 78 9 ��
�������:;<)= �> ?@3A �BC <DEF� G � ) D ������ � ��� .H�F�������&*�$I+J)7 �KL<)71 4 M >NOP .Q�RS�TU� V �KLW 1 V$%
.Q� V �IXY�W �IZF700. [\]^_. '�( [\]^ 8 W&�T�" <D��F� `a_.b'�( ]^_cd e�fgh& W <��W 2 I i= �� �
jk'lme_n� opq � � ���r �� �I� G . s�t )7 0*% � 1 u
Q� �vw=xy �z z {g�| &*�7} 2I~�< < � �<)=��� 8 �g�1��rI��$U= (I���E ��
1 � I� v�< � U.�i > DH �I�s (�si=1 �g���&*Di � ��&*�0<I�) 00 �_cd.�^�I ��F� � �NOP3$% � I�8 'i. � I�v� � .1 I��I��)=i� ��10��1������ =� < ¡={g�I| v��F�)7 |
�Z¢* �g�g1 £¤ G I ¥|�� )7{g�1 �¦^_<)= §&*�78F�D�=i� DT 0<��&*���� I I !=0*I¨�]��|E©¥ ª ��
«�� I <�¬.TE �. £¤ ���{�^�����{g� � �&*��F�D�=i� 0*%� . G T�®� h¯/I°�� � � G n�<D�0<$% ± ) ��� 5IZ�7 ²7 ¡= �³ �hi{g�´I �78� � �8 � 2 µ �)7i�s$¶·&*=i� ���¸ ¹I 5v�78 � �<)=
� � � � �
�� � � �
� � � �� �� � � ��
� �� � ��� �� � � � �
� � � � !"# � $%� ��
� � &' ( � � ) � �
* � � �+ , � ��� � � � -
. / 0� 0 12% &3 4 5
6 � ) �� � 4� + , 7 5 8��9 + , ��� � �
2� / * : ; 1 1< � ��� = >
� ? )� @� <
A � ��� , �� + , � ��� � ; �� 1 ��� � 2 A �
� B � �
�
� �����
�
�
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
��
������ ������� ��
5:
Schematic representation of multi-frequency electromagnetic wave sensor measurement.
Won
exp
m
: : m
: m :
m : : , , , ,
Hz : H m : S m , Hz
Huang and Won
GPS BR- , SiRFstarIII, GlobalSat
CSV
RS- C
In-phase, Quadrature Surfer , Golden
software
Huang and Won,
s
s
p
s p
H
et al.,
Hr R h J r d
H
R
H H
r h
J f
Fig.
- ,*
*
+ +
+
+330
,
,
,
+
,
+*
, -+* - 21* 1 3/* ,. /+*
.1 31* / +
,*** , -
-//
,-,
2
,***
+
+
, ,
l l l l l
l
m s
m s
�
�
� �
�
�
� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � �
� �
� �
�� �
� � � � � �� � �
� � �� � �
� � � � � � � �
� � �� �
� �� �
��
� �� � � �
�� �
� ��
�� �� � � � � ��� � �� � �� � �
� �� � � � �
� �� � �
� � � �� � �
� � ��
�
� � �� �� � ���������
�
���� ! "#$%&'()*+,-. /0 12 3 4 �5 �� 6� �78 9 �:;<= > 9 ��?8� ,
< @A� B �CD)EFGH -. � I J KLMNO,-.9�78< � PQR9 KLS;�TB�OU9 VA@9
�� W@� � �9 X� 9S;TB �NYZ S;[�7\ 4 � � KL� ]O^_� ��OU9 `aO ,� b+* c[?]O7d��� e � -.9 �:;<I � �`I fghH9 I ���9:\` eiCH � �j k �N8� ��?; l m �n ��\opOq�r� s ���
6� tr �Iu �aO[ v w �:vxyz{| }~ � 9 � �O ,-.�:;<= � ��?; c �9�O s �<�� � KL�g*�)� ����?8� � 9�< KL B �O s � ` KL�M�g*�)� �� � KL � B ��;<T��?dU99� � � ��:;<I ��� ��� `��� ��<;O` VA�A� ��;<
��� � W[aO � �78< N �vx� {�� �I \ [ �O [a � 6�� �@�� � � �
\ ���E��1�p� � � �?8< �OU9[`�O[ 7dN 4 ;;O VU` � 9 � � iCH` UA@�[ `�O9;d �IN;
\ � � \ �? � VU`6 �9¡= �¢; �� �£ ��?8� ¤� � B�O�p� e �`?8�¥ `aO
I ��¦\ Vt� �§� ¨�< �© 9 � � � �7O 4ªW«< � ��?8� � I � c� �69p� 6� VA�A�
S;TB �7O KL � ��;< ¥ `aO 9 �TB 6� \ [ KL�¬�^_�T��� I `a\ `I �iCH���N¦� �¥ 9���7d� �® ?�C)� ¦7d �� �<;O � `I¯FhH[696@ � ;< 6� �©ªW«< ��� °� �NO�¥8<± �²9�³´ ` W
AO����³µ¦U9[Y�O 9�<vxyz{ ¶ �aO v w "#·w ��;<¸� � ¹�� � � �@
� � � ���
� � � �
� ��� �
���� �� �� ��� ��� �� � � ��� !� "# �$ %& �' � ( � !�� )* +
,- +./, 0 !� � "� � % # �$ �123 �
4� 5� � � ��� � 6 � 7� � 17 � !� � �
8� � � 9 : � ; < =>
� ?1 @ A B@ CDE FG H IG H J K1 � � � LM N # O "#�� "#� )* "#�8P( JM N #Q H FG IG� O �R ( 7 0 S � � O S
T S L � 4 �U* �
@ V WD X Y ZV �$ S [\4� * � 4� ]8 ^ _� � � `1 � ��� a
_�O b _� c3 db X YZV b X Ye fO �g� � �b h �$� � _� S ( � Vi � j �$H 0 S � � � ��
� � �$� )* _ � � � S � k_� _� � R V 0 S �
X Y ZV �$��$ lm nm � S o V
O K p � a S q i � S fr s�
s�@ t D @ A �� uv fr p �
�
� �
�
� �
� �
���
��� �����
���
��� ���
� �����
�
��
�
��
�
��
� ��
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
6
:
Land Management Forest West Forest South Paddy field Tea farm Orchard (hilly) Orchard (plain)
Soil Brown forest Brown forest Gley paddy Red-Yellow Red-Yellow Red-Yellowsoils soils soils soils soils soils
Sampling point
Sampling Depth (cm)
EC (mS m )
Moisture ratio (g g )
VWC (m m )
Bulk density (Mg m )
Soil Hardness (kg cm )
Soil physical properties of examined field
VWC ; Volumetric water content
; Standard Deviation
:
:
PIA-
Shimadzu
Wenner array
cm
GPS
Wenner array
Wenner array
m, m
m
,
Hz .
Table
a
b
c
++ /
+
- -
-
,
,* ,+ ,+ ,/ ,+ +,
+* +* +* +* +* +*
+.41- .400 +142, +41- +/4*1 -4,3 .+4/- .430 ++42. *4-1 -4*/ *4*3
*4-2 *4+2 *4.0 *4+* *4.+ *4*/ *4/- *4+0 *4-+ *4*+ *4-- *4*.
*4-3 *4+. *4.- *4++ *4., *4++ *4/2 *4+/ *4,3 *4*/ *4-, *4*.
+4*1 *43/ +4., *43/ *43/ +4*2
+4*3 *40/ +431 *43, +400 *4.0 -40, +4.. /4-0 +4.,
+*3 ,**2
4
+ /
+ /
+***
+3+0
/ +* ,
+
,
- /
+* -* +, ++
+ ,, ,
,+ .
,
+*2 0/ ,
, -
.1 31*
* 31/*
+
+
- +
-
�
� � ����� �� �
�� � �
� � � �
�� �
��
�
� � � � ��
� � �� �
�
�
�
��
� � ��
����� � ������ �� ���
� ! � "#$ �%&'()*+,
-./0123�4567- ��"8��9� �"8$":��; <�-=>?8��@A �� �BC�D "EF8?8��1$ GHIJ : IK$ 7 ! �67-L�$ 58LM � � �� "#$ N �� OHPIQ��1$ R6IST�1 U"9I 5$�� ��BC-=>? � �7 � 7 >V� � �WX8$7YZI[$ \ "@1� � �� � )7: �WX)�RV]V�HPI ^_`$��"J � � 1$67-./ a " b � ,cdJe HIf g"h 5IK$7 � $i�jk�@A a "4 � l m�� >�"e ��/n ! - �5$�>"n1� � : IK$ "#$o�n[-pq5$ a �rsJetuv"@F$ ! ��w [1Hx- 17L�$ 9� yu+vz7"@F${ �V� N IK$ 6� 7� �e ^J23-|17J}`81 66I: IK$
"@1� ��"~� 7j�V$"4 � ���Xv�9I� �75$ ��� � � ��� ���$ a � 7 �"8����J J �� � � 23� 1,cd78�� 58LM ! �J yu
�]? 7��>V$- ; <� ��p`$7 +v���IJ: IK$ 723� � ��BC��8AEF8-� - � -7V81/��e H " ��5Vo23�7V�
V�1$7p`�V$ :�� ! - 5$� J ��-� �1$67-L��� � � �7 ���� "�1" �/ %&��7 �J#A �"� ����BC�EF$ ��: � N� 1�/x ���8L81 58LM ��� ��"o�n[-j�V$7p`�V� � "��� � �%&� �"'()*+,I[$7 n1�J "4 �#�" �� - �I � 9�� �"n1�J N -=>1�� K$�� � � �7 �� � WX)J �! � � -�? �� �7J}1 1 / �7 81¡ �-K$ �¢ � ��� � ��£ 7 �J I 7 � �V$� � J �"=>? ¤
�- � N "#��6� J L$� - 5$67JR/R/ 17p`$� ¥"45¦ g� �§¨©IJ �� 4 ªO� «¬ �: {IK$®¯7°¯ ±²³ ´µ " �� �¶·5$67" � � ¯8T71��¸1#AJ��7=>8 �¸1�
¹ 5$67-¡ IK$7p`�V� : 7�o
� � � � � �
� � �
� � � � �
�� � �� ��� � � �
�� � � � � ���� �� �� � � � �� �� �
� � � � ! � ���� "� # $ % & '
�� �� ( ) * ��� � � � � +
� � �, � ��� - # � " �
� -. / 0 1 2 3 4
5 � � 6 7 � �� �
89 � � - , % : 3� � �� � � � �
- � � �1 � 0 �� ��� 6
� � � �� � � � ;6� � ��� � /1 < � ; =
� � �� � � � > � ? @ 6�� � � A �� �� , 89 - 4 .-
/B � ��� - C ? ><& � � � �
; � � D - @ �
�
� ������� �������������������
� � �
�
�
�
�
�
�
7:
Appropriate frequency for surface soil monitoring.
, Hz
Wenner array
, Hz
, Hz
Wenner array
Wenner array
, Hz m
. Wenner array
m
Wenner Array
m
, Hz mS m
Fig.
+
.1 31*
.1 31*
.1 31* -
,
, , - -
.1 31* - /
* 31/*
+
, +*
.1 31*
,
,
- ,
�
�
� �
������ ���������
� ����� ����� �
��� � � � � �
�� �
�� �
�� ��
� ��� � � �
�
��� � !
�"#�$%&'(� )*�+��,-.�/0 1%2 34�5 �6789:;34 <=>?�� �@ A?BC:D0E� ���%"E0F ���GH@ I J KLMN OP QRS TU�VW�.:X"Y K5� � KLMN�?34 Z[\]^_`%a�bZ[\�c8d�<e:f4 @gh�ijk05 lmnF opL�q�/rst��u KLMN�vr:w����x%a���yz��{|}�:~(��)� E0 ggah� ���l�)����4pL���4 (���)� � � 5*� �
%g������� v � �) ����� ���Z9��)�E ��x5@ lmnF F �E��k0 EBC%*��� � ����c8d@h�����c8d���5#��5 �� v �lmnF����pL�/0�W��E@��:G#i�� �� ? �@�30 ¡¢�£% £�¤v�.��E:~/0E��¥¦0 E@ §¨©ª�%a��c8d�«�o? @ )?E ¢ %¬ v� ��pL:~/4 ® I 5@O¯ °L)±²����5 ³´� 5�µ¶·5+¤�4a�% KLMN¸�@�) �O )s �� 1% °5*� ¢ %@lm
�� � �
��
�� � � �
� �� �� �
�� � �� �
� � �
� �� �
��� � �� �
� ��� � �
�
�
�
�
������ �
�����
�
�
�
�
8
Depth of investigation estimated from soil conductivity
Land ManagementForest West Forest South Paddy field Tea farm Orchard (hilly) Orchard (plain)
Electrical
conductivity (mS m )
Frequancy (Hz) Unit : m
Comparison of EC between traditional Wenner array measurement and multi-frequency EM survey
mS m
Wenner array
, Hz
.
, Hz
Table
Fig.
+
+
+*3 ,**2
4
*4,+ ,4-0 +-4+2 +.4/3 143* .042,
.131* +-42- 14,0 /4,1 .40* .4.2 -4,3
,./+* +04/, 2401 04,3 /4/* /4-/ -43-
13/* ,,4,1 ++402 24.2 14.+ 14,+ /4,3
-21* ,043/ +.4+. +*4,0 2430 241, 04.+
,-+* -*423 +04,+ ++411 +*4,2 +*4** 14-.
.1 31*
* 31/*
. .1 31*
/
,
,
-
-
- -
- .
� � � �
���� ��� ���� ������� �� � � ��� � � � ��� � � ��� � � � ! � ��� � � � ! �" ��� � � #$
� �� � �% �
% %� � � � �
� � % � � �� � % �
% � � ���
% %% �
� %%
� %� �
% %� �
% %� � �� ��& '()� *��& '()�
+,-.���� �)�/01234567
-.�����8�'()9: ;������ <= =>?)*��'# �@A*BC�)DEFGH� +,-.����'I��8�*H�JKL �MNOPQ R#�S TU�VW�I��� O+=XYZ*O'[)�O\]'() ��& '() W*^_'[) `a����>?����bcO� *��& '()� =>dY)* � efgfh��/�U#iOjWZ*OCk�lm�& '() ������OPW nOCk) o P$ �p'��W�qf4=N r�GH�� ����PW sIFt'IuQ v. (�m� W) : � w uxyz {�MN|��'9Wt'()Z*OCk) ��*��� & 'I} PWZ*OCk�lm $ ~�8�IRR�������=��W)�� ��8�=� � #TU��:OF X=�H�W)*Wc#� �k���FGH� & p k ~������#=H� ��_=��Y)W)��;��L =��H� � ����Op ZZ' ��� <� �'()� �qf4�V��O�#=H�W)��Q*u�W) }R� W�Ft�/�qf4=�XH�� �=F �o*
���=>dY)*}R��I9:v. h��E� �� # w�����8��VW�I� � ������@A�O� � � ux�� i� O�� ¡=¢�� � *| h��# p£O(AC)�¤iIuW�� Z�O# �@A=GH�W m ��¥��h������8��p£O¦� �)|�*§LH� ������PW*Z¨I}R�� ) ����� O© �����m9W s=ª'«¬�lm TU�®HwYW*Z¨w# �� ¯�W)*�¯ �)O � °±*H��# p£=omwYWEO()h�²o�W)Z*O³¯) o r´�ª¯�W)*§LH� ��& �# O+Qµ
¶:��W)O ��'ITU#�®��R#O
� ��� ��� � �
� �
� �
� � �
� ��
� � �� �
� � � ���
� �� � � ��
� � � �
� � � � � �
� �� � �
�
�
� �
� �
�
���
�
�
9
a b
:
a b c d e f
Horizontal EC map obtained by multi-frequency EM survey.
(a) Forest West, (b) Forest South, (c) Tea farm, (d) orchard (plain), (e) orchard (hilly), (f)
Paddy field
c d
a b
b
m TOC TN
m
Fig.
0
0
+
/ /
,**0
,**,
0
.
-
-
/
.
.
��������� ���� �
� � �
� �
���� ��� ����� �� ! "�#$% &� � ' ()* � � ' )* � � + * � � ,-. � ��* � � ,-. �/ ��* � � 01 � 20�* � � �20�
3 * 3 ***
* ** 3 *
*3 3
* *3 ** � �* � � 3 * *
* * *3 * * *
� � � � 3 �* * � � 3
3* *
3 3* � * * �* *
�4&�5 6� 7 86�& �209 :
�;� < = >
?@�AB��CD8EFGDH8�I D J� 0 KL�DH8�I D8MN��D O�()P �QR9�0 � )�QRS�0 8T ' U� ?�;�V�@CWX�Y� Z[6\U]^6�_��WXU`� ! "�abK NDTc dD e \fghU� �i8�;� j�_CH8@� klm�`��no�pC q�rs �D t@�L�� u6�� vw� �;xy�� ! "�pCUdD8MN��D rsUdDYz k����{U� �i8�;q�r| �} ��;�� ! "�~� � G s t�_� kl�_4�@_ jK �H8�UZD " � ��� � �y K��GD8 )P �CD� ()P � 8pC�d� H�����, ���`�8MN��D ������K�� 01� W� �� �?@��?OU�|_�;rGD' �;Ud��� & K�D8 ����yJ��CD ���L�U� 20S 20� ! " �B�@_ab�d� �} �Y� 9 ��� 9 ��� ��$S� ��� G��H�K 6�CD8MN� O� S¡��¢ () � £C� 01w¤UT]�|_l��¥J� W �� ) �T¢� no¦"�;�§ � ��,� ¨J��&� ��� j�bJC
0<�©CH8 J� Zª� ��� & �«� ¬�D� U�@���R0K4�bJ_0 �®¯K°6� 01�;�! "�^ "±q186� 6�C�H8� �@ _� ������,K ²DH8�I � 8bJC�� ' £C��QRS9�� ! "�L�K 20³q L� : : :���� ´q�U�L�Kµ¶GDH8UR0 �D �®¯K C� e 8Yz k����{ �D
� ���
� � � � � � � � � �
� �
��
� � ���� �� �� � �� � �
� � �� �� � � �
� � ! �� � " � � #$ � ! $ � �
� �% & '
( � ! �� )� *� &
� � ' + � �,
-. / � 0� 123 � � / / / /
�� �
�
� �����
�
�
�
�
� �
10
mSm
f
a b c d e f
g
Vertical EC map obtained by multi-frequency EM survey.
(a) Forest West, (b) Forest South, (c) Tea farm, (d) orchard (plain), (e) orchard (hilly), (f) Paddy
field (Before Inundation), (g) Paddy field (After Inundation)
Wenner Array
.
a b
a b
b
Fig.
+2 +,
. ,
+*3 ,**2
-+ 1 ,0
.
.
+
.
,+
- +, ++ + ,, , ,+
/
/
- /
��
�
�������� ��������������������� ! ��"# ���!$ ! ��"# ���!$ ! ��%# ���!$ ��%# ���!
�������&�'()*+,-
.
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
!
$ $$ /
/$ !$ ! /
/$ ! / $ !! $
$ !!/ $
0�&12 �345*6�789*:;
<= >?@A������2BCDEFGHIJK
������LMNOPQ � �KRS&TU�QV �W2XY5Z[\��W�7]&125 ^�_�`a bQcd5�ef�g�W2 h*ij��kl 'mn0�oW�9pq��rs&9t u�&vw
u�&Ox�W2QWPyz9125 {|�}��~W3 � �9�����NTU� >?@A��45Ox� ��&9^�����N��^Q5&v2�5��&1�a��0��*6BC������9 � � 2 h*� � Qh*� �
T�QVa& �\Ww5 ��f����~W��5 &�����9�'m� ��~�w� �� ^^9��u ��������5�N�k �Va ^�����wd5wW^QN�x2Q^�9
�
�
�
�
� � �
�
�
11
Wenner array
:
a b c
Vertical EC map of before and after rain in the forest obtained by multi-frequency EM survey.
(a) Forest West (Before rain), (b) Forest West (After rain), (c) Forest South (Before rain), (d)
Forest South (After rain)
Volumetric water content changes before and after rainfall
Sampling GEM- EC data atSite Rainfall [m m ]
Depth (cm) Hz [mS m ]
West before
after
South before
after
; Standard Deviation
f g
f f
g . mS m
Fig.
Table
- -+
+
4
,.131*
+* *4+20 *4+10 *4,*1 *4,2-
+* *4,,3 *4+-* *4.1* *4/23
+* *4,*1 *4*/+ ,4-0, ,4*0.
+* *4,/- *4*03 ,40,0 ,4*-+
-
/
. +* -* / +, ++ /
, /
0
0
-
-
q
� �
�
�
�
� �
�
�
�
� � ������ ��
� �
� ����� ��
� ��
� �
� � ��
� � �� � � � �� � � � � � �
� � ��� �� � �
� � �� � � �
� � �� � �
� � �� � � � � �
� � �� �
� �� � � � �
� � � � � ��
� � ��
� � � � � �� � �
� �� �
� �� � �
� �� � � �� �
� ��
� ����� ��� !"#$� %
�&"��'(�) ��!"#$�*+��,-
.�/ 0.�12�3 -4 * 5)
�67 8* 9:� �;%$#<�=>7
�� ?
� @�A"B�$CD!"#$� " �� ��,-� @�A" � E � @) 6%6 F*�;% �=>7G"#$*CD*+ � H � I J�A" E �K *) $
�9�LMNOPQ�R � S �T2G3%"���=>!"#$� - �
U* 7G"$V4 $)W�X$B $�Y �VZ" �[\ )] � �^ *&" �_`� a� !�) bc!" d*&4 e �_`) f$gG" �-A(�hi �'� jk$ l�;% E �=>7G Y �� m �'�an e� o� *&"$gG
p ����qG3%" rs *) � !� E � ���) tG�� �*+���Nuvw� *B � dA4)"��;% % J*)x y� JB z�T" Y�{ � �| 7G3%" V �p ) -} #�~%�=>!"$ �����%3)
�6 �2-" ��� p �'���)�[*) *&" � E �� �- ���* 7G"#$�2�,-
��B;X 7G-�) �� $ ��3 B @3 � I J�{ ����3 J!p � %-}$gG" F- Y � ! " d� �!#$�A,3 !" e���8x *) �;% �� ��G" � % d�� $�~%�=>!"#$�A,3 tG*) �A"���-} � @$�36% � �A" ��� p �A" ����VA�F* �����G-� �o�p t� !"#$� "
�d1 { � �A" �����#4 � I J ) !�2� t�{ ��t�����X G"#$�2�" �V Y 7 � �@3 J H�H���%3 6
J�T"-} � a �'� ��K���"#G"� ������ ���'K ���!" �p $�X ���9 �� � "#$�*+" ,
3 �" J�$'F� �_`�¡¢£H Y ) �&"�[\*&"� � .�¤� +�¥ � ¦!"$gG-§� ¨�;% ©ªw« ¬ #$�2�,3V4 ���A" �T�% d*&" d�*�B;% � !��$�,- #G) ®*) «ª� «ª� � �- �*&" *B I J*B f*&, I Jl� %3 �� E � � �- Y � ���Nuvw¤�¯*) ¨� % ° � �_`�¡¢£.�¤� !" �{����±��| 7G��,- I J �|²�- t��� ³��A(�� � G-* 7G- E ) *&" K��A" J6 )�;� *B
* 7G- E � $´µ 1� � $7G"� ¶ · � ���Nuvw¸ª£$ 1��" ��%3) ��X��7G-K ��3%"$ 7G- ®
�
�� � � ��
� �
� �
� �
� � ��
� ��� �
��� � � �� �� � � �� � �� �� � � � �� ! ��
"# $� ��
� �� �� %& '( ) * +,( - .
/ 0 ( � 1 23 �� 45 6 �%& � �� � 7 � �8 9:4 %& � � �� !; �
�� < 0 => ?@ 1A� B % 4� C �� �
8 � �� 4 �D %& � �� 8 E �� �
!; < � F G H*� I� >4� 0 � )/ (?�J �8 �� E K -L�M $� �� � �� -L 4 -L�� �� &� 4 ! �
A� B �� �8 H*� � I� N� O� P
Q 1; R! ( S T U
V ��> �8�@ W( ( X Y Z
� [ \]� 0 ^0
E �� �� = � _# H*�� � 1 # � � �� !; +(
[ ` ,� � a Q# b� � � � c d!; � �� �� H* D� !; � �� e f ; * �8 gh e
if �j � ! kl =
�
�
�
������� ���������
��� ��� ��
� � � � �
�
��
�
�
�
�
��
�
�
� �
�
�
12
Roades
Corwin
a kg
m
:
Ion chromatography of : soil extracted water
Forest West Forest South Paddy field Tea farm Orchard (hilly) Orchard (plain)Sampling Depth (cm)
PO
F N D N D N D N D N D
Cl
NO Unit : mg L N D N D N D N D
Br N D N D
NO
SO
c e
c
kg kg
c
c
d
Wenner array
Wenner m
array . m
et al., et al.
Table
-.
+,
-
,.
,**- +310
+* 3*
2
+*3 ,**2
+ /
+ / 4
+* +* +* +* +* +*
+243, +343+ ,-4*/ 2-4/ +341 +340
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 *4-
04., /4+, +4. ,42 +4/ *4/
+41* 4 4 *4, 4 4 4 4 4 4
*4.2 *4/2 4 4 *4- *40 4 4
/410 *4., +/41 ,/4. *40 ,4/
+*421 ,*4/- ,.4, ./43 +241 ,41
+* -+
+, ++
. /
.
.
/
-* .*
-
/
/
-
/
+ ,
-
-
- /
* 31/* +
.
.
- 1
- 0
.
��
�
�
� �
��
�
��
�
� �� �
��
��
���
�
�� � �� � ���
� � ��� � � �
�� � � �
� � �� ��
� � � � � � � �
� �� ��
�
� ��� ��������
�� �� � �� � ! "�� �#$ %�& "' �(�
��$") �(�*+,-.���� � �� /
0 * � ����0 "12&345�� 6-78"9:"57& �(�
�;<� =* >" " �?�*+,-.� @A" " �B7 �C"D �#E� &;C-F G �
� �" ��0 H"I �J?K*) �
LM N" "O�� "PQ*� ?K*)�8 �" R� J?�K*)� S�T*T*" U "O��;�C ?�K*) �
�& "O��J?K*)� S� V " W�T "�$� )� %�& S� ) � "�$�X ) � %�& � )?�*�$O�)(Y Z 2"[\�� �K*"� 0 " �J?K*) �
"O�� "O�*� ?K*)�8 ] � "^ �#$ %� �_�(�K*�J?K*) � K.-"[\�&*& � -. ���G ` !a bc
*�E� d�e<� ]�T �f ?�K*)I�(�
gh" i"5 & j klmjghn o jpqrs t u v n wx y
z{gh �U | ]"} ��~ gh� � ] � �� "�G"pqrsz{ � z�� ��mj k� S �� "� � jl�� ��a � * o j" �� ���F "�e< #�.� "��& o�� � y � � "> .) ��-�� " �� %" o j ��mj "� � � ,� ¡ mj
��¢ygh£��\"¤¥¦0§" ¨©�; �ªE� gh" #� « 5 � " ¬?� "®¯� �°±?�² �(� H" � ¬ jl³
w ´ µx � ¶· ¸\p ¸\p � "
�� ����� ��
����� �� �� �� � � �� ����
���� � ���
� ����� � ���
� �� !"# $% &��' ()� *
��� + , - ����� �� � ./0�
1 234 ��� 567 238 5 0��� 993 :�
0�2; <2 =<2 0�> ��� � 2; 234
� � ��67 ��� ?@ A�B4 � � ��5C7 ��� ?@
DE F0� ���� � GH 0�
��G ��� 5I JK ��LM N � =O
P 0��� = ! F P� Q
R � � S.
T 9 7 UV WX � Y � ; D � Z[ \ D ? ]; ^
:_ 2 ` a H I 2b c d ��ef2D9 2 V g h i ��bN j k� lm Y � n o � p
q r�� Y � ]; ^ st u � vw xyz � �{ E Y � ab |} 4 ~ 2G
7��ab ��a ���;�� �� T � ���� ;� ^ � � ��
� � i 3� � � ��A� ;�� �;G
�2�d 9T�� u ����2 � �
� � � �
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
��
�
�
��
�
�
�
� � � ���
�
� � �� �
�
13:
, Hz Corwin, D.L., Ka ka, S.R., Hopmans, J.W., Mori, Y,
Wenner array van Groenigen, J.W., van Kessel, C., Lesch, S.M.
and Oster, J.D. ( ) : Assessment and field-scale
Wenner mapping of soil quality properties of a saline-
array sodic soil, Geoderma, ( ) : .
mSm Huang, H. ( ) : Depth of investigation for small
broadband electromagnetic sensors, Geophysics,
( ) : G -G .
Huang, H. and Won, I. J. ( ) : Conductivity and
susceptivility mapping using broadband electro-
magnetic sensors, Journal of Environmental and
Engineering Geophysics, ( ) : .
Mitsuhata, Y., Uchida, T., Matsuo, K., Marui, A. and
Kusunose, K. ( ) : Various-scale electromag-
netic investigations of high-salinity zones in a
coastal plain, Geophysics, ( ) : .
Rhoades, J.D., P.A.C. Raats and R. J. Prather. ( ) :
E ects of liquid-phase electrical conductivity,
water content, and surface conductivity on bulk
soil electrical conductivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
: .
Wenner, F. ( ) : A Method of Measuring Earth
Resistivity, Bulletin of the US Bureau of Stand-
ards Science Paper ( ).
Won, I. J., Keiswetter, D.A., Fields, G.R.A. and Sutton,
L.C. ( ) : GEM- : A new multifrequency elec-
tromagnetic sensor, Journal of Environmental
and Engineering Geophysics, ( ) : .
:
.
:
:
.
:
: .
Kwou Hyoung Seok
:
GREEN Report .
+
.1 31* #
,**-
- ,-+ ,/3
,**/
0 +-/ +.,
,***
. -+ .+
,**0
0 +01 +1-
+310
#
0/+ 0//
+3+0
+, -
+330 ,
, +,3 +-2
+3,*+*+1 +2/+**1.
,**0
.2
1, 1-
,**,
.1 1+
+333
++ /1 0-
,**/
,**/ 1, 1-
++.
1*
/
1+
.*
+
,00
01
�
����� � � ������ � � �
� � � �� � � � � �� � �� �
� �� �
� ��
� � ��
�
����� � �
�������� ������ !" #$ %&�'�()*+ ,-./012�3456789: ;<* 012 �=>?@ABCDEFGH� !" %& IJK L#*MNOPQRS)TU� %V�WXYZ[�\ Q]^_`�ab 9� $cd�e�T�f� ./gh5i�()H� jk6�\ lmQ]^_`+noNOP.pqp: rGstuvH !"*�wxyzY%&*�{%yz�ab #$*�Z[�|}T~�<G7*�� ���%V�W�+����� ^_`�W� Z[�\ |}+lm���^_`�W�GH���� <G7*� M�`()7*� c�7qp:� $���e�T^_`�e�GH�l�<G7*� ����*���TU����0����*� <GT~�<G7�k� <:p�r�ab+P� ��*����� jk~�:���S)\���G��`*� <�\� ��`T~�¡"$* MNOP�\ ¢£TU��¤+¥p¦§¨�* ����Y��%�� ©MNOPQRS)ª� �=>«¬�®¯�T~�<G7�k�
� �
14
:
:
mSm +
,**1 3 +2,**2 - -+
+*3 ,**2
�
�
� �
� � ��
�� � � �
����
������������ ������� !��" �#$%&'����()*+,-���- ./0123#456 ������������ �#$%
789:;< =>?@� AB ��:; C�DE
� � �� � �
FGHIJ K�L�M�NF OPQ
ORH�ST8U'RVWXYZ[\]^ [_`WXRaX
� � �b �
� bb
� � � � � �� c � � � � �
� � d � �� � �e � �b �� � b �
fg Whij��Oklm:9 Ran^o2pqrsX 789:;<t uv�wxQ��
789:;<t yz��:;{|}x1~��������R���h�����X ���h789:;<�'�� I� R�]^ �789[��789 ��ST�78 F Q9t ��� ���k� ��XRVS : �8�gF �]n�t R�]^ �D] T ��_`E�R� ]T789:;<¡GHrs^ST¡n^ ��¢k£x¤�789 t :@ ¥T ¦sQ789:;<§¨©t _`Fª«¬
®¯° ®±²³ ´µ ¶
�
�
� � �
�����
� �
� �
��������� ���
�� � �
�
�
� � �
�
�
� �
b
b
AITO UJIMAKI ASUDA
* PD
**
***
:
metry
Topp TDR Time domain reflecto-
Tadaomi S *, Haruyuki F ** and Hiroshi Y ***
* Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University & Research Fellow of JSPS (PD),
Hamasaka, Tottori, Tottori, , Japan
** Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan
*** Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University,
Hamasaka, Tottori, Tottori, , Japan
An empirical calibration method for temperature dependence of a commercially available
capacitance probe (ECH O probe : Decagon Devices) was presented in this paper. A laboratory
experiment was conducted to obtain probe outputs at di erent water contents ( ) and tempera-
tures ( ) using soil from Shaanxi Province, located in the Loess Plateau, China. The probe output
showed strong positive response to A calibration equation describing the probe output as a
function of and was developed through an empirical curve fitting approach. The values
were estimated by solving the calibration equation numerically. The root mean square errors
between actual and estimated were . m m . We also discussed the theoretical background
of the temperature dependence of the probe using the results from the experiment.
The calibration equation was applied to field observation data in the Loess plateau. The
equation significantly reduced the daily and seasonal fluctuations of the probe outputs to A
linear calibration equation provided by the manufacturer, which neglects temperature depend-
ence, caused incorrect interpretation of water movements, suggesting the importance for temper-
ature calibration in arid environments.
: dielectric probe, temperature dependence, calibration, water content, Loess plateau
m m
GHz
. F m FDR Frequency domain reflectometry
. Fares and Polyakov,
. Robinson
* ** ***
Calibration of Temperature Dependence of a Dielectric Probe
et al.
T
T.
T
T.
et al.,
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
Abstract
Key words
,
- -
- -
+, +
02* ***+ +-3*
-*/ 2/1, + + +
02* ***+ +-3*
+332
+32*
+-3* 02* ***+
+ + + -*/ 2/1,
+-3* 02* ***+
#
* *+0
,
2 2/ +*
+ . / +* +330 ,**0
,/ 12 / ,**-
+*3 +/ ,0 ,**2
+
e
q
q q
q
q
e
�
� �� � � � �� ����� � �
������ ����� ������ !�"
� �
# # # $ #% # � � #
# ## #� # �$ # $
## # #
$ $ ## # & &
� �$ $#
# # ## # �
$ # �$ ## # # #
$ # ## � � #
# � �# $
$ � � ## # $
# ##
$ # $ #
# �$ � #
� � # �' ' �# $ # ' '
#� � $ #
# � �# � # $� # #
# ##
# # $$ # # # #
$ #( ) � �
# #$ # # � $
# � ## � �# � �
$ # ## # #
*+�, -, . �/0 � � �123456 7� �89: ;� 0���<���
= >+� /,? 7���� : /�/
= @A��7= 7>/ BCDE�F�� � �G>��
� H
� =F A���I� �G A�J 7 ��K� �LMN�� OP Q�R=F A����� �S T7,� UI� � <� � V���� WX=Y� F 7 �GZ[=\ A��7 � A�]� � ^ : �/0 � _�* ` �� :a 7,��7: �� K�]� 6 \ : � b* c> ����� d � ,e N�� fg 7 � G= A� h� Q� � �`
i�F �� � :>P>P jN�� V�� ]� � ^ �k,�/0 �� �: c> �� 7 � G= A��77,
� f �*+,l �mno���p �*q � � � �r� s �*�� t� uA� �� � �qbA��7: ����� >/:� � : o*+�,�/ �mno]�� i�*�� N�� �vI!� J� � s��� � = �
� � c>/ �� � �*�� � A�wxy ����89� z^�{ >� 0��|� �}k> �/ ~ : _A��e ����� �� : cA�7�O���</ >I> >I>
�fg �� � � � �> � ,����p �/0�� ��12345�_� � t,� =@A7� j: ��� O �J s � � A�� N�OP � �` V� ��� � t, �\ =�� A� :S7� � � G= � �` ����*�� � � � �>�� ,�
V� � G V� � G=- > �7�,���,��:z �S�/ � �*���� ]� ����*�� �q � �X ,� �*�� ��� 7� � � G:- N�/: ��
, u � �� �� � 7� " � ����`��� �*� 7 ��� � ^ =� >/ ������* �D����=�� � � =� A��X���N�� u� �k,I�/ ��*+� � � =p >��� �� � u�*�vI! �
123457 �" 7� ��=� >/ � � : � � u* c>�������� ��I,� j: �� �� � �7 �N���r �7 � � G:`
� ��D�= F> 7� ¡� S/�� ����� j¢ 7� F ~ � u 7�£ 7�
�� £� � ]��mn< �� � � r�¤¥¦ =Y,�/ ��]� =t = � � >+� /,l = @> � § 7 Z � �G 7>� zA
� �������u=Y�/ ��X���=\ > �����:� ���*� �z �D��� �
� = ]� 7� � ��¨� = �<��7=@>/ ��*+,�X ,�7A� � !��O�����S © �*p N�/���� ª«1D� � ,�¬ N� � ^A�]� � : ��: 7,� �s T V:® 7,i�J Vb� �� 7 � r , �a :S�7�O���: ¯ N7 I�v
�=> � �� bA��7=� >�� �P *� ,� � �S�7�O�� �/ ]� 7�,N�� �°N� � |� f �*+,89� �= �O 89��+ � b�*}kA� A,±² � � | =³ >/´µ, i7>� ����*��]� :vI! 6 N�� �`� BCDE = T7� 7,�/0 : u¶�7� : _A > · �X= �/` ,�X � � ���7�,� ��*+� vI!� �
�� |� A� �� � � u�+� 7]� � ^ � u � ��1234 ��*�89:S�5� �\ �]�7>� N���77,� ��� ��LM: µN���7e� ���N�� � 7]� � ^ � � �mn�/zT� A���s :N�� �� ¸
� �� � � �
� �
� � �� � � ��� � � �
�� �� � � �� �
� � �� �� � ��
� !� "
#$ � % &' ( )��* + , � - . � / 012( 3 � 4��5 )� �� 6 ��* . � � 0 7 �8
9� ��:� ; < � = > 4 ?@ AB � � � � C , D � ��5
�� �� � �� E � � 0 ��� ? � F � C
G � H � I� � 0� ��* J K � ��
4 < � �� L :���� :� � � � � M� � �� N!� ��
? F � �� � � O �G P Q( � 8
F R ?AB� � �� � / S H G
��*/ J T E � + � &' UV� . ��� ��5 WX J � > Y ZW
� � � � !N � �� � Z >���5 F � 4��5 � � [ \
:� !N � ] � �� F � [
^Q� K * G � � � � �� _� � � 0 Y � � �� �`: K 0 � H a _ K G �
� � � Y � �� Kb6� � �� Q K ?�� E � � c _ � �� Kb �
d e _f g �E + � � K * � ��
h � :� � � �i djJ � k � �� � � � E � �� lmn� ' .'� ' 1
6!N op _ �
� � q� � �� r� �� � , � H � !�
12\ s tu\ � � v w�x � . _ ����� &'5 � y � � ;� z 9�2{| 0 4 Y >� � �
� } �G G ~ � @ �P �� 4 � G �*� > ��� <
� G = � � �� .q� )��* K 8 � > 9� � � ��r�
��G . F T � K P
q� � � 0 K� > 1 � !N
q� � � 0 � 012 . ��
�
�
��
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
16
b b
w bulk b
w bulk
b
w b
b w
b
b
b
w
b
b
w bond
w bulk
w bond
w bulk
b
b
w bulk
ECH O
McMichael and Lascano
.
Weast, TDR
e.g. Jones and Or, ; Jones and Or, ;
Regalado, ; Schwank and Green,
Verstricht
Peterson
Pepin TDR
TDR
Wraith and Or
Or and Wraith Or and Wraith
ECH O Decagon Devices
i
ii
Czarnomski
et al.
et al.
et al.
T
T
et al.
,
+
,
,**-
+*3 ,**2
,**0 +33*
/ ./ * -0
+320
,**, ,**-
,**0 ,**1
+33*
+33.
+33/
+33/
+333
-
+333
+333
, ,**- ,**/
e e
q
e e
e
e
e e
e e
q
e
e
e
e
e
q
e q
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
��
� �
� � �
�
� �
�
�
�
� � � ���
� �� � � �
� �� � � ����
� �� � �
� ��� � �� ��� � � ������ � � � ��� ��
� ! � �"#�$% � � &�"#� ��'(�)*�
�� � � �
� �� � �
� �� �
�� � � � �� �� � � � �
�� � �
� � � �� � � �
+ � �� � � �
� � �� � �
� � � � � � ��
� � �, � � � �
, �� �� �
� � ��� � �
�� � � ��
� �� �� �
� � � �� � �
� � � �
- ./ 0/ 1234 56 7/
/ 89-: ; �"#�< = ' >./
�= ? ;
@; ABC7DE@E 0/ (56B = ? �FG�HI3
�J C7D"� ; KB AC7DE�J KL : 5M NO-P� Q �F.DBRJS� 89-: � � �T UVT ' E JW �= �' X = FY' 65�./ - Z[ @; K' E/ 0/ ; [\]'(�1234= ? ^�FG�_`'
ab/ C6� 67/; K' �T UV�"#� cdefgh\]� . ; K>� ijk�"#�= ? ; �MEDl ./
0- m n � .opqr -P� s@ t1234 :u67@5b/ ./JbD C v�"ED
: 'w ./ = ? �xy'zqG {|: }-~�>_�-P� �Q�5M� J �-P� 5 X67� ��- 89-: 56 C 0-
6 � � -�B�o z.MMP� ��M 'w . �7'r ���./B'� >-P� ./ = ? �F G�� �� >.
1234 V �ME D � � w � �D: � .E 89-: �g� ' �AG CJ c�� C
�C ' ED = ? ; [' [ K ' �AG 1234���ab/ 0/ ; [� � 1234J ���B ~E UC C' G��$ @ � � ' �/� 1 1������ �' �./ ��234' ./� �' ��� v v �1234' . � '
�'cdefgh./ �\] 1234 �: 1H3� C � �= �g�' ./ : �56
� 0bDE��>Js C7/ �0-$-� ¡ �C¢/ £ �"ED1234 : ¤ -P� (56: �' ./¥= = ' > n FY' G t; KJ AC7 ¡� �C¢ =J¥= �= �- ��DE� �K : ¦ J E $ @ >@b/�>'s .D56 �� = >�"ED -P� § ; ' ¨ © � r 'ª�/ @" Eo
'a«�>��� 0-v G�>C M589�"ED ¬=L >=L �"#�7DE� @" EoM ® �¯��f��JP�> °JC7DE�J5± ��"ED �g� �¨ ² 89; = ? J °C7DE�J [�"ED: ��«@� :³`C7@5b/ 0
1234�F.D: 1234²= ? : }-~� -P��>Js C7 89-: ��� ' �C¢/DE� : 56 ��� ' G�
-P� |@� �g1�' �.= ? ; [� >.D �T UV � �� G� � ´ J @E� G� ± µ ¶ �56w ./ ·�xyJ@E �G��T ' E/ w �"#�T : 56 J -¸¹ >Eb/ JP� 89- E/
� �� �
� � � �� � � ��
��
�� � �� ����� � � ������� � ��� �� �� � ��
!
"# $% &
' ( )
*+ ,�-�� .� (
/0 (1� 2 34 .�
( 2 ,� 5 678 6 ��9 ' � $� � : ��� ; �� <= >! 7 ?0 ( � (' .� �*0@
A ( $ ����� B: ( CD��E .� ( �F�G
H � � I J 7 K���� L M N
O�P�� : , .� �� Q�-�� R : P S ' �K M
TU $ V �� �� W X � .� = � �� �
�� � ��Y � E W �� � �Z ' [ �� �
\ ] ^_ \ `: .� ( a bc d e e ��
( fg ���� ��h i ` \�� 0 j ��h ; P : P kN
lm ��� �� n o �pN $% qc � � >! <��h \ ` h r st] c uq ��� v ��w
x y z < ��� >! � 34 P qc {r
/� �- � | ( 2 z < E {r w }�~ � � $ 0 �� � y E >
�� 5 �� H ( ! ! � W p !5 ? 5 5 >
! � �� ,�-�� � � ' (
/ .� � �
/ .� Q 5 y ' ��� ����� < ��� ��� �� ��� �� 1� ��� �� ��:
.� ( � $ � r � P "# "#� � �> �c ����� �� �� � W "#� :� : WES � �K M[ � �� �S ' :
�
�
�
�
������
� ��
���
� � � � �
�
�
�
� �
�� �
�
�
�
* ISSS
BET
m m
:
Table
17
cm
:
Physical and chemical properties ofDecagon Devices
the soil tested
*
Campbell,
Mg m m g dS m
ECH O Decagon Devices, Pull-
man, Washington, USA
cm
e.g. Christensen ; Luedeling ;
Riley ECH O
Campbell
cm EC- . cm,
. cm, . cm
cm, cm,
cm
cm
V
. m m
. m m
Decagon Devices, Inc.,
e.g. McMichael and Lascano,
e.g. Seyfried and
Grant, ECH O
Campbell,
i
ii iii
rT
et al.,
et al.,
x
x
T
x
ECH O
- -*4.*
+ /
+
+
- , + +
,
,
- -
- -
,
+
,/
4
,**+
204. 04- 14- +4.* +,402 -4*+
0*
,**/ ,**/
,**0
,**, +
,* ,* ,/ .
- , * + +
/ / ,2
+
, +*
/ +/ ,/ -/ .
* *. /
* *,
,**0
,**-
,**1
,**+
,, +
, -
, ,
,
q
q
q
�
�
�
� �
�� � �
� �
� �
� �
� � �
� �
�
� � � �
� �
��� � � ������� ��� ��� !"#�����$ % &�'( ) *��+,�-� ( . �) ��/ %0� 1"#� 23 4%3 5� �� 3 6�7#�89�:;< =�>?@��� A( 0 �B �CDE8� ;F G % &HF� IJK!"54��� L �MNO� %PQ54��� R�" �ST"L 4 ( �U 4%V W%3 X ��� Y�( . 6�7�Z %3 �S *�[#� �<\V�+,4]^�S\V_`"ab"3c [�� d� \V � !3 5�e �f# �gR��h i* �jZ �S\V W �kl�7�m�n
b3c �o � � 3"�Q p%3 8qrst� u4v � 4%3 w �PM3 �x �� y� 1 �x ; KHV\" z � G {� % o|F !"3c�}~�$TFHV\"� ��� � N�" z �����F����� !"#���q�C���V 23 4% �<\V� � %\ ��N�3 5�w 6�7�Q� ��;F ���) *��S\V� L � �b" CD�� ST" � � �F�� ��� �� � � =� � "54�� H3CD��� %) �� % ) '��N�" �S\V� � 8q�C�ST" �7�st+,� �b"54��� (� 0� �� 0;F � ��Lb"544 � 0�CD��� 1"���� %3�" %;%5�e � �� � �] %� �ST" � � CD���� � �ST" o� �4 24��!"; 4\Q � �� b" � � ) *��� FH3 ¡¢( �S�" ��N \3£ � J �¤sC�s T"L 4 � �U¥�¦b i* �t�+,�� � 4� � �ST" o 4 �#�� § ��FH ¨�� i�©\� �N��33c � �� 0;F � H3 §�) �� \3 J G N�ª b"54� N�"4= H3 %;% � �Y u «N� �Y} ub"54���� \ � � b" J�� x ¬ K;" � � «N� �� � %� 4 ��"G �§ � 4�"3c � � ®Y u H"54��� ¯� �� �� � § �°h�"54� N� �3c�� M± ² � )³ H" 5� J�� ´ � \V¡¢( ��/ �� N�"54�K;"�ST" =� #�) ��/ %3 N � � � �ST"L �( � b"�8q�C�ST"¡¢( [� � 4) �� �¦b {�S\V L �( � %Bµ
\V � �� � � b"54 M%\4] %V � §�� �%V\"®�� &�¶·1FH" � �R��V\" �� 4
�� � �
�� � �
��� � �� � ���� � � � � � � �
� � � �� �� � !�� " #$�� % �� & '( ��
) �� * + , -. /0'( � � 1 23 �� 4% 5 �����67 ����� . � *8 *
���9- : % ; < = > ?. ���@ A��� � B�C � �� D E * F G* H IJ �
#$ � 2� E *K� #$ � �� K� LM N O
A I I� '( P Q* � *RS TAUV -W �X � ( 1 Y Z P � [5 �\��] �� � ^ * _�
9- � �� ( `� � abD �c d �
9- S (AUV S J (e 8 � a fY � � 1 �O 5 � g S h '( -W �X O �
� 9- AUV K J ij kl � 9 � ( j � 5 g %
U m; n � o= #$p = q �� ��] [5 g D r p s �X Pt� �� Gu � v � o= w�K bD ���c ij �� AU �� x �y g z{ |] 5 � Y� � � � � �� '( � P }�� � ( � 5 9��~ '( � P
AUV ( �U � � j }�� h � �
�
�
�
�
�����
�� ����
��� �� �����
� �����
�
�
�
�
�
�
� �
18
Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus.
mm
cm cm
cm cm
cm cm
Decagon
. m m
. V
. m m
x
T
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
T x T
Fig.
- -
- -
+*3 ,**2
.**
,**0
,**/ ,**0
/ 0*
* /
+ .
, ,/
* -
* 0/
* +
-
.
+
+
, .
, /
- +
-
q
q
q
q
q
q
q q
q
q q
q
q
q
q ��
���� ��� �� ��������������
�
������ �� ���������� !
" # # $ % & ' " $$ & $ $" $ & " $
#" & $ # # & % '#"
" & % ' &$ "
() *+���,���-./�01
����23� 4 56 789: ��;�<=>?�01@2AB C DE ����23<FG ���HI�JK LM7NO� �����G�� �PQ�;7>R SF T�U V23<F WX4 �� �����G L YZ4 �-.<=KW�G[\ �:[]M��K=����<N^_B1� !�W�2`a� bc��K=4 4���HI�JK�de�fg<F
�>R @ 2 ���� ��h �K01ij�kl2m� ��� 2�� �n� opqrs�t7uB�Q@2v
�
�
� ������
�
�
�
�
�
19:
ECH O
Relationship between the output of ECH O probe and water content at regular
temperature ( ).
ECH O
Response of the output of ECH O probe to temperature at each water content.
.
.
.
.
r r
x T
T
xx T f
T
T T x x
x T
Fig.
Fig.
,
,
,
,
,/
,/
* *,+ -
* +
* +
* +
,
,
-
-
- ,
q
q
q q
q q
q
�
�
�
�
� �
� � ����
� �����
� � � �
� � �
� � � �� � � � �� �
� � �
�� � �
� � � � � � � � �
� � �� � �� � �
� � � � � � � � �
� � � � �
� � � � � � � � �
�� �� � � � � �
� � � � ��
�
����� � �
�� !"#$%&'� ( ) "*+,-./" 001 (��23����14% 5 "�15+,% 6,7,�8*9 ) ) "*+,
-./" � (:;<�=>"?@ABC% DB(E"F9% GHIJIKLM (6,7,
� 8� "NO9%� P�8Q% 14R-� 8� "NO9%0�".S 8 �
��AB5T9%UV�WXY,% 0� "( ��Z[� ) (�� ! \];^.SQ_,- !`abY_Q_,- �
"#$% ��Z[� ) 85T9%�14% � !� 8NOA "cCBde0�".S6,7,)"#CB :;<8fg;hYci!=e UVj��k8Q%0�W1l% AYA mno�DB(E%p��8qrA- 6st (P "#CB( �u"vwx14S � 8P�1DB(E_,- "cCBN�y"de0�W1lzC A-WRB {
_Y��d|".Sd8}E%~�W4% m��1(G�|8�CB� 8�-9\]��g8��A
001 (��23����14% (Pp "cCB��d8Q- �� ����1DB(E_,- � i!8��9%-E UVo�.SQ_,-
�� �
�
�
�
� �
� �
� �� �
� ��
� �� � �
��
��
�
��
�
�
�
�
20
g g
g g
g g
g g
Dependence of on water content.
Parameter values of Eqs ( ) and ( )
Eq Eq
log
RMSE
. V K . V
r r
r
r
r
r
x T
x/ T
a a a a a a a b
x x f T T g a b
x a b
a a b
x g
x Tx g f T T
f x T g x, T,
x T
f f g
f a a a a a a
a g
x
Fig.
Table
* + , - . /
-
* /
-
, - . /* + , - . /
* /
+*3 ,**2
4 / 0 4
4 / 4 0
,4* +* *4,2 -4*1 +.4.+ -*40, ,.4+1 *4+/ +4*/
, ,
, .
1 + +* * *+,
.
, ,/
/
+310
.
.
,
,
q q q
q
q
qq q
q q
q
q q q q
q q q q q qq
q
�
�
�
�
������ � �� �
������ ����� ���
� � � �� �
� �� � � �� � � �
� � � �� � �
� �� �
� �� � � � � � �
� � �� �
�� � � � �
� �� � � �
� � � �� �
�� � � � �
� � � � � � �� �
� ��� �
� �
� � ������ !���
� �"#$%&' ()������� *+, -�./0 �120345�� ��"#$�6784���� ���9� :;� � ���� !<=>?@�AB�C C 0 DEF���G HIJ0 ���KL0MAN ��OP�� Q� �KL RG ��� !*S 9H(TUV ���G 03 W 9)(4XY!RZ4�S[I�4 \� ] ^4��O_`ab0c9� C 3d G Re� � f0g;4�hi0MA �jk0l(:I^� f\m ^(n�m� *��mo)( ) N �� Q� �hi03d ��pq0MA4r�Rs:4 G 034���n� e� f �et�<=>?@RuvHw�r�R./0x0g() D�yz��G3d (`�� {I�4] ^� f0g() yz��G3d`et9 9:9HRI N �� Q� R|(} ~�0g� r� C 0c���3A0 e� fmG ()` RHg���*c8r� ���#� 0684 �KLR��:mZ4�, ��KL ����� !�<=>?@R
034 �K�R ���0Z\d��*9H(.� �12�;m2 moH(r�*c�9)(4 �] ^� fm 0684 �KLR��mZ4 R�:v�� ���,)�o( OP�� Q� ��,0 ��KL034s�:H �K�R ���b |( TUmZ�� } ~�0g()` R�0�oH��*`�I8�,mZ4�S[I�4 r� ��*c8XY!RZ4R �F�T�R|v��3A0 ��[G �3AH.���0g;4��H �`�ovH(�, � mZ�� ���TUV � ��G*� 9��9)` ¡�RK *c8`��S[I�4 9�Rw) r���#��L84¢£t0g() �¤�n�Ryz��G3 ��0684��7-0 ���� !�;mHd`¥L9)9\AXY!RZ4r�R I:�Hw v �¦� !�<=>?@RW 9)(4�S[I� G G D�G0g;4 ���� �4
§I 034� ��#��¨mZw� � �F�T�TU©ª�]��«¬�®��¦
¯�069 � uv�07-84�°±��)(4 r�¦� ! ���#�R �e(²³´
C 0c��� ~�m�¨ ��u(��7 fm�µ*¶w)(4�, r�03d�!��·
� �
� �
� � �
� �� � �
� ��
�� � � �
��
� � � �
� �� � �
� �
�
��
� �
�
� ������� ����������������
� ��
� �
�
��
�
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
_
21
b
w bulk
b
b
RMSE . .
:
Comparison of the actual and calibrated water content.
Wraith and Or
ii
Decagon
Decagon
Wraith and Or
Decagon
ECH O EC-
. m m
MHz
.
T
x T
x T
x
x
x
x x T
x T
x
Fig.
,
- -
* *+0 * *1,
+333
/ /
/
,
+333
,**/ ,*
* *0*
+
/
. * +
/
/
- -
e
e
q
q
q
q
q
e
e
q
�
�
�
�
�
� �
����� � � � ������������� � �
� � �� � � �
�� � � � � �
� � �� � �
� � �� �
� � �� � �
� � � � � � ��
� � � � ��� � � �
�� �
� �� � � ��
� � � �� �� �
� � � � �� � �
� � � �� � � �� � �
!� " #
$%& ! ' �() * +,-.� / 0�� � 1��23 4 5� � 6�� 7 5 80��9:3;<=0�� * > 6?@ A � B> ��C5DE�
/� �F)'GH � �IJ�K� 8 � > )� $LH M "5G0�$N > EOH � 5IJ8� * 5 6> 32 PQ �RS/ � 6� TU ��0�54 $ 6�?0��V W XYZ[\]5D^�V:3;<=0��_�_ `6a )�bV � c� * �b 'G�deW� fg �hW@ � !��2V !$ 2�ij�kl9H �� 3_ 8M "5G >�5:3 ��m $�� n "/ `6a )�9on "�pq� �� �� rsX� 8t�/ )u5 v9H_�W��� w>32 x x� N> _> 8� ���yz�/{I$O�|� ������23/ } �~ �i V� 1�� 3�u$�|�I' ����� �� �F� C 5 "��2� ��� "$� > � u$ 8 5G9:3 B8�'V� o � B� :3 B80��V >�5:3 `6a )5 2 8V } � ���� � � � ���on "� <2����$ 2yz �[�� � ������������� � ����� �o 5 B8��X��23/ � � B$~8 V� ��23/ � Vo�' ~���� n "� �m � 5� 'G � B/�W�@ O� )u$ vM "�G�H m � ��/0� �� � N8 5G � �� rs�V:32V2�| ��C5 V��2e ����$o � � B8��X' M 'G�deW� ��C�9:2t�/ o � n "� �� $d >�� 3����� �/ �� � �8�m $ ~>�I' o � � � ��[�� B 5 ��W� � n��$¡T 5G "$d >V2C '/ C �¢2���� 5��m � �t> _TD N8£< �> W�32_�� ��C� � ��
3 ��C� )u� 5¤¥W� ��gj' 8��� 5�W� D C / �C�W�� ¦��� >3 C /�i V� � £3§ $ <�¨©'<320�5�x O�
ª e« �u$DE�¬$ >32� �/®�� �¯ ����V°±�G�|>x> } $�� ¢�� {I�� ������ � 8��� / � � 6823 PQ ²5RS80�5 �� 0� ®�� $³´ µ> � �©¶8����
� � �� �� � �
� � �
� ����� � � � � � �� � �� �� � � ��� � � !"� � � �� � � # $ %
� � !"� � &' �� ( ) ��� � *+ ��,- ��� � � !"� . � / �
� 0 12 $ . 3� 4 , - 4 � 50 � 2
6 7 8 12 9:. � � ;� � <= % 5 >? @A
B� ( - , � � � � �
4 � 0 � �� � �� B� . C�D E B�
F � 4 G 3 50 H � 2 $3 50 D � 8 @A � IJ
. � 50 $0 � 4 K 0 L � M N O �3 F � � C M O P � 4
@A L #. 3 50 D8 D CQ� �
� IJ . � R S / T# ; � � � U V � W X � , Y
Z[\ � � � R .] � �&'C ^_ ` �
�
� ������
��
�
� �
��
�
�
�
�
��
�� �
22
cm
The calibrated water contents and soil temperature at a depth of cm in the
Loess Plateau (summer in ).
ECH O EC-
cm
Decagon
. m m
Decagon
.
x
x T
Fig.
,
- -
+*3 ,**2
,**/ /
/
,**/
,**1
,*
.
0 ,**/
/
+*
* */
* * ./
- /*
0
0
- .
q
q
q
q
q q
�
����� ������ ��������������������� !"#$%� !�& ' (� ' (�
) * ) * +* ) * *
* * )) *
* * **
) * ) * +* * ** * * * *
) ** ) * +
* *
,- ./0"#1�&2345���
6789:;�<%�=>?� @�?AB C �D �� <�E C ? 6FG&2%@BHI�����E �&JK�D��JL6MN;�OP> ��QPR� > C �D���E S��TUVW XYZ[\]�^_;�"#�`N6abK;�c d�eB �&�^@Bf�_g6h@Be� <�PijkPR�<%?l�� E TU�D�m�JK�ne �&234o5?JKp �E ����� ���qP� r @ �����&2�^;���_g?sK@��i�tu�v�� ���������������� �l�w C ?<�67x���@��QPR�% !"#$ �&6h; r�vPE ���8y#� z{��� <�Vd�|} �&?~#� 6�XY?��@ S��E �?TU;��Q E�� �ABe�Vd�eBE �T"���>"#�L6��e�6h@ ���N� S���� ���`� �eB�� ?JK@�>e�Q c��D|>��%e|8q�>JK��6h; p D� C E� c�"#JK���E����� ����PR�%z��eBC �U�%�W� ;�i�� ��¡ {��� @�@ �T"�¢�>£L¤ ¥¦�X��&�§��ne 67¨9:@BeW<%?l ��&%�T"$�©ª6~#�«,;��Q�E
�
�
� ��
��
� ��
�
�
�
23
b
:
: a cm, b cm
The calibrated daily mean water contents and daily mean soil temperature in the Loess Plateau
(summer in spring in ) : a) at a depth of cm, b) at a depth of cm.
a
cm
a
Fig.
,**/ ,**0
/ 0*
,**/ ,**0 / 0*
,/
1 ,**/ ,**0
/
*
1
*
1
1
e
q
q
q
� �
�� � �
� � �� � � �� �
� � � �� �� � � � �
� � � �� � � �
� �� � � �
� � ��
� � � �� �� �
� � �� � �
� ��
� ��
� ��
� � �� ��
� �
��
�� �
� �� � �
��
���
��
��
� � �
� � �� �� ��� � � ���� � � � ���� � ������� � �!� "# $ % �&'()*# +,-� �.��// �0 12345� �67��8 ��"9� :�;� ���%�� , � � < #=� >9?5@6 A��8 B��C8 � D� E���$� 9�$�� "9�@6F GHI /JK'L; MF�N��� � �#OP�� Q � � � )� 9�R �.�S���1$� 9�%�� T�/���� � S AF MF "� U@6F
#� VW , # , XY�Z[� � #2�8� B � �JK'L� \]�^9 � #_�� \]� `� �� ��� #2�8� �a�� VW �bc d e� "-fE � �� ��� � $.Q g$.Q hi#_� � , T$ �8/� ��jk�V , � T� l m�eC�%��ne� �e� o�#_C8 � B p� < � � A �� , � � � "�bcE 9�1$ q� rs< t �uC8/;8/� ���C8 � �� , �/ � �.����� �v wixyz� ���n-�� hi /w{#� , #|/8: � H� �}~e� #e�8q 9� �/C� �C���� jk� u � ��#_��e �R �.�%��ne� � #_�� � �� �����# jk� � � %%{#|/8 ���� r��: #��>� 9
o�b� � "������eC� % �$ ?�_U# � #_� � � �#|/8� �����#;/%�#���8/� �e� � 1 � #m�Q ��� E #|/8,� B �/#_QF# e� # T$"9�R �.� � ���C8 �#_�� � f�: �#|/8� �
�����/n�$��; >� $.�
jk$� � � ��#��;JK'L�� �� < � ^��
� � �2 ��8 v9�� �� ;� �# � #29����uC� � �� ��� �� � ��_Q � �&'(# � �e�S� e�S�T$ S/ $ � $5� T� v&'(p \]_Q � �� � "# Uae� �¡ #� $5�%��neC�JK'L� # 9�¢/ O � �w{ �� r� i � W {�� r9�%�#_Q hi£¤¥¦# 9�" "s &'(# 9��C�)*�
;R �.�%��neC� l� � ls # §#m��:$�
.�� # � " " 5/d � ¨ ©Fª H E «¬ ® ¯s °$ ±²(³¥´# l�� 9� #_�µ¶· � K'
�� ��� �
� � � � � �� � � � � � � �� �� � �� �� �� � � ��
� ! "� #$ %& ' ( )� * +
, �- . � /� � 01 2 �3 4 � 51 67 8�
9 � : �;+ � �� �! <3=< > ? @A � ��
� � � � � � � �> B �;C � D � � � �� � � ��
�; ? EF G H � ��;�� /� �� ' ( )� + I
� 3 � J K � �� L ( MN� O ��� �� � �
3 P Q? �; KR S T ' UV W(XY' Z[ =\8� � ] �^ _� `� a
R bL c3 �
d �; D 2�;e�
f ��I < ��/� g � g
� 8� hi� � 2�;e �
* ��
' j � ���;k � �� l� ( m
nop �; 3 1 c � T< � �� �qkr� �� � � � a
s 2 2�; �;et� �;C uD �
)� � 3 � �� �;�v ; �' � s � w xyY> �; \L y z R�; bL s�;� {| s }8� � ��; �
��� �; s~��I 5� 3 Y� �� \ �3 '�� � i� � ��
3c� �; �; � � V�
�
� �
� � � �
� �
�
�
��
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�� � �
� � � � �
24
Inc. Application Note. AN TP- . Decagon Devices
gon
Devices Inc. Application Note. Decagon Devices
water management using capacitive water sensors.
Campbell, C.S. ( ) : Response of ECHO soil moisture
Campbell, C.S. ( ) : ECH O Dielectric Probes vs Time
sensor to temperature variation. Decagon Devices
i
ii
iii
b cm i
iii
cm
Decagon
cm
Decagon
.
Inc., Pullman, Wash.
ime Domain Reflectometers (TDR). Deca
Inc., Pullman, Wash.
ECH O Christensen, N.B. ( ) : Irrigation management
using soil moisture monitors. Western Nutrient
Management Conf. : . Salt Lake City, UT.
Czarnomski, M.N., G.W. Moore, T.G. Pypker, J. Licata
and B. J. Bond ( ) : Precision and accuracy of
three alternative instruments for measuring soil
water content in two forest soils of the Pacific
Northwest. Can. J. For. Res., : .
Decagon Devices, Inc. ( ) : ECH O Soil Moisture
Sensor Operator’s Manual For Models EC- , EC-
, and EC- Version . , Decagon Devices Inc.,
Pullman, WA.
Fares, A. and V. Polyakov ( ) : Advances in crop
Adv. Agron., : .
: Profile Probe
,
,
,
1* +*
,**+
,**,
+*3 ,**2
- *
*
*
1 0*
0*
0*
- -
,**/
,**/
0 .0 /-
,**/
+201 +210
,**0
,*
+* / , ,
,**0
.- 11
,**0
-/
3*
.
q
q
q
� �
��� �
� �
� � � ���
� �
� �
� �� � � � � �
� � � �� �
� �
� ��
�
��� � ���� ��
� �� ��������� !
"�#$��%& '()*+,-./01234%& #$�5 �67 89 : ;<=> ?@AB
�CDE#$�� %&2F&GH�#I�#$��%& JK#LMN �O PQR STUCVWEXY Z2[\.
].^._`ab1cCdeEfg h iJK#LMN#$5 fgjNfgONPQR Pklm n�op ��q�.,2 rs1t.uvwx#$�� y��z{%&� 7| }�JK#LMN~� �O
���> ���� � �M�x���v�
L�� �� ���� �� � ����� � n�op � � �+`��� ���� #$��s1t !�����
�CDE#$�� �%&2)*+,-. �u¡e�¢ h i#$5 MN~� �O/01 U��MN£
¤� ¥ ¦ § [[b1¨.]�©"¨ª«b¬CDE#$�� %&�����
��2�®¯°%&±.]C²³´µ! ���¶·MN£
� �
��
�� � �
��
�
� � � � �
� � �
� ��
�
�
�
��
�
�
�
�
� �
�
� �
� �
�
��
� �
��
��
� � �
� ��
�
� � � �� � �
� �
�
25
of porous media. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,
surface area porous media. Physica B, : .
measurements in coaxial transmission lines. Water
Jones, S.B. and D. Or ( ) : Modeled e ects on permit-
Schwank, M. and T.R. Green ( ) : Simulated e ects
ings of the symposium on time domain reflecto-
dence and hypothesis development. Water Resour.
pp
:
Friedman ( ) : A review of advances in dielec-
: . tric and electrical conductivity measurement
: using time domain reflectometry. Vadose Zone J.
FDR : .
: . :
Jones, S.B. and D. Or ( ) : Surface area, geometr-
ical and configurational e ects on permittivity .
: ECH O
: .
tivity measurements of water content in high .
Luedeling, E., M. Nagieb, F. Wichern, M. Brandt, M. of soil temperature and salinity on capacitance
Deurer and A. Buerkert ( ) Drainage, salt sensor measurements. Sensors, : .
leaching and physico-chemical properties of ir- Seyfried, M.S. and L.E. Grant ( ) : Temperature
rigated man-made terrace soils in a mountain e ects on soil dielectric properties measured at
oasis of northern Oman. Geoderma, : . MHz. Vadose Zone J. : .
McMichael, B. and R. J. Lascano ( ) : Laboratory :
evaluation of a commercial dielectric soil water
sensor. Vadose Zone J., : .
: :
ADR
: . .
Or, D. and J.M. Wraith ( ) Temperature e ects on Topp, G.C., J.L. Davis and A.P. Annan ( ) : Electro-
soil bulk dielectric permittivity measured by magnetic determination of soil water content :
time domain reflectometry : a physical model.
Water Resour. Res., : . Resour. Res., : .
Pepin, S., N. J. Livingston and W.R. Hook ( ) : Verstricht, J., B. Neerdael, P. Meynendonckx and G.
Temperature dependent measurement errors in Volckaert ( ) : Clay moisture measurements
time domain reflectometry determinations of in radioactive waste disposal research. Proceed-
soil water. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., : .
Petersen, L.W., O.H. Jacobsen., F., Plauborg., M. An- metry in environmental, infrastructure, and
dersen and D.E. Rolston ( ) : The e ects of mining applications, Evanston, Illinois, Sept ,
temperature on the determination of soil water U.S. Bureau of Mines, special publication SP
content by time-domain reflectometry, paper , NTIS PB , .
presented at Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Annual Meeting, Weast, R.C. (Ed.) ( ) : Handbook of Chemistry and
St. Louis, Mo., Oct. to Nov. . Physics. CRC Press,Boca Raton, FL.
Regalado, C.M. ( ) : A geometrical model of bound Wraith, J.M. and D. Or ( ) : Temperature e ects on
water permittivity based on weighted averages : soil bulk dielectric permittivity measured by
the allophane analogue. Journal of Hydrology, time domain reflectometry : Experimental evi-
: .
Riley, T.C., T.A. Endreny and J.D. Halfman ( ) : Res., : .
Monitoring soil moisture and water table height
with a low-cost data logger. Computers & Geosci- : TDR
ences, : .
Robinson, D.A., S.B. Jones, J.M. Wraith, D. Or and S.P. : .
,
,2. ,3*
,**- #
,**1 #
+,0 +,1
,**-
/+ 0*
+330
... .1/
,/ -* ,**0
,**, ./
# ,- ,2
,**/
,.1 ,/. .
+1
2*2 2*3
,**/ /.2 /11
,**1
#
,1- ,2/ /* 1/3 10/
,**- +310
0/* 0/.
+332 ,**1
.3
/*3 /+3 -, --
+333 # +32*
-1+ -2- /1. /2,
+33/
+33.
-2 .-
+33/ # 1 3
+3
3. 3/ +*/123 --1 -.2
+320
,3 -
,**0 +333 #
32 +*1
,**0 -0+ -03
,**-
+-/ +.*
,.0 ,/.
--2
+*.
,
+2,
-*/
1
+,/ 0
,
.*
-/ +0
/3
-+0
-/
-,
+0
����� � � ������ � � �
�
� � �
�
�
�
� ���� � �
������� ������� !"#$%&'�()*+,- ./0� ��12�34!�5.�6789% :;<8� =�>?@ABCD3EF0������'D+()*% � ��GHIJ AKL'D MNOPACQ3� "#��R.S@ATUD3VW�!XYZ�[\�Z�ACQ ��?�](�� !� ^_A`a ��� �� � �bcAd)e!D3f8 gPh05.iAjQ3 k3 5.WP�lmAn! :GHIJ�� "#���ohpq!b$%rsAtu3 v)! w)*35.iAXYZ�[\!,x%� ��yz{|}~lm!KD�CD 5.i����'������!,x%� "#�5.��7�!�Q+��D3
� �
� �
26
:
:
ECH O
Decagon Devices
,
,**1 +, ,,**2 . -
+*3 ,**2
�� � �
� � �
� � � �
����
� ��� ��������� ��������� ������ !"#$%&'()* � +,����- ./#012&3456$ )* 78#�9����- 78#:(&;86$
<=>? @AB CDEF ��GH� I�J
�
K� � � L
�� �>?MNOPFQRSTUVWXYZO [\]
^_`abcdO`eMfgWhi�?MWXYZOEFQR�jkMl mn opn qrst Wu�
CDlvwx(�@AyV_Yz1{|}M~�� S�OS �������]��������s�<=�YZOS @AB��CDy�lEF�R QRS�
�j � ���� �� �
� � �
�����
� �
� �
��������� �����������������������
� � �� � �
� �
� � �
� � �
� �
�
�
� �
BARA AKAHASHI OSOKAWA
*
**
***
:
;
Hiroshi O *, Tomoki T ** and Hisashi H ***
* National Agricultural Research Center, Hokuriku Research center,
(NARC Hokuriku) Inada, Joetu, Niigata , Japan
(present : National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences,
Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan)
** NARC Hokuriku (present ; Shizuoka Prefectual Research Institute of Agriculture
and Forestry, Tomioka, Iwata, Shizuoka , Japan )
*** NARC Hokuriku
Soil crusting is one of the major problems a ecting the emergence of soybean seedlings in
converted paddy fields in some regions of Japan. To identify the converted paddy fields in
which soybean emergence is at risk from soil crusting, we collected twenty-seven samples of
surface soils from paddy fields across Japan. Relationship among physical and chemical pro-
perties, clay mineralogy and surface crusting under simulated rainfall were studied.
In terms of morphology, most of the soil samples showed crust after exposure to a rainfall of
mm/h. With regard to the relationship between crust properties and soil characteristics, some
correlations were found between the decrease in infiltration and the hardness and area of the
cracks when crust dries. The infiltration rates were correlated with the mean weight diameter of
aggregates. The hardness indicated a rather obscure correlation between the silt contents and
acid-oxalate-extractable aluminum (an indicator of Andic properties). The cracked areas were
clearly correlated with the sand contents. With regard to clay mineralogy, in the soil samples
which showed no or trace peak for kaolinite and vermiculite and a clear peak for smectite,
hardness did not increase after drying.
: soil crusts, converted paddy fields, soybean seedling emergence, physicochemical
properties, clay mineralogy
* ** ***
Properties of Surface Crusts of Converted Paddy Soils
Formed under Simulated Rainfall
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
Abstract
Key words
3.- *+3- + , +
-*/ 20*. - + -
.-2 *2*- 012 +
,**0
+ , + 3.- *+3-
- + - -*/ 20*.
012 + .-2 *2*-
#
-1
+*3 ,1 .. ,**2
+
�
�
�
�
�
��� �� ���
� �
� �
� � � �
� �
�
�
� � ��� ��� �� ��
� �
� � �� � � �� � � � � �
� � ��� � �
� �� � � �� � �� � � � �
�� � �� � � � ���� � � ���� �
� ���� � ����� �� � � � �
�� �� �
� � � � � ��� � � � �
� � � �� � � �
� �� � � � � �� �
� � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � � �
� � �� � � � ��
� � �
� �� � �
�� � � �
� �� � �� � �
� �� �
� �� � �� �
� �� �� � � �
� � � � �� �� � � � �� � �
�� � �
� � � !� � �
" #$�%&'( )*+
� ,-./0�12�34./ �-5678
�9 � '+
: ;
<=>? � � ��+ @ �A>B7
CD+&E�):+ F� G '+E
HI J7 H I K3 LMN
OP QRS T U �� MN EVWMN �X X��F� $� Y � Z+S�� [\��S9 ]�#^9_` ��F
a ��b �9c\@F� <=>?Ede� 9 �� f � g� h &&)�Hi jk����F9):+ <=>?Ede a � <=>? � lm 0�1 � no:%&� � p qiD < r7st? uvw ) ��=>?�b '+Ex @ � y z ;+Ei f { �|7<} L ~ � E ���9S+ �B8 ��� <=>?E |7<@� S|7<*�z����S9�� �$� \@\ |7< |7<}\ �
� C OPC C �� $� �|7<} � �� w�$� N ES� �)<=>?):A' ��
i �C� �� �@S<=>? EG �E��) ) � �F� ��\� ;+E <=>? � �� �� � 0�1
�� � L T� U� ��� � �A'\@+ @�� C�9 � )*F� @0 T� U�S+ &�^ <=>?� z � � ��� �� $�
�A'S � �9� G � :@ �� � �C�:� )*F� <=>?y+ $� � � )*+�k � � �8� � iF� �\'+ ES� � �C �-�6|B q ��*� �7�) �
� U <=>?): q�@S���� S�gA'S �� � <=>?� ^+¡ � ¢q� �� b £i �@+*+ &�C �C <=>?�):A'\ $�< ��� S� ¢g� �8 Ede � �8 =>?� z '+¤�c\@�A'S ��� q� �� I+�^ ¥ r¦� C��'+&E� N ��S9<=> �95t?� �� �iC�� ��?§ �@���@C@S ¨ � @G% �� S� �� �� �8 �C '+@� §�+ ) E§�C�+ '+ � � �©)I � �� �
��)� �C �� � �����+<=>? ���F9 �� &E: ��}
��<=>? 0�1<=>? E ){F� q E�mª f ��« � <=>?��+ � �� � g � �8 z %&�A'S �� �� b ¬� � �b iD� b g� �8 �
�S9 X { <=>?H I):+
% m�� ��+} ���C � ��� <=>?Hi ��S9� oF � ;
¬��® �9 �� ��� ¯ �¦ ) °¤ ±�� ²)*F� E�9� ³< ´ \ �*+� z
: µ )*+ �� �)�\ j�9S+<=>?H I S�<=>?H I� E K3 � � �8
a mª � ¶· £� �^ ¢ C@S����F� @0 �>B7� �%&i@ � � � �8*�� nX �@S )S���¸r¹78 ) '+ � ° T º7rE�� iC�<=>?��
� � �� ��
� �� � �� ��� �
�� ��
�� � � �����
� !
" # $�% &
' (
)*! +, ! + -
$�. / 0
1 2 3 �� 4+5 6 �� 6
�7 8 9 :�
; < " => ? $ @A�� ? � 9BC ";% DE ��. F�� G H��IJ KL 8 . M N O �P ?< Q RS D � T $ U + - � 0 V
WX � Y Z[\ ] ^ ^
_ `a b> + V Y >.%� �6c d e fN7g �� .h i
DE j kg jE lm n��M opq�� r+ DE s. � e
e - 1 #3t �� u #v+ 1 #3
DE w x� #v+ yv zlm �={| N �� W | }W ~+ �D n�WX � �� � 5 �� � y( � j y � � ��� �� ���� � � � � �e � . y �. �� � �
� � � � �WX w {| �� �� �� � +^ c d � �� ~+
� � b> �� ��� � * ��� ��� �� N� 2 � ¡�¢£ ¤ ¥ =n ¦§ ¨© �� �6j
N� � wD� DE => ��� +.h .h � Y � ��.M g
. ? $p P � ª � « � ¬�{| e i < ® < < �
�� U +
W � + =>n¦§ �6 j � � � => ¯ !
° ¨© � ¦���6 ±jWX �� ²³ �� �� ®! ´U!� µ �� �] �� n§¶ WX�
· �� ¸ � � ¹ + �+ ¹�
;� .�P �P� S ~+ ®º�. � »¼ ½ =>* � �� 1 Y
�
�
�
�� � �
� �
��
�
�
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
����
��
�
��
�
�
�
�
�
28
Morin Morin
Tanaka
mm mm h
Bennett Holder
CEC
pF . mm
X Rigaku RAD
II A, Cu K
: :
Rathore : :
; ; ;
mm h
mm h . mm,
. m sec
Bresson,
cm cm cm
mm mm
g cm
mm
mm h
mm h mm
DIK-
Rolston Upadhyaya
kg kg
mm mm
Le Bissonnais,
et al.
et al.,
et al., et al.,
et al.,
et al.,
et al., et
al.,
+
+
+
+
+
+33,
-*
+30. +31.
,
-
+*3 ,**2
+332 ,**0 +330
,**+
+ 2 ,
//*
.
+332 * +
, -
+32+ ,**0 +332 +33+
+ +301 +
+3 -1
, + 2
/ 2
+33/
+*
+/ +* /
,**2
/ .
-** ,
/
.*
+/
,1
+3
-1 -*
+ .*
,
//0+
,1
+
- , + +33+
, +33/
-
+ .
+331 ,* ,*
+ - .
, +
, ,
,
a
�
� �
�
� �
�
�
������ �� �
������ ��
� ������� � �� ����
� � � � !�" #$%&'( )�* +,-� #$./ ( � � !�" #$0� ( � � !�"0�12 � � !�" #$. � 34567 � � 34!�" #$8 � � !�" #$9 6 34:;< =4 > >:;< )�* ?@AB��,-� > >( C � � 34 #$DEFGH � � 34 #$IJ � 34!�" #$0�0 34 #$K � �34L!�" #$
� � 34 #$M � � � # LN =4 #$(. � 34 #$ >O6PQ =4 #$RJ � � 34 S� � � 34 #$T 16 U� V W4 �X N ST 16 34 #$T 34 Y��"0�Z 34 #$56[ 34 #$
\>] ^ _� � ` _ abcd eV fgV _
VVV
_ _V � V V hN _ _ �V N � N V
_ V _V V �
NV NV � N _� V N V VV _ V
_ � NV � N _
ijklm/nopq# r � ������s�b ��t s�uv
wx� y z��e {| } ~�F�� �} �e� Lew�� �*oy �b*� � �����y �w e �����*obeq }� L�sy�eq ^M � b��q ���}^ � G (.� b����� � G� ^
y� eq ��}��q ^,-� ��%&'( � kl��^ �m�� � � y � b:;< ���� �q ��# �� o ���� e }�� G^ {| ��}��q rs¡¢
^ ¡¢£�¤�b � ���� � r �¥ 0�Z ��S ��q
¦ �K�# § ¥ y¨�ew��b^©ª ^ .�� G � ���� �� Q« � �y �¬ ®¯�q°}1 ��q ±�²³´vµ^ %&'(¶¬·�q � 0�Z �S ��q
�
� �
�� � � ��
� � � ���� �� �
� � � ���� � � ��� ��
� � ���� � �� ��� ��
� � �� ���� � � ����� ��� ��! �! �� �" �
� # � �� ���� �� ���$� �� ���
% ���& � ����& � �� ���' � (� �
)� �� ����� �� ��� *
+ � �� ���, - � ��� � *, - ���, -./ ���
0 ���1 ���
2 34� % �� �5
67 8 9 � � :
;<= > �= ?@ ��A B C DE F D
E DE G HI� JK '
L � M � NG OPQ �
E R � G ! M �� E � � S T
� �� 8 9 0
U E � V � � �O � � W X
� 0 YZ
�
� �����
� �� ��
�
�
�
29
c
c
c
c
Nishimura ; Asge-
dom
:
General information of sampling sites
no*
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
# U
# V
#
#
#
#
#
#
# or
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
:
* : : :
pH .
STATISTICA ver . STAT . .
Soft inc. . .
mm g kg V . g kg
g kg
. cmol
; Lado kg . cmol kg CEC
. cmol kg
. cmol kg
et al.,
et al., et al.,
Table
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+333
4
+ *
, *
- *
. *
/ *
0 +
+* +
++ *
+, ,
+. ,
+/ +
+0 +
+1 ,
+2 ,
+3 *
,* *
,+ *
,, ,
,-
,. *
,/ ,
,0 +
,1 + +
,2 , ,
,3 +
-* +
-+ +
* + ,
,
, . 2
0 + 1 . / /
0 / 2- *
. + 1, 1
+* -*
. -1 2
,**/ ,**. - 1
/ -
.* 0
+233 ,12
+
+
- +
-
�
�
�
�
� �
� � � �
� �
� � �� � � � �
� � � � �� � �
� � � � � � �� � � �� � � �� �
� � �
� �� ��� �� � �� � �
�� �
� ���
��
�� � �� � � �
��
� � �����
� � �
��� ������� ���� � ��� � �
� !"#$ %&' "#( )*+,
-.� / 0 1
2�3 �456 � �� 7� 8�/9 � :; <=� >? 5� ���@*+, 2/ABC2DE �3 F � G;H � � I@*+, �
J�KLCM � NOPQFG;H �RS T� � NOPQ� �� 456 �U- )VW XY2�JZ[\�]�NOPQ)V ��@*+, ^/_`�T� � a]�+, -/� b b b b )cd)ef�+, bghe NOPQ)#$
b b b)*i -T � j"# k7)#( )*+, l�mnW >? 5"#mVW )*+, �o Fpq r�s�^/_`� � )
Utuv�/]�o Fpq ��� �/nw xyz�Utuv{�|� } Utuv�~� r F~r � � �gcd��p, ,�p {�FUtuv�~�� �� �� @����)*� f� ���@ �/�nw"��+, ���)� ��w @ �" �p, ��� �� g��, ����� ���, ��,� ��@���/�Utuv"��p ��z���/�Utuvm��p,F ¡s�" ¢�)� £g¤ pf�+,Utuv�~��¥¦§@*�¨©@ ªq� ���)*�«��Utuv f ¬� " ��s {Wf� �/m®Wf�frm�mT¯ ")e, ,�p 45°�4 ? ±Q� -.)�Utuv� �@���sª @ ©Utuv�)ef�+,
�� �/�nw²³� +,"��´´�qrWm� nw �� +,� ²«�p�w���q�frm� nw ´)*+,�� F�� )µ¶�� ���m b·
� � � �
�
��
� � � �� � �
� � � �
� � � � � � � � ��
� �� � ��� �� �� � !
�� ! " # $
! %
& ' (
)* + ! ,�
"�� -
��
�
�
��
�
�����
��
� �
�
�
�
� �
�
30
. .
Fed . g kg . g . mm
kg Feo VI . mm pF .
Alo VI . kg kg
. kg kg
HC LiC SiC CL .
SiCL L SL kg kg . kg kg
. . pF .
mm
mm
mm h
mm
.Rainfall simulator.
The infiltration rate of three soils.
Photo
Fig.
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ .3 * 3*
+*3 ,**2
+ / +0 3 , /,
* ., + 2
* 02
* ,,
+ +* , 2 , * 0/
+ + . * ,/
/ 2 /* - + 2
-*
-
-1
,
-*
+ ,
* +3
-
- ,
+
+
+
+
�
�
� � �
� �
��� � � � �
�� � � � �������������������� ��� �!"#$��%
& &� � ' '
& � � &&
' ' && � � � � &
' &� � � & � � &
� � � & &� & ' '
� � & && ' &
� &� & � �'
' &&
& & � && '
� �' & && &
� �' & ' &
&&
�( )& � '' &
& ' && & & &' * & && + , '
� �' && + - '
, & &' & & &+ , ' &
' & � � -.& & -. &
' & '� & &
' � �&& + & ,
' & &&
� �& & ' && & & &
/012�3 #$4 5 6 ������ 7� � �89
:;%� 01< �=� > � � 2 � � ?@A5 B CDEB?F � G �� � #� H� � 01< � ���I 89 JK�4 LM N� 2 �O44P QRS� T�<��I4 H� U JV%� LM N� JWX4Y�Z01< � ��4P � ���S � [\]�� 01< ^�:_`�Z ��2 � ��I4 H�;%4P�ab$% � 2� ��cI4 R4 � LM����d e� � � d N� f �89 �� f �
g� �hZi j���cI4 ������ �kl�4� �� � f � �hZ� c��Y[\] m m ����3 �no �=��!I��%���� p
� q rZ��s:d��`��tJK���% �%�� G JK� � ;% C]�f � 2 � u���` � 8J
d��I��%� v k�kl� � w K� R4 � LM N�� 8�#`�xR%d#�#$��% �� � y� C]�f G � ����� � z�� G{� � wJ � LM N� #� C]��f �
|�%�:} �d��I��%��!X�������~#�� W���� ��� �G2 ~��� �Z G2� �� ��� ��c`�� �����
c� ��� �Z G ~��� � G ��X`$%�;I4 � �� � ��� � G �$`���c` 2 c`V4����~��� � JWX% Z;%� �� ���#� �� �89�;%�!b$��%
��� �~� j�%� J��������� ���c:�c�� �;% ����� ��c�� 1 6 ����Z ��R% R4 C]�f �� 6 ����� � ��S����[� � LM N�89c` ����c`J����:�� 6 � ��S wJ |�% Z;% �� J ��%F �;%��| Gr�������[���� X`$%J�����%Z��;%� �#$% qr������d �� �� ��d����� 7 ���89J �%4P � z ��¡ � 8JK�4 � 8��2 ¢# ~# £ � 7�� 8J ¤¥ �hZ=� ���B CDEB?F�K�4 2 �d �� ¦�u� � 8 §[B¨©9 fJK� � 2�% �:d��% ���ª� � � ¦� 8JK�4 � 8��c�89� �#$% R4d �£ �u� � 8JK�¡ ��cI4� C]�f �� 8JK� d��% �:© Z ��£ � JWX% 8JK�4 p �� ��Z ��Z�� � ���ª�c�89� �# kl���� ¤¥ � LM
$% R4 ~#� d �� ¦� 8J N� � 8� � ¦ � 8��C]�K� �����~��d������ � ���ª f � � ¦�;I4 R4 B CDEB?�c�89� �#$% �$`���c` «�� F � Y[\]�� � � 8����¬ �ª�c� �89�;%� � yI4� ®¯� J �4 H� �89���� #$% °I� �������� � ¦� 8JK�4 �d � #$%� J :$c ��¬ y±� �%�� z `c��[²�� � JK� ¤¥
��� �4 � LM N�C]�f�:�¡ � M� #� ³�´� ���®
����� ¡ � � jµ �� 89 J ¯� � 7�89�;%��X`$%B CDEB�K�4 01�� 2 � ?F � �§[B¨©9 R4 ¶ ��%·`� LM N�� 8�hZ=� j¬ c#�89�% f �: ��¡ ��$��
01 > �� �u� � 8 ���c¸�u� % p �d � #$%�S=�d ��y� C]�f A5 A5 ?@He [²�� C]�f "¹®¯� J �4 H�B
� �
�� �� �
� � ��� � � � �� ���
� � � � � � �� � � � �� ! " # � � $ � % �& '��� � () * " + '�, - - % �&
� � � ./ � $01 � 2 � '��� � � " � 34 5���� % �
� �� & 6� � - 6� � 7�� �
� 6� � 8� ��9 : ; <3 �
� = >� �� ? 8 � '��� � @ $
� A BCD �E F 5���� % �& $GH IJ � � � 5���
K ? �E F L � % �& ! -MN � #.
� OO � PQ
O �� R S O '��� � 3� �� 4 �� ��
�� TU V ��W �� � Q 6� � 5
X &Y Z ['� ���� % �& ��� TU F L \ 8��� �� ]� ^�
] _ � Z �� $ ` '�� K 1# ) $ @ $ a
� � bcd � $ e � �.� � �'��� � � f @ $ � �� gh'�� � � i� �j f $ k $] - � b� �j $ ) �
k $ � l � b $ � Zcd � # ] a� �.� 5���� % �
� f $ & @ $ �j f k $# � �j f �
] � g � $m $ no 0 � p "qr �j f $ � s�
Wt m ` u K 1v �� w� a�qr �.� - 5���� % �& �
) x �d !s� ) �� y � $ � �1 � �
e '��� � 5�� � � f w�� % �& $ �z � ghi � # )
� @ $ � � s� �G{n � � � � � p " �
� �������� ��������
� �
�
�
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
��
� ��
�
31
kPa kg mm
FAO, ,
:
Mn .
. mm
kg mm
Ben-
, kPa kg Hur a
mm . kPa
kg mm
kg mm
kPa
mm mm Cattle S.
mm mm
mm
mm
Tanaka ; Le Bissonnais,
Hard-setting
kg
Al, Si, Al / Fe, pF .
r . kg
kg
Al Alo r .
r .
kg
mm Al
kg
Ca,
et al.
et. al.,
et al.,
* -3* . * ,*
+332
* -
- + *
,
+ * ,* . ,/
* + /0* + +* +32/ ,*
20 1
+ +* ,.
. +* -.1 .*
3
,
- ,**.
- /
, 1
+*
+33/ +330
+
. .
+ , + 2
/
, /
* - .
. / /
+
. * ,/+
* /*, /
+
+
/
/ -*
.
- -
� �
� �
� ��
� �
�� ��
�� �� ����� � ����
�� ��
� �� !"#$ "%� "%�&'#()*+,- )./0./0"123456789%�%:
;<"#=)>?@9AB &)B &)B%�C()D
E FGHIJKLMNO��PQ R � S F��TUV�� R � S W�XFY�Z[�\] ^ �\] _`abc � def ghijk delmn
S So S
S � � o So S S
S S � oS SS S S
oS o � S � S p
lqr gsabNtuL�vw_ T�L\ lxi��_xi y��l z{|}~^���i| �b T�Ll �&�5� �&��� � l�a~� 0 _ T�L���FNtuLl_���6��^����i
g �� � ������^ �|}~g�a� �il �\ �&���g5i��|~��^s|�g a�i|�k� l���{|NtuL���~T�L\ ���g���F
�� � ¡
TUV��¢ l£�^�� ¤�¥ F£�^g��i| �¦ NtuL$§~��TUV��¢���g5i�F ¨ � ©�£�l
�z{|~��i|ª«§�¨_T�L\ l� ~��^�� g5
i�F ¬� FRz�il T�Ll| � ~®¯z{�i||~ °�T�Ll± _ ²�b2 ³ ´�� �\ F £���~��F� ~���F _F
µ¶� _ �&^����F ¨ ~·�i B ¸, _F T�L
�
� �
���
�
�� ���
�
�����
�� �� �� ���
��
� � � � � �� � � � �
� ! "
# $ %�
& ' ( )* +, -.
� /-
� 0 12� � 3 4
# � 56 -. 7�
8 9 � � � 6:
� 5 5� � ;�
��
� �
�
�
32
FAO,
Cattle,
kg
Lemoz
Physicochemical
no pH CEC
Ca Mg K Na
g kg cmolc kg
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
# U
# V
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
* : Fed Alo, Feo, Sio
* : PL pF pF ;
Al
Al
mm
et al.
Table
+ +
+
,
+3/1
,/ -/
+332
// .
+*3 ,**2
+ 04-, ,141 --4* /4- +4,/ *433 .*40 *4* .*40 +-0+
, 04-3 2-4* +.4+ +4/ *4,1 *4+0 +04* +-4. ,34. +233
- 04-2 ,*43 +,4, -4, *4+0 *4,- +/42 +41 +14/ 11,
. 04*, ,04- +*42 042 *4-3 *4.2 +24. /4- ,-41 33+
/ /41* ,-4. +,4+ -43 *4,3 *4-, +040 /4. ,,4+ 3+*
0 /43. +141 -43 +4* *4-/ *4+, /4- *4* /4- /,,
+* /42, +042 24+ /43 +4-0 *4.+ +/42 .40 ,*4. 2+0
++ 04*2 ,.43 +/4- .4. *4.+ *4,1 ,*4. *42 ,+4, 311
+, 04*, +24- ,40 *41 *4-1 *4+* -42 04+ 343 -..
+. , 04-, ,*4+ 240 ,41 +4** *4+. +,4/ 24- ,*42 300
+/ + 04,+ 1,41 +-4, +40 *41/ *4** +/4/ +14, -,41 +.+0
+0 04+2 ,,4+ +04- .4/ *41* *43. ,,4. /4* ,14. 220
+1 04*, +34+ +,4. ,4, *4-3 *4+2 +/4, 04- ,+4. 2,2
+2 04+. +24+ 24, +40 *4-1 *4** +*4, ,43 +-4* .2.
+3 /400 -/4* 04+ *40 *4+2 *4*2 14* 14/ +.4/ 0--
,* 04-0 ++4/ 14, ,4+ *4.. *4-0 +*4+ ,4* +,4+ /++
,+ /433 ,*40 +*40 ,4/ *4,1 *41/ +.4+ .4+ +24, 1,2
,, .423 +140 -41 *41 *42* *4,+ /4. 142 +-4, /2-
,- 14.* +14- +*4* +4+ *4/0 *4** ++41 *4* ++41 .+1
,. 04+2 +.41 242 ,4, *40- *4** ++41 .4+ +/41 -3.
,/ /40/ +242 +,42 /40 +4,+ *4*2 +341 04, ,/43 2/+
,0 /4/, ,/40 /43 *42 *4,. *4+* 14* /41 +,41 /0*
,1 + 04*, +040 14- +41 *43, *4** 343 04, +04+ 0*0
,2 , /4-2 -*4+ .40 +4/ *4.- *4*0 040 +*40 +14, 1+1
,3 04/1 ,,40 +*4* 04* +4** *4++ +14+ -41 ,*42 0-3
-* 04** +*4- ,41 *40 *4-0 *4*1 -41 .4* 141 ,12
-+ 04*+ +.43 .4+ +4+ *4-. *4+/ /40 ,42 24/ -*-
+42 +42 +
+33/
,**.
+* +* ,
,**0 -/
,
,
�
��
����
��� �� � �� ������ ��
�� �� ��� �� ��� !"#� $ %
&'() *+,-./0123%-
$ % )) - - )
) ) $ % ) )) - ) )
)- -
))
) $ % - $ %-
45�/0167380 9:;��<=>?@AB
CD EFGHIJK�=LM�NOPQR��9:;���S0�T�UV��WX
45 �� YZ J[@9:;�\J]80=L ^_�`ab7>?@AB cd��Tef\ghiA@8\ jjklmn�op0iqA@8 rW12sA@8 tief1u80 �7v\wxy
@z�rW123 { i| �� ���1�}A���� 1~�0sM�� ���'��� ����\WXsA@8 ���� ��7v �P������X�>2=L8��9�i�S0g�� \� �P�\zi|��� ����� \�T��S0sAt>WXsA@80���L8 ��0WX\�8ef\y@rW12sA@8 ��49:;���=JB 9:;�� @¡���=0� ¢�ef�£¤1u8M}>�� �¥¦§¨0��4P�\©�> �ªJghirW12sM\«�{ ¢�ef�rW1uM0/¬ �P�\y@z�rWJB]}A®¯J ��°��T��S0xrW12 { 12sM ��±²³ �´ 123�3efBi�qM P�\µ]@�|^_`a¶\·=@op>?@AB
�
�
�
�
�
�
33
kg kg
:
properties of soils
*
PLFed Alo Feo Sio pF
pF *PL
g kg mm
HC
CL
CL
LiC
LiC
SL
LiC
LiC
CL
LiC
LiC
SiC
LiC
CL
SL
SiCL
LiC
CL
SL
L
LiC
CL
CL
LiC
SiC
SL
CL
Al
Ca, Mg
pH .
+
+
,
+
4
+42+42
243 +4+ 34. +4- -40 +/4* -+4, /*4- ,4/, *4.2 *4.* +4+3
+.43 .-43 +34- +340 +343 ,24- ,14. ,.4- *43+ *403 *40/ +4*0
04+ ,4* /42 *42 14/ /+41 ,/4* +/42 +41- *4.- *4-2 +4++
+,4, ,4* +-4* *40 342 -+43 -+42 ,04/ *43+ *4/* *4-1 +4-.
+043 +4, +/41 *4. .40 ,,4/ -140 -/4- +43- *4.0 *4-- +4-2
,41 -4/ ,43 +4- ,.42 .04- ,-4* /42 +430 *4-3
+*4/ *41 +*41 *4/ /4, -34/ ,+4- -.4* ,4*+ *4.* *4-* +4-+
++42 +4- +,4, *40 ,40 ,-4/ -/4* -34* ,4-* *4.* *4-/ +4+0
,43 +4+ -4, *4/ +-4, .241 ,*4- +142 +4,. *4-, *4-+ +4*-
/4- .4/ .42 +4- +342 ,04- ,+43 -,4* *43- *4-+ *4,3 +4*3
140 +,42 341 ,4- ,+4- -*4* ,-40 ,/4+ *4., *4., *4-0 +4+0
++42 +4, 141 +4+ ,40 +242 .-43 -.41 *421 *4.3 *4-3 +4,1
+-43 ,43 24- +41 ++4* +141 -*42 .*40 *421 *4-1 *4,1 +4-2
+,40 *4/ 34. *4/ 14+ /*4. ,,4, ,*4- +4+, *4-- *4,1 +4,-
/4/ ,4/ .4, *4/ ..4. ,-4+ +240 +.4* ,4.. *4.* *4-2 +4*1
141 *4- 04, *4. ++41 ,24, .,4/ +140 *402 *4-+ *4,/ +4,0
+042 *42 ++4+ *40 +041 -*4+ ,141 ,/40 *422 *4-3 *4,1 +4.0
14+ +41 .4. *4/ +34, ,24. ,14* ,/4. *43+ *4,2 *4,, +4,1
04+ *4, /4, *41 /+4. ,.43 +/43 142 +4.2 *4-1 *4,0 +4.,
.4/ *4. -41 *4/ +34- -34, -*42 +*41 *43, *4-/ *4-+ +4+,
+*41 +4, 14- *42 .4- ,.42 -34* -,4* +4*2 *4.- *4-/ +4,.
24, +4, /41 *41 14+ -,4. -043 ,-40 *423 *4.2 *4-, +4.3
341 ,40 24- +4+ +24* -24/ ,,40 ,*43 *4/+ *4-+ *4,2 +4+*
241 +4+ 04- *4- 143 +/4, -34/ -14. *4/- *4.0 *4-, +4.+
043 *41 341 *42 ,42 +*4. .34, -140 *43+ *4-0 *4,3 +4,0
+4/ *42 ,4* *4- .34+ -*4+ +.4, 040 +403 *4,,
+43 *41 ,4. *4. ,14- --4/ ,.4* +/4, *43. *4-* *4-- *43*
0/
0
/
1 1 *
�
� �
������� � �����
���� ����� ��� !"# $ %&��'( )
*+ *+ , " -
./0 12345678591:591;<6=>?@AB >CDEFCDEF5GHIJKLMNO919 /PQQRS56T>UVWOXYZ[;>Z[;>Z[ \91]^=>_`
a '( bc de ��f� g ��h !"#d'( ij)g $d kg
�� � *+�lm����
n;
n;
e g� � �e �
� e � eg e
ge e
o! � p q
rs d tu v wxyz{�s|m}s c~ � � �!)���� � ���� 2������ ���L�K oi�� 345!��� ��~� 0 1h;< ��um}Ls�w��h�����h�� v � � i ¡ !� � u¢<�£��u ¤!¥
v¦y §!��u¨©�£�hª«#� �!����id ¡ !� u¢<��hdsLs¬�u ¡ n;®¯���
°����!� � ! ± ²¬�!³ ´ ���� � ! ����µ¶d ·¸)n
�
� � � ���
�
�� �
�
�
�
��� �
� �� �
��
��
��
� �� �� � � � � �� �� � ���
! � " �"
�# "� $ % � ��
�
����������
� ���������������
� �
� � �
�
�
�
34
Crust properties formed using a rainfall simulator
no
kg kg
mm mm mm mm
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
# U
# V
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
: mm h, mm h
kg
pH
.
X
Table
+*3 ,**2
4
+ .
+ *421 +4** +.40 ,4+ 1 3 24+ +
, *420 *4.3 /42 *4* . 2 ,4+ ,
- *42. *402 +-42 +42 1 +* ,4/ +
. *4/3 *410 24+ *4/ / 1 -4* +
/ *41, *41- +/4. .4/ + , -43 +
0 *43* *4-3 +/4. ,42 . / +43 ,
+* *43- *41+ +04- +4/ 1 ++ ,4. +
++ *411 *43+ +340 +,43 0 2 .4, -
+, +4** *410 +141 -4- . 3 +4. +
+. , *430 *423 +,4- +41 . 3 *4- +
+/ + *42+ *42* +34* +*4* . 3 *42 -
+0 *42. *4-- ,+4/ +24, / 3 ,43 .
+1 *43. *430 +/4- 341 . / .43 +
+2 *42. *4,3 ,*4. 142 / 3 -4* ,
+3 *430 *410 -42 *4* . / *41 +
,* *4-2 *4,3 ,+4. +34- 2 ++ -4, .
,+ *4-2 *4-0 ,*4. +24* / 1 .4/ .
,, *43+ *4/2 +34/ 24, . 0 ,4, +
,- *401 *41+ +340 ++4- / 0 -4, -
,. *41/ *4.2 +143 +42 - +* ,4. ,
,/ *43, *423 +-40 24* , - -43 +
,0 *4-3 *4,+ ,*40 +-42 1 +* .4, .
,1 + *4/+ *4., +34* 14* 0 1 ,4, ,
,2 , *4-0 *4,+ +143 -42 . 0 -4. ,
,3 *41* *4+3 ,+4. ,*4* 1 +* 142 .
-* *430 *421 +,4/ +42 - / +4+ +
-+ *4/- *4-2 ,*43 +,4, 0 +* ,4. .
+3 -1
.
+* +*
*4/ + -, .*4/
0
1 * +
+
,
-
-
- .
� �
�
�
� �
�
�������� �����
� ���������
������ �� � �� � !"#$% !"#!% &'�
������ ( ( ( ( (������ ( ( ( ( (�� � �� � !" #$%!" #!%
) *+�,�-./0 � 0 0 0 �1�234567
� ��������8
9: ������;"<��=>?@AB�� �����CBD�EF���8
��
�
�
�
��
�
�
�
� � � �� � ��� �
35:
Crusts formed using a rainfall simulator.
Correlation between crust properties
kg kg
*** * **
* *
kg ***
kg * *
***
: : : : :
Relationship between crust properties.
Photo
Table
Fig.
4
+ .
40-,. 4.-2, 4.3*/ 4-111 4+3*+ 4,023
4.2+2 4.002 4-+/- 4--*/ 4+*/+
+ 41.23 4-/*. 4-0-3 4-*01
. 4-3-0 4,.-* 4.,.-
41/,+ 4-/00
4*/10
+* / + *4+
,
,
.
.
,
,
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�������� ����������
������ �� ������� �� � ! ! "# "# $ �
%&' ( ( ( (
) *�+ ( ( ( ( (
((
,-�(
./ (
,-*� ( ( ( ( (
01,-2 ( (
34*5678 ( ( (
( ( ( ( (( ( ( (
*�9:;*<= ( ( ( ( (( (
� ( ( ( (
>? ( ( ( ( (@? ( ( (
ABC 9D� ( (E ?/ ( ( ( ( (
F �GHI JA ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (
K�LM N O ( ( ( (
PQ�R8 N O ( ( ( (
S 8T�U�VWXY � Y Y Y �Z[\]^_`ab4cD8XK�LM�PQ�R8X? �[de[fghijjk lmY nopqX
a Y aY a
aa Y a Y YN O Y Y
a Ya
a Y YY Y Y Y
Y
r�E s ��ftuov wj xy� [Xz {j |}3~��X "#��������^_�\���������m���^�f���{ {j ������X "#���� �Z[\���E ������t�`v��X�g����� ]���^_{j ��E ���� g��^_`�ov n�jk E s pr��xy� �b4 �Xghij wj��� ��� ����tw�kcD � t �¡ ���E ��������� j¢.[X ���E ��m� GH� �Z[���7^£¤{j \]���^_{jm n�¥[X\]g��X¦k��������E ���e�§��¨.���� oghij7^© t_{j "ª«¬:���X ® ! � "ª«¬:��� |}3~��������������� "#��� "#��� � ¯ª�°�������7^±²{j�³´ "ª«GHgµz���t¶�¡ �Z[\]���^_ ¬:���[X¯ª�°� |}3~��[X¯ª�
� ��
�
�
�
� �
� �
��
�
� �
�
� �
� �
�
� � � �� � ��� �
�
��
�
Correlation between crust properties and soil physicochemical properties
kg kg
pH
*
Fed
Ca **
Mg **
K
Na *
***
* *
*
*
Alo *
Feo
Sio *
Mno *
Alo Feo *
**
*
** ***
***
***
* ** *
pF *
PL *** *
PL pF * *
: : : : :
kg
kg
kg kg
Table 4
+ .
*4**3 *4*2, *4*02 *4+1+ *4,3* *4-+- *4+.3
*4*3- *4*0+ *4-21 *4+12 *4+-0 *4*-- *4+.0
*4+3/ *4**/ *4*-1 *4+22 *4*3/ *4,-- *4-1*
*4+-+ *4-13 *4*1/ *4*., *4+13 *4*13 *4/32
*4*.3 *4,+1 *4*.. *4*2- *4+3- *4*32 *4/,3
*4,.1 *4,,. *4+/2 *4*+0 *4+,2 *4+0* *4,.0
*4*1/ *4*1, *4*03 *4,,+ *4,21 *4+/+ *4.-*
*4+,. *4-00 *4*0* *4*0- *4,*1 *4+** *40--
*4*1* *4*-* *4,1. *4+2- *4-2* *4*22 *4.*/
*4+// *4-01 *4,+* *4*.2 *4**2 *4*/, *4-33
*4+1, *4,33 *4.+0 *4+31 *4*.. *4**- *4+-3
*4+/3 *4**. *4./3 *4,/+ *4+.1 *4*,2 *4,*/
*4*30 *4*/2 *4,+/ *4*+* *4*,+ *4*11 *4-+3
*4+-2 *4*./ *4... *4,,/ *4+*+ *4*-. *4+*,
*4+,+ *4-13 *4*1. *4+0+ *4+-/ *4+,0 *4.12
+ , *4++1 *4**3 *4... *4,+0 *4+-, *4**2 *4+*3
*4+-2 *4+01 *4,12 *4,,. *4,.. *4,/0 *4/,2
*4+-, *4*/1 *4*-1 *4-,+ *4++/ *4,3* *4.1*
*4-1. *4,1, *4-+/ *4/++ *4+3- *4*3. *40-.
*4*,/ *4,1, *4*1+ *4+-+ *4+-0 *4*,, *40,,
*4+3* *4*23 *4+20 *4-12 *4+*3 *4**. *41*.
*4./0 *4.20 *4-0* *4-2- *4*+1 *4,*+ *4+,0
+42 *4*0- *4*-0 *4-30 *4+/3 *4*,+ *4*-, *4,+3
*4,,- *4+,1 *40+, *4-31 *4+*1 *4*+1 *4*1-
+42 *4.*0 *4+21 *4,/- *4--* *4**2 *4,31 *4.,-
+* / + *4+
,/ ,14
+
+ +*
+/
,* +*
1
+ .
/ *
/
/
�
�
N O ����� · W36 +*3 ,**2
���������� � �������������
�������� ������
������� ������� !"#�$%&�
'( )*+,-./012�34%56 �������7� ��8�����
� �
�
� �
� �
�
� �
37
Relationship between exchangeable acidity
:
Relationship between aggregate stability Relationship between clay contents and
and infiltration rates. aggregate stability.
Relationship between hardness of crusts and soil properties.
Relationship between crack area ratio
of crusts and sand contents. and residue of regression of crack area
ratio on sand.
Fig. Fig.
Fig.
Fig. Fig.
- .
- .
/
/
0 1
0 1
������
� �� ������
����������� ��� �
� ��� � ��
��� !"#$%&'$( )$( *+%,-./01 -23452345$6789:;<=>( ( �?@@AB$%C-DEF>GHIJ*-IJ*-IJ �( KL,-MN
O PQRSTUV W � V X,V Y Z[\]TUV ^_�`TUV X, Y Z[\]TU��aV X, ^_�`TU��aV ,bc��d^_�`TU�Y Z[\]TUV ���d � ��dPQRSTUV W� � X,efgc
V c Vh i V
h ic VV c V
cV
V c Vc V V V
�� ^_�`TUjd� ��� �����jk � �]^Udlm��n&opq r�7stjuv�� ���� w Yx�u�yz{ |}~{ g��� �� y��{�� yj��g; 4����y��}q� � Yx�u�� w �nu�yz�g�y PQRSTUyr���e��Yx�u�����d�� �y � ���y� ��� �������eg����}q� �~��}q� ���Y Z[\]TU�PQRSTU� ���uPQRSTU�� �y ���{�ju�y� ����efg��~} �� ��j� pq��;�}�{ �:{¡d {;:~� y��}q d���;{ ¢ PQRSTUd£¤¥¦����� :d PQRSTUd §���yz; s¨� ���k�� �©�¢ ��ª«q¡{¡ ¬y�]^U�&®�¯°e ��{�����}q ±j² ����³´�ª µ*jPQRS
� �
� ��
��� �
� �
�
� ��
�
�
�
��� �
� � �� �
� � �� �
� � � ��
��� � �� �
�� �� ��� �
� � � !" # $
�
� �
�
�
�
�
*
Clay mineralogy of soils
no *
Ch- Ct-Kt Mica Chro Verm Smec Qt Kt Verm Smec
Vt Sm
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
# U
# V
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
* : Kt : Mica : Chro : Verm : Smec :
Ch-Vt : Ch-Sm : Qt :
* : Ch-Vt Ch-Sm,
kg
kg kg
Table
,
+
+
,
+ + + - + ,* ,* 0* 2* * ,*
, + + * * * * * +**
- , + - - + ,, * -- -- * 01
. + + , - + +. * .- .- * /1
/ + + + - + +1 * /* /* * /*
0 + - + , * * * * ,* 2*
+* , + + - + ,3 +. .- /1 * .-
++ - + + + + , , + ,1 3 3 +2 -0 ./
+, - , , + .- * * * * +**
+. , , - + .* * * * 0* .*
+/ + , - + .* * * * 0* .*
+0 , + - + -- +1 /* 01 * --
+1 - + , + , + -- ,, ++ -- ,, ..
+2 - , + , + + -- ,, * ,, ++ 01
+3 - + + , + .- * +. +. ,3 /1
,* - , , , + -- ,, ,, .. * /0
,+ , + - + -- * +1 +1 /* --
,, , , + , + - ,/ ,/ +- -2 * 0-
,- - , + , + + -- ,, ++ -- * 01
,. - + , + - .- ,3 +. .- * /1
,/ , + , - + ,/ ,/ -2 0- * -2
,0 - + + , , .- ,3 * ,3 * 1+
,1 + , + , - + ,/ ,/ -2 0- * -2
,2 , - + , + , + -- ,, ++ -- ,, ..
,3 , + + - , ,3 .- * .- * /1
-* , + + - + ,3 * * * .- /1
-+ - , + , + , -- ,, ++ -- * 01
+ -
+
2 + .
+
+/
0
0
h i�� � ¶ ·��38 +*3 ,**2
�
�
�
� �� ���� �� ���
� � �������� �� �
���� �� �� �� �� ��
� � � � � ��
� � � � �
�� � � �
�� � � �
� � �!"
! � � �
# $ � � � �
�%�& �' �� �' �()*+� �' , � -. �/0� 123�- 45�6�789' � ' :; <1=>-
' ?'� ' ' @ -
' -' '
- ' � @ '
' � @ '-
- '' ' '
- '- '
' ' � @- '
' ' - '� ' @- '
' '' ' -
- '' -
� @ '' '
' � @-
- ' � @ ' ''
' -@@ '
' ''
- � @ A '
��B(�C D 9 �%�& �CE � & �9�� �� F GHI J�K>3DLHMD � N O PQ FRSTU3L V��W�%�& ��� ;����C;XK>3Y� �� �C DB(�1="D3Z[\] �Y�WU3L ����� "� � ���^F;9 �()*+� �_ DB(�1=�U3D ��U9 �� � & \� ; `^ C3 V��W �� �K�()*+� �C X3 �3M��K �%�& DB(�1="D3� 3����C;XDab��c ��� 1 3U����� K "�� 1dbMe�9 fg�%�& �hiC � �E U3L C jI �%�& ��;_�DbU3L ;9 3����C;XDab�e� 3����9;XLk1=�U3L1< �U3L�_lmSTL �%�& ��B(� no����pq;� r 1 s>L� �t C � � O 6�Z[\]12X �� J � �u(&;v "TU3L�%�& ;w3 1=>_�9Dab� O 6�Z[\ ��x�K �� ��; y Cw3z{]9�%�& �� |F�� �_B(�t C WSTD3 �}~;9 � 1�()*+� �_B(�t 1=�U�I �% ��� CEF�
�& ���� �C� �9lmSTD3 � �TU�I �����%�& ���Z[\]_�F �%�& �9 K C X� �9 �� ���]�_�;jL Y��"3 �� �%�& �� C C 3��� �� 9 t ���;Fw3 ;9�%�& ���a3 �K XD F�STL ; �])������;� �� C� F�TU ����� y �y Cw3�"TU3L ;jL � F�K "F���U3L�;9D3a�lmSTL L� ����1 ¡ ���%�& ��;w3
� �¢ �������^F¡3U9 . 1 ¡ � �9 F "TL �C �£�� Z[\]1 3� ¤ F 9 y Cw�����9;XF�
¥�¦§;� � �� � F¡3U� � 3C � ¨� � 9����C FDIK>3�� �� � ���� �F GU �©a; �c�TU3L � �_�%�& �C bU3L �� C J 9w3� 1 3� �F�%�& ��w3 J Cª3h"T�U3L Y� S9 «�¬� U3L�9 ¨� � C ���T����_lm���]� 1 3U ¤¥�;����� �1 ST eTC�%�& �� ;9����C;XK
>3�"TL®FDb��¯�TL9w3 y � 3 J 1=� � ����� "F¡3U no���; WST��
_°D� ±[±�²� ��� ; 3 y %�& ��B(�t C ; �� �K�()�!3���� w3 1=>e�1 r� *+� �� DB(�C�TD3 ; 3���U3L ;9eTS���1³F �%� �C°Dab�z{9 � FªL� ;9D3
� ��
�� � �� �
�� �� � � ��
����� �
�
�
�
��
� ��� ��� � �� �� �
!"# �� $ � % &' () * ��
#+ �� �#+ �� � �� , �
#+ -�� . /0 �
12 �� � $ 3 4���
5 6 3 % �� &� ' 7 8 � ���� � 9� : 7 8 ;< ��
= � > ? @A �� B ��
� C D E �� %FGH - < @A
IJ�� %� � . �� K ��L �� < - M ;� � N 0O �� < �� �� P
A ���� � Q � �� 4 &Q D
R . S ;< ����� � �� � � T � �� UV
' % ? @A ��W ' T & � . ' & �
� �� 4�� . S � ��
;< �� � & � �� X >Y �� � ;< � �� 0O XY� 6 #+ ��
P Z[
�
��
�
�� � �
�
Oxisol Soil Taxo-
Correlation between clay mineralogy and crust properties
Sm Kt Vt Mica
*
kg * *
kg *
*
: Sm : Kt : Vt : Mica :
N
: :
:
Lemos
Taki,
kg
Stern
Alfisols, Aridisols, Mollisols
Wakindiki
Oxisols
Stern Vertisols
Vertisols
Ben-Hur
Wakindiki
nomy
FAO
et al.,
et al.
et
al.
et al.
et al.,
Table 4
4*23. 4*1,2 4+111 4*0+- 4*++2 4*,1. 4*.,.
4-+21 4-.-/ 4.0/, 4,2/3 4*,33 4+1.3 4,+1+
+ 4-301 4.2.- 4/+0+ 4,.,+ 4*0-. 4*1-3 4+/,+
. 4,2/, 4--*2 4.032 4*.3. 4**1- 4*.-. 4*/-1
4*//- 4+-,. 4,33, 4**+1 4++3/ 4+1,* 4*-0-
4,-1/ 4.+*. 4+,3+ 4+++/ 4+.2+ 4*13+ 4,/2.
4+/0. 4,2.. 4./31 4-,.* 4.,1/ 4+.+3 4-0+0
+/ ,*
+* /
, +
+3/1
,**0
- .
, +
+321
+33+ +3
,**,
,**,
/
-
+332
1
1
¤¥��;´ "T� µ ¶ ������ �� �· ��^\] S O �^_ ` � � �� �� 39:
� �
������ � �� ���� � � ������ � � ������������
�� � �
�� � �
� � �� �� �
� � � � ��
�
��� !" # $
�%&'() *+,-./���0123���4� 546789:;7<= 54>?@(A7����BCDEA���FG@A7��H: I3 : JA"K:�L �����KM4N)OPQ'R)�STUV5W�8XYZ[\Y<�]4 :�]�^_�:`L ���:Ma5LQb<�%QAc�deMf>g hiR)j�4A7 j(4 &'()k�lm: �`L nopf �qrJ`7 s< tC����3u vwJ5xyz���F{A|k�} "BC5f~�4N)���(): ST 7Z7Z ��{7<01��M4W_��09�F�UVM�� 8XF�ZW���Y<�]4��M � �����F�c�R<= �>A�?f�@(p���5���:��R)�4%&'(A7 ����Y zf�A) `� �%&'()<*+,-./���23 ¡¢£�0123�¤¥A j('�!¦5¤bZ tCM7�(Z7) ���k�} F�����:§=)�¨���4 ©w �KM���ª":�7«¬ �����KM�
��
�� �
�
40
Vt Kt Sm
Relationship between hardness of crusts and X-ray di raction peck intensity of
vermiculite, kaolinite and smectite.
Vertisols
Vertisols
.
Fig.
+*3 ,**2
#
-/ + 03
,**,
2
2
����� � � �� � �
� �� �
��
� ��� �
� ��
� � � � � �� � �
� ��� ��
� � � �� � � � �� �
� � � ��
� � �� �� �� � �
� � �� �� �
� � � � �� � �
� � � � �� �
� �
�� ������ ��� �
������ ��� � ������ �� �! ��
���"�#$%&'()*" +,�-.�/ 01 2)1)&3456" /7 8�)9:��;<1�= > " 01�)&�;<1�� /�"1)
&"?2)=3456>@&A/ B�C��DE"����>F=�9*G9 � ?H>I= J KL�HM�N O; %P#�;<1�=
� > Q� ����/RS TU�V&�� +,�W.�/X& Y"&2@9�3456�>IZ %= [�\]/ � �>^��= _`���" "�abc4d>IZ eQfbghZ� � iQ� [� j�/ ) � klmno4d"S[:�pb��F=N "F= / &�;<1�=" $ q � �" fbklmno4d/r>sb���tu�vw�A&x�y %=)* L )z{/| ��= = }� ~ %=� �?2�9�/ �h� ��U~ " ������"7�Q > �Q���QAO " ���[h)& / �I:A/ ��� %=" �" ��=7 QO w)& �sb���tu �f4k>@&A/����7 �����Q� "� � �m�� ���A&= fbP1�A&= � -� � >I= klmno4d/~ ~ �/ #) �� � �/����7 �� �� ��$ �U> T� " e Q Bv � 7 ���� "�h=�� �U�~ � 91~ Qfbklmno4d�S[� � ���b��/ ����7 Q� M �������"�#� MIZOIZ
�����"�#� �� " 01� �)���S[%� w�A&=A&= ¡¢£¤¥ h� � � � fbklmno4d/ ����� �>S[=¦ >� QA ����7 ��� G¦ MOF=" �S[= MOF= h� DEO�
O §��A&= ¨© �>ª<A O�ZF«1�A¬Z V&��" 2� -� ��7 �� � AO > 9=IG) M � � MQQS[� �� �� ® �*¯19 & � = >S[ZG=�;<1� h�°±²O �QO���>I:A+,³-Q�3456� ´ � ���� µ�/)&�;<1�= +U ����M Q� 3456 7 8>¶ ®�) & �·>O IZX&7� "�#A=3456/ 7 / #&" � �/F &= M>/ fbklmno4d�N O¸ %=hZS[1)&3456/ /�"="? "F=�;<1�=
� �� � ��
�� � � �
� � � ��� � � �� �
� �� �� � ���� � ��
�� � � ! "
# �� $ %&'� �� ( ) *+, -.� / 0 123 ��
� 4 �� 5 (6 23 7 8 9 %& 4 : �
9 ; �� <= > �? @�� � � A ����B
� � C � B �D EFG �H 9 I 9�J � ��
� ��� � KL $ +, -8 �M � 9 <* 9
N �� � O <* OPO �Q � R
GS� D E �� TQ � Q O UV OW�C X KL 4D EFG � �� � Y O � � O( Z [ ( \ @
] < ^ TW� _ � �� [ ` �? %&']
�� � � �� ( O a�� �� @b
�
� ������� ���������� ��
�
� ��
�
�
��
�
�
� �
41:
Image of relation among crust formation and soy bean emergence.
McDonald
.
mm kg collapses
kPa
A
kPa Taki
kPa
kg mm
et al.,
et al.,
Fig.
0 +,
3
+33*
,**/ +
+* .
-/*
-** -1*
/1*
,**1 ,**0
2**
,**0
. +*
/*
. -
,1
0
-
3
3
- /
�� �� ���� � ��
�� � � �����
���� � ��� �� !"�#$ ! !�%&�� �� '( ( ( ( )*+
, - .
- .
/ - .
- .
-
01234�%&��� 5 � � 6
$ $ $7 7
$ 8 - . $7 $
7 $ .$$ 7 $
$ 9- .7 $ $
$ ! $ !- $ $ $
$ .7 $ $ $ $- .7 7$ $
$ $$ 7 $ 7
$ 9- . $
7 $ $ 7 $7 $
$ -- .$ .
$ - .$ - 7. " ' " ' $
- . 7$ $ $
$ $ - . $7 7 $
$ $ $
: ; <= ���> ? *#
@ 1A<=B /+�%&�?)C� D)EFG ���� � ; ) ( �� 1 C*@ ? 4 B@ HI 0)C4 )J KL���)B @ B � C / 1M+=B /+�%&��)CNO+ P* PQ<� @ � C+R�S�)B/+�%&�1T4 0 U� V?W )C4 <H< @ � B +? X+)� �YZ�[\ ? ] ^+_�B F` �` A ? )ab IB PQ<� c� /#*I*+�%&�?)C
� )FG 1@ P Kd4�e P 4 Pf+gO ; )B h �iD? j <=+4 k )E lIB� ^+�) E^# =+4? mn�op���%&�?)C=EFG� 1qrP bNO#< �� &s�tp����� E^+P 0Kd4uv wP x<=+4 yz { PQ< |�}H � � ~���Y%�� � c�� )B @ 1Tb p� �> > *�E ] ^� E� O4��IL4 + PQ<��Lc)���P D<= � ,/ 1T � ) O4�%&�� B �� � �4�%&��� P O4��1 _��L4 N �� CK ��� ���� �*�� P 1 <� � � 1M+= _ * �? D 1A O4 �����B (,� 1�%&��� ? C+R�S�PJ )C4 1 <� � P +���)ab c�� ���IL4 � � ; P � HI � ) 1 O4�%&�� P O4�<� � ? ; � ��1a4 DB B <+ <H<*?I )C4��t�F 16�%&��� ? *+ �,1a4��� c� �= �T�* ; P �D�d= ¡=+#�� <� R�S�P|L¢L� ; )J �1T¡= £ )Ba4?�� �^+ a<� D1¤ <�R�S� |��¥�� � 4+B�� � + P <=+#�?)C4
? (, / ~¦) ��IL4( �; )J <��� 1 <=<# KL�iD P§¨<�
P�4 � ,� C+R�S�B ©ªP«�1a�b � )B ¬®� � ���> � �YZ�[\ ¯� ° u ± 1
� ; ) ] T#J KL=+4 c� � � HI² � ³c)´µ Cc<� c� R?*+R�S�B � � > �S�� )B � �¶�©ª�A1´µ Cc
��� �� � �
� �� � � � � � ���
� � � � ���� �
�� �� �� ���� �� � � �� �� �� � �
���� !��"
# !��"
� !��"
# !��"
$% �& �� � '
�� ( � ) � * +,�
- . � � �� ( � !��� - / $ - % " 01 -" � � �� 23 -"
% 4 � 5 - � � 6 7 8 9 9 �: !��"
�;� �� � - <= >? �� �� (@ A � !��" %
� / $ � �� � !% B C DE� F ��" �� �G > - ��� H � � � I�� 7 � J !��"
K ��� � � . =L � M �� �� �� � �� 0NO � � P Q
� R ST �� � U V W � 0 XY Z � [ ��
� \ �� ( ]^_ 2� � `a =L � bc> c�� �� ( \ . d e[ f� * V R �� ( g
[ �� ( 0 � � h.. i � � � � h. j�
# ��� �� ( 0 � # '! �� !��"!��" ��� � 1 � �0k ��� � � � 6 . +l= m nol= p0kq9�� ( 7 0 ��� [ k r stuv �� � � � �w x st
�
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
� � ��
�
�
�
�
� �
� � �
�
� �
� ��
�
Alo Kt Vt Sm
. mm . g .
kg
N
N
N
N
Soil properties for crusting risk estimation on soybean emergency
. . .
Al
Taki
Taki
Ben-Hur b
mm
N
kg mm
Alo X
et al.,
et al.,
Table
-+ * 0/ .* +/ +* + / 3** , 1 ,-* .*
.. 01 -/ +** /2 /* /- // ./ ./ /0 /-
+, +/ ,- - +, ,, +1 ,* ,, ,, +0 +3
/0 2- 1/ 0- 01 2* 1* 20 0* 0* 1- 1/
+/ +, . ,. +/ / +* 1 / / ++ 2
-- .1 .2 +** ., -0 .1 -/ -0 .+ .. .,
3 +/ ,- - +, ,, +1 ,* ,, ,, +0 +3
01 2- 1/ 1/ 1- 2* 3* 1+ 2* +** 2, 22
+2 +, . ,. +/ / +* 1 / / ++ 2
-
4
.* 2*
* - 2 3 - +
01
,**0
, -
,**1 +* .*
+32/
2 .
2
,1
/* . +*
+*
2
2
�
- .� ·�� �T� y42 +*3 ,**2
� � � � �� � � �
� � � � � ��
� ��
� ��� �
� �� � � �
�� � �
� � �� � �
� � � �
� � �� � �
�� ������������������ !�"#$�%�&'"�()
*� �+, -./012345678 345 9:;< =�>? @ABCDE FG�%678 0 H I� JKL (M N O,P � Q R STUV �WX$TYFG� Z� �[\]��*^_`a*� bb,c* def �$��Q R / ghij klmno�*ap
= q r�s �-t uvw�x�%�Q " y z {|}��~� ����,(p�34
��� ��y����x ,��p�����
� � � ����,e���� �} ���
/0� Rj �� ��Rj ���6� ¡�H¢£ ¤¥ kl
/ �V¤¦j§¨ © ª«�¬o*o �6� ¡®6 /VQ¯°��~�1234± ²³ kl
�%FG´µ �¶·j �%FG´µ ¸¹ kl
�
�� �� � � �
�
� � � �
�
� ��
� �� � �
� �
�� ��
� �
��
�
�
�
� �
��
� �
��
�
�
�
��
�
� � �
�
��
� �
� ��
�
43
rd
Poorly ordered silica and aluminosilicates as tem-
Ben-Hur, M., Assouline ( ) : Tillage e ects on water
system. Research opportunities. Aust. J. Soil Res.,
:
:
pp.
Holder, C.B. and Brown, K.W. ( ) : Evaluation of
simulated seedling emergence through rainfall
induced soil crusts. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., :
Asgedom, G.G. and Hasegawa, S. ( ) : The e ect of .
raindrop impact and initial soil conditions on :
surface crust formation. :
.
: .
and salt distribution in a Vertisol during e uent : pH . . MKCl
irrigation and rainfall. Agronomy J., : CEC : .
. Lado, M., Ben-Hur, M. and Shainberg, I., ( ) : Soil
Ben-Hur, M., Shainberg, D., Bakker, D. and Keren, R. wetting and textuure e ects on aggregate stabil-
( a) : E ect of soil texture and CaCO content ity, seal formation, and erosion. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
on water infiltration in crusted soil as related to J., : .
water salinity. Irrigation Science, : . Le Bissonnais Y. ( ) : Aggregate stability and as-
Ben-Hur, M., Sheinberg, I., Keren, R. and Gal, M. ( sessment of soil crustability and erodibility : I.
b) : E ect of water quality and drying on soil Theory and methodology. European J. of Soil
crust properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., : . Science, : .
Bennett, O.L., Ashley, D.A. and Doss, B.D. ( ) : Lemos, P. and Lutz, J.F. ( ) : Soil crusting and
Methods of reducing soil crusting to increase some factors a ecting it. Soil Sci. Soc. Proc., :
cotton seedling emergence. Agronomy J., : .
. McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J.
Bresson, L.M., ( ) : A review of physical manage- and Hopkins, M.S. ( ) : Australian soil and
ment for Crusting control in Australian cropping land survey, Field Handbook. CSIRO, pp. ,
Canberra Australia.
: . Morin, J., Goldberg, D. and Seginer, I. ( ) : A rain-
Cattle, S., Cousin, I., Darboux, F. and Le Bissonnais, Y. fall simulator with a Rotation Disk. Transaction
( ) : The e ect of soil crust ageing, through of the ASAE, .
wetting and drying, on some surface structural Nishimura, T., Nakano, M. and Miyazaki, T. ( ) :
properties. Super soil : . Australian New E ects of clod size, raindrop size and initial mois-
Zealand Soils Conference, December , ture conditions on surface sealing of Kunigami
Univ. of Sydney, Australia. CDROM, Website mahji soil. : .
www.regional.org.au/au/asssi :
Chartres, C. J., Kirby, J.M. and Raupach, M. ( ) : pp.
:
porary cementing agents in hard-setting soils.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., : . pp.
: Rathore, T.R., Ghildyal, B.P. and Sachan, R.S. ( ) :
pp. Germination and emergence of soybean under
FAO ( ) : Topsoil characterization for sustainable crusted soil conditions. I. E ect of crust imped-
land management. Land and Water Develop- ance to seedling emergence. Plant and soil, :
ment Division Soil Resources, Management and .
Conservation Service. pp. , Roma. Rolston, D.E., Bedaiwy, M.N. and Louie, D.T. ( ) :
,**, #
+332
.
+.. +./
+31.
,**/ # 1*/ 1+*
,**0
0/ -
1/ +
, +-, +-/
% ,**+ 1 * + *
+,3/ . //* //-
+-*. ,**.
#
+32/ # -
+33, +333
,2+ ,3. +330
+32/
#
+3+ +30 .,/ .-1
+30. +3/1
#
.2/ .3+
+0, +0/
+33/ +33*
+.+ +.,
+3/ ,*3 +301
,**. # 1. 11
+333
,**. - #
/ 3 ,**.
+33 +1 ,,
+321
+33* +-+ +/*
,**1
,
+*0* +*01 +*3 ++, +03 +1+
+331 +32+
+ .+2
+332 #
31 +*/
+0 +1 +33+
-2
+**
1/
3. 1,
02
0
.3 .1
,+
/0
--
/.
0,
�� � �� � �
� �
� � � �� � � �
� �� �
� ��
� � �� �
� � � �� �
� �
� � � �� �
� �� �
� � �
�
� � ��� �
� � �
�� � �� ��� �� � � �� !" #$%&'()�*� !" *+ & , +-./�012 � �
34 5 67 �8 # �- 9
34 5 :� ; <=> ? 7 � �@A� � B�C�DEFGH I�JKLM� NO
PQR �K S TU V W� X YZ� �� ��[7\] ^ _LM �
PQR [7\] ^ _ �C�� !"#$ `-a '9 � �bcde � �
f� �& '9g�hij �k l)gm�n V o V p� !"�C� � n 'qrgm� stpf � �7uv� !" wxnyz{|�l-}��Wp ~� �- �� ijuv��9 � - mg ����� �C{� !" �l� ( ' � ��� � ' ��- � � �����C{ i����p# �f� !"'�ql)�� ����pf n#$l) � !" �7' � �7 � ��pf �� � f �� � �' �p��3m��-�9 � !" � f ��"� ' �� ¡��¢£¡¤¥ ' ��-�9 ¦ ^fa� �§$'��n �v) � !" �7' � ' ��pf ¨©ª«E"'¬®¯¢ E" °±�n q �.²!³�´E" ±�nµ¶�g q �p� nm'm·��n �v)
� � � ��� � � �
�� � �� �
��
� � �� � �� � �� �� ��
� � � � �� ��
� � � � �
� �! "# $ � % �
& ' � () � �! () �
* + � �� ��
�� � � � , - � .�$ � %/0 12 34 $
5 ,6 7 8 � 90 :; � � � <
�, �=, > ? @ A BCD E
F G H I JKC L � �
1MN MN F ?L
� �
�
� �
� �
� � �
�
�
��
�
� �
� �
�
44
:
:
logical characteristics of soil surface crusts formed
: .
Taki, O., Godwin, R. J. and Leeds-Harrison, P.B. ( ) :
Tanaka, U., Yokoi, Y. and Kyuma, K. ( ) : Morpho-
Micropenetrometer for in situ measurement of
soil surface strength. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., : under Simulated Rainfall. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.,
. ( ) : .
: :
: . : .
Stern, R., Ben-Hur, M. and Sheinberg, I. ( ) : Clay Updhyaya, S.K., Sakai, K. and Glancey, J.L. ( ) :
mineralogy e ect on rain infiltration, seal forma- Instrumentation for in-field measurement of soil
tion and soil losses. Soil Scinece, : . crust strength. Transaction of the ASAE, :
: .
Wakindiki, I.I.C. and Ben-Hur, M. ( ) : Soil mineral-
ogy and texture e ects on crust micromorpho-
logy, infiltration, and erosion. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
: J., : .
:
The creation of longitudinal cracks in shrinking
soils to enhance seeding emergence. Part I. The : .
e ect of soil structure. Soil Use and Manage- :
ment, : .
: .
mm
Al
X
,**1 2 0,**2 . ,*
.+ ..
,**0
+33,
+*3 ,**2
.2+ .2/ . 0// 00.
+33+ +33/
.3 /+ +1 ,+
+33+ +33/
#
0 .// .0, -3
,**, ..
,**,
,**2 #
231 3*,
+332
0 0.. 0.2
# ,**0
+ +*
- +,
,1
-1
,
1-
// -2
-. 1+
+/, -2
13 00
03
,,
+*-
�
������� � �
����
� �
� �� � �
�
�
�
Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in North-
east Thailand Using Soil Water Storage Capacity
AMADA ATABE OROIZUMI
UKCHAN
In Northeast Thailand, permeable sandy soils are widely distributed. Most rainfall may in-
* Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences,
Owashi , Tsukuba, Ibaraki, , Japan
** Chugoku Shikoku Agricultural Regional Administration O ce, Azashosakai
, Kawabata, Itano, Tano-gun, Tokushima, , Japan
*** Okayama University, Tsushima-naka , Okayama, , Japan
**** Land Development Department, / Phaholyothin
Rd., Lardyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, , Thailand
filtrate the ground and there may be little surface runo . However, soil erosion caused by surface
runo has been reported. To investigate the mechanism by which surface runo occurs, we
selected a sloping area where the top soil consisted of a permeable sandy layer overlying a very
low permeability clay layer. We defined the soil water storage capacity of the sandy layer at a
particular time as the di erence between the maximum observed water content and the observed
water content at that time. We assumed that when the amount of rainfall exceeded the soil water
storage capacity, the excess rainfall became surface runo . As a result of monitoring of soil water
content in the sandy soil layer over a period of one year, the total amount of runo was estimated
to be about of the total rainfall and the periods for which our analysis showed that soil water
storage capacity was exceeded were followed by rises in the water level of a pond that surface
runo flowed into.
: Northeast Thailand, Sandy soil, Soil water storage capacity, Sloping layered soil,
Surface runo
ground surface. The permeability of the widely
movement of rainwater after it reaches the
The Northeast Thailand region accounts for distributed sandy soils in Northeast Thailand
one-third of the total area of Thailand. The is very high. Consequently, most rainfall may
topography of the region is undulating hills, infiltrate and there may be little surface runo .
and sandy soils occupy about of the area. However, damaging soil erosion caused by sur-
Annual rainfall is , , mm, and falls face runo has been reported (Mitsuchi
mainly during the rainy season, May to Octo- ; Sombatpanit ). It was di cult
ber (Kohyama and Subhasaram, ). Agricul- to explain the mechanism of the occurrence of
ture in the region is dependent on rainfall, but surface runo from the viewpoint of the per-
the highly variable monthly rainfall results in meability of surface soil. Watabe ( )
unstable crop yields. To use the available rain- hypothesized that surface runo would occur
water e ectively, it is essential to identify the after the sandy soil overlying a clay soil with
Hiromasa H *, Hiroki W **, Toshitsugu M ***
and Somsak S ****
et al.,
et al.,
et al.
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
Abstract
Key words
. Introduction
#
+ + -*/ 2020
$
, + 113 *+*,
, + + 1** 2/-*
,**- 0+
+*3**
#
# #
#
#
#
-*
#
#
#
2*
+ *** , *** #
+320 +33/ $
+33-
#
,**.
#
#
+*3 ./ /* ,**2
+
�
�
� ����� � �
� � �� �
� � �
� � �
46
Experimental site
(N : E : )
water storage capacity, the excess would become
very low permeability was filled with water. saturated hydraulic conductivity was on the
However, their research has not been verified order of cm/s in the LS layer and on the
experimentally. In this study, we measured the order of cm/s in the SC layer (Hamada
water content of the sandy soil overlying a ). From the permeability values, we
very low permeability clay soil on a hill slope inferred that rainwater infiltrated the ground
to verify the mechanism by which surface and is retained in the LS layer above the SC
runo occurs. layer.
We measured soil water content (at two sites,
Site and Site ), rainfall, and water level in a
We selected a sloping field covered by sandy pond (P- : area m ) (Fig. ).
soil in the Nong Saeng village, about km Soil water content in the LS layer was meas-
south of Khon Kaen city. In the rainy season, ured using Profile Probe (Delta-T Device, PR /
farmers in this area cultivate rice in the low- ) at depths of , , , , and cm at
land, and sugarcane in the upland (Fig. ). The intervals of about one week between Septem-
surface slope of the sugarcane field in our ber , and September , . Using
study area was about . There were two these data, we estimated the soil water storage
ponds in the lower part of the sugarcane field. capacity of the LS layer. The soil water stor-
The water level in these ponds was not a ected age capacity on a particular day was defined as
by groundwater and subsurface flow (Hamada the di erence between the maximum recorded
and Sukchan, ), indicating that when sur- volumetric water content of the LS layer (June
face runo occurred, the water level would , ) and the measured value on that day.
increase markedly. We assumed that when the amount of rainfall
The soil from the surface to m depth was was less than the soil water storage capacity,
Loamy Sand (LS), clay, silt and all rainfall would infiltrate, and when the
sand. The soil below m depth was Sandy Clay amount of rainfall was greater than the soil
(SC), clay silt and sand. The
et
al.,
Fig.
Field investigation and analytical method.. Materials and Methods
. Study site
.
0
,
+*3 ,**2
+0 3 +*, .2
+*
+*
,**0
#
+ ,
+ -3* +
-/
+
0 +* ,* -* .* 0* +**
+
,* ,**- ,* ,**.
-
#
#
,**2
# +0 ,**.
+
1 , 3+
+
,1 . 03
+
, ,,
, +
�
�����
� �
�
�
47
TM
Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in Northeast Thailand Using Soil Water Storage Capacity:
Estimation of soil water storage capacity (at site on April , )
minutes with a rain gauge (SEC, WeatherBucket).
surface runo . The process for estimation of the rainfall was mm during the period of our
soil water storage capacity is shown in Fig. . investigation. The soil water storage capacity
We measured water levels in the pond P- by was calculated at intervals of about one week.
using survey instruments, GPS positioning It was therefore necessary to determine the
(Sokkia, RADIAN IS) in order to check the daily soil water storage capacity in order to
occurrence of surface runo . First, we meas- estimate the daily amount of the surface
ured the elevation of the bottom of the pond. runo . We calculated the daily soil water stor-
We then calculate the depth of water in the age capacity by using the following equation :
pond as the di erence in the elevation between
the water surface and the bottom of the pond
(error : . m). The water-level measure- where on day is soil water storage capac-
ments were recorded at intervals of one to two ity ( indicates surface runo ), is daily
weeks from March , to September , rainfall, and is daily evapotranspiration
. (September , was day one). We assumed
Rainfall data was collected at intervals of that deep percolation beyond a depth of m
was negligibly small. Daily values of used in
Equation ( ) were chosen by trial and error. We
used mm/day from September , to Jan-
Figure shows daily rainfall and calculated uary , and as mm/day from January
soil water storage capacity in the LS layer at , to September , , chosen so that,
site and (squares and triangles). The total values (Solid line in Fig. ) would follow
n n n n
n
n n
n
W W P E
n, W
W P
E
E
Wn
Fig.
. Results and Discussions
+
#
+ 1 ,**.
# +,00
,
+
#
#
#
* *,
* #
+ ,**. +1
,**. ,+ ,**-
+* +
+
+ ,+ ,**-
- +2 ,**. -
+3 ,**. ,* ,**.
+ , -
,
-
� ������ �
�
48
Daily rainfall and estimated weekly and daily soil water storage capacity
Estimated surface runo (Total : mm)
observed soil water content. Using obtained
face runo as the di erence between the amount
the trend of calculated capacities using weekly ber , (Fig. ). The total amount of runo
during the period of our study was estimated
with Equation ( ), we estimated the daily sur- to be mm, which was about of the total
rainfall ( , mm). The temporal relationship
of rainfall and soil water storage capacity. between daily surface runo and variations of
Our analysis results showed that the surface water level in the pond (Fig. ) shows that the
runo occurred between September to Octo- periods when the water level rose in the pond
ber , , in the middle of June, , be- coincided with periods of surface runo , thus
tween July and August , and on Septem- validating our hypothesis that runo occurs
Wn
Fig.
Fig.
+*3 ,**2
# -1.
# #
,* ,**. . #
+ -1. -*
+ ,00
#
/
# ,*
,* ,**- ,**. #
,* ,* #
-
.
�����
�
�
�
�
�
�
49Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in Northeast Thailand Using Soil Water Storage Capacity
and Hasegawa, S. ( ) : Soil water and ground-
under rozelle (Hibiscus subdari a L. var.altis-
Watabe, H., Hamada, H., Moroizumi, T. and Hase-
:
Relationship between estimated surface runo and depth of the pond (P- ).
Hamada, H. and Sukchan, S. ( ) : Monitoring of
radon- concentration in surface waters of
the Ban Phai subwatershed northeast Thai-
land using a method to concentrate radon by
air-circulation, JARQ, , .
Hamada, H., Moroizumi, T. Watabe, H., Srisuk K.
water in Nong Saeng, JIRCAS Working
Report, , pp. , Tsukuba.
Kohyama, K. and Subhasaram, T. ( ) : Salt-
a ected soils in northeast Thailand, their
salinization and amelioration. ADRC technical
papers, No. , pp. , Khon Kaen.
Mitsuchi, M., Wichadit, W. and Jeungnijiirund, S.
( ) : Outline of soils in the northeast pla-
teau, Thailand, ADSC Technical papers, No. ,
pp. , Khon Kaen.
Sombatpanit, S., Rose, C.W., Ciesiolka, C.A. and
Coughlan, K. J. ( ) : Soil and nutrient loss
sima) at Khon Kaen Thailand, Soil technology,
: .
gawa, S. ( ) : A mechanism of surface runo
at a sloping sandy field in Northeast Thailand,
Proceeding of Symposium of Japan Society of
Soil Physics, , Okayama, in Japanese.
exceeded soil water storage capacity, the excess
when the amount of rainfall exceeds soil water ganization, for his assistance in our field inves-
storage capacity. tigations.
This study identified the mechanism by
which surface runo occurs in a sloping area in
Northeast Thailand, where the soil from the
surface to m depth is LS layer and overlies a
very low permeability SC layer. We defined
soil water storage capacity as the di erence
between the maximum water content we ob-
served in the LS layer and observed values.
We assumed that when the amount of rainfall
water became surface runo . The periods
during which we estimated that surface runo
occurred coincided with rises in the water level
of the pond that surface runo flowed into,
thus validating our hypothesis that runo oc-
curs when the amount of rainfall exceeds soil
water storage capacity.
We would like to acknowledge the useful
suggestions for this research from Dr Shuichi
Hasegawa of Hokkaido University. We would
also like to thank Mr Chikara Ogura, from the
National Agriculture and Food Research Or-
Fig.
. Conclusion Reference
Acknowledgement
#
,**0
#
# +
,**2
,,,
., 0- 02
.1 ,1 -+
+33-
#
++ + /.
+320
+
+ 2*
+33/
,-/ ,.+
,**. #
+2 +3
#
+
#
#
#
#
#
/
2
.
����� � � ������ � � �
�
�� �
� �
� � �
� �
� � � �
� ���� � �
��������� ������� !"#�$ %�&' ()*+,"&-��(.*/�0$12�3456$� %�789):;<*=$� >?�@ABCD56#�$ EFG� ���������HI(JKL(2"#):;<�MN�OPQRS*T�#UV"& KL(�W�����.*X��Y�Z��[\0$ %�&' ���]*/�"&��Z�Y�^*_ 56 -� ������ � _ ` Jab&c ad �):;<2e$B�2f4"#ghJij"& � � _ ` � klmn�oklpq9r4"&����st� 2r4"&� �u24v"& gh�wx ):;< �y-� �z 2{<56 ):;<�MN0$2|456&c}2%�):;<�;~0$&'����^��c}�7�"&
���� ��� � � _ ` �YI: ):;<
���
��� ���FG���p ���T���t�"������� �������������
¡¢t£ ¡¢�¡¢�¤������(¥M�
¦§¨ ©ª«¬ ®¯° ±S²³´ µ´¶·�
�
�� � �
� � � �� �
� �
��
�����
� �
��� ������������������ !"#$%&'
� �� �� � �
�
� � �
50
:
:
m
:
*
**
***
**** / Phaholyothin Rd., Lardyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok,
* ** *** ****
,**2 + 3,**2 . -
+*3 ,**2
+
-*
-*/ 2020 + +
113 *+*, , +
1** 2/-* , + +
,**- 0+ +*3**
�
�� � �
����
�� � � ���� �� � � �� � � ��
� �
�
� �
�� �
� �
� �
� � � �
� � � ��
�
� � �
� !"# $%&'()*+,-./012%345
6 789:()%�;.<6=->?6 @?75
A5 �./BCDE0FG�
HI75 JK0 � ��6.-5L�MNO6�P* Q7R,-?MNO*� #ST787AU>?%
� ��V�WXY Z[\�;.*]?^_ � 3- >�MNO`�� �ST0 � �P� Z[�#� *a48b'8'->?#cdeK8'- \+afg[hi\��h*a48jk- MNOlm
*+,-� �Zn0MNOlm�opqr6ste� 0�uvw*+ x ypex5MNO�V�zh*]{|6+a}~?
'8�_&�b ?78� ~-5L � ��� 0 ���K- 7�7 MNO`�� �ST*?]&U��*+,-�� � � �����uvw+af�� ./<`�{|0>KA%���K8'&'��� � �b*+'8� & �6r578'-?���K- ./��6b�ex-�*� ��6� ?~-5L
0� ��� ��6./~-�Q6�y7 ��%�;.<6cd78'- �� ��%0 MNO*ST~-� #./*+a}�� ./�� 0 MNO���zh*+,-V�� ~{|6 ��~->? � ��+af����Z6 75]�%3- ~& ¡ ¢/�ypex h6 @?75�Q�£ £ eK5./BCDE5MNO6 ¤P*Q¥?_ ¤� �*¦ 78MNO�V�0zh~- >�MNO�V�zh*?]&UMNO���zh6./~->?%3- ��0 §6¨78� ��� ��# �©ª%
zb~->?cd~-??]* ./*+,- «¬6 �� ��./�Q� *
® ¯ ° ±² ³P´µ
�
�� � � �
� �
�
�� �
� � � � �
��
� � � ��
� � �� �
� �� �
� � � � � � � �� � � �
� � �� � �
�
� � �
�����
��
� � � �
��������������
����
��������� ������
� �
��
� �
���
�
�
� �
ANAYAMA ASUBUCHI NNAKA
*
:
Fujimaki
Susumu H *, Tatsuaki K * and Takeyuki A *
* Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi,
Tsuruoka, Yamagata, , Japan
We improved the measurement apparatus for convective velocity of ponded water in paddy
fields, proposed by Fujimaki ( ). Since the e ect of air bubbles accumulated along the
sensor on the measurement values was observed, we developed a new equipment to prevent air
bubbles from accumulating along the sensor. Another improvement was that the power sources
of all measurement devices in the apparatus were exchanged from AC power supplies to DC
power supplies. This improvement allowed us to measure convective velocity of ponded water
in paddy fields without AC power supplies. The good performance of the improved apparatus
was verified by the measurement of convective velocity of ponded water in a paddy field.
: ponded water, convective velocity, bubbles, DC power supply
Rose and Chapman, ; Mowjood ;
Mowjood and Kasubuchi,
Fujimaki
. . mm s
Fujimaki
* * *
Improvement of the Measurement Apparatus for Convective
Velocity of Ponded Water in Paddy Fields
et al.
et al.
et al.,
et al.
et al.
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
Abstract
Key words
+
331 2/// + ,-
,***
+ ,-
331 2///
,*** #
+302 +331
+332
,***
* + + .
,***
+*3 /+ /0 ,**2
, +
+
,
� �� ��� � �� ��� ���
� � � �
�
� �� �
��� ��� ��� ���������
� �
� �
� !"#$#
� �
% & '()* � � �+ ,
- . - . .. . � �. - .
� �. �. . . - .- . . . � -
� �� - .
. -
� -- / /
. . .. - - 0
-- . .
--
� � � � � � � �-
. . . . -� .
- . -- -
� 1 � � �2 � � �� �3.
. - -.
- .-
� 1 � � � �3
�45� 67�� �89: � ;$ $ ��
��� ��< �� ;$ $ �� �=8>? �@����������
�������ABCB DEFG@HI����
JKLMNOP� Q�R A�S T�UK V
� �WX�YZ� [(�<
\� ] ^ _
`a b �� , V'(c;dP�+ ��e f �8� G@H �(g���h �@e i# jN�k l m En(� o p qr @�? st Vuvawx Vuvy8��
� �4z�� { J� &Vuvawx? st�|}�B� f i# � EF I� V ~B A�WX V��y8e �5���
����� ;$ $ � EF ��e�9 �����S � ������ �� �X���R<���� � ;$ $ ���v a� ��f �<� S � @� � ;$ $ ��? s i#� J�[*� �#$#�� � ��� t �V�D��Z~B� A��S � �V� ;$ $ �� �R<��J� B@�? ;$ $ ��? st�=8>�������������� � ;$ $ ���������� � ~������< f i#� ����� �'�� ����� ��� '(��< � �� � rJ� 8�@>���#M;M jN�k� � � q� � J��e A� rf i#�[*� f i#S� ��l m�4 � � !"#$ �� � ��R<¡¢�'(�< '(£�J?�, � ¤� ¤�¥� �� �¦§�@>� ���< f i#��S � �� r �JUT ¨�B� ¤� ¤�ABCBG©� ��ª�� �B� ���«�¬®¯ T�z~���@� °±�
< ²³ �f i#S V ��<¡¢�´� a� ��S V ��<¡¢G@H f i#SV8aµ�`a ABCB '(�< ��
����� � ;$ $ ���������� '(Ga jN�k z�� ���#$#��jN�k z�� ���� �B@e ¤� z�� ��ABCB ��< �B�¶¤�¥� � � ���� ª�«��B�
, �f i#s�S � @��������� � ���<WX��e f i#��S ���'(¶���G@·���V9h�< �'¸¹h ��#$#�z � h �¥G©�f i#S � ��R<µ��º ��S�8aµ� � uvy8�< S ��
�X@� ���� �? V���S V ��
� �
� � �
�� �
� �
� ��
� �� �� �� � �
� � �� �
� � � �� �� �
�� � � � ��� � � �
� � � � !" �
� # $ � �� � � �
�% �
� �� � &
� '(� � �
� � �
� �� � � �
) � ) )� � *�
� + , � �� � � �
�
� ������� �����
�
� �
�
��
��
�
�
�
52
Ni
Ni G
G Ni
R
Greenkit ESD PC UV, NEC
mm
Fujimaki
Fujimaki
Outline of measurement apparatus for convective velocity (Fujimaki )
DCA F, DEICY
PA - . A, KENWOOD AD
. mm
. mm
cm
cm cm cm
P P
P P
P . V, . V
P
Ni G
Ni Ni
R R R
R R R
R
R R R R
et al.
et al.,
et al.,
V R R e
R
e
R e
e
e
e
e V R R R e V R R R
V
e e e
e V R R R R R R
e V R R R R
Fig.
, +
+
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , +
,
+ + + + , + + +
+
+
, + ,
+ + + +
+ + , ,
22 32*+
,***
+*3 ,**2
,***
,***
+
+++
, +2 + ,
* +* /**
* ++
+0
-3 +* 2
+2
+
+
-
+ / - *
,+ +
0* +** +2*
+*+ +
+
+
, ,
� �
� �
� � �
�
� � ��� � �� � � ����� ���
� �� �
�� � �
�� � �
� �� � � � �� �
� � � � �� �
� � � �� � �
� � � � ��
� � �� � � �
��
�� � � � � ��
�� �� � �
� �� � � �
� �� � �
� �
� ������ �!"�� #� �$ �%
&'( ) *�� � � +� �,
-./012345.3 � � �67.8 �9:� �9:���6;<=>� ?@3 � ��2A-� � BCD E�>�F6�.�
�GHIJKB � LM)�2NO P �QR+� S 6�- SK!+� T U S� /� FFKBF>=� S
�� � VW* � +�6* K�U��X �Y S KZ K[./\�] �� Y^_ XU ^��� � +� #FK ` � /�01 �a3 ��23 b ��c�� �* d�efdg h�* �� 6.� #FK ijMk� :+� b B
lmnoj � K pqA-QR�> O � r � s�tu �v+ �� �wx y P � b Bhz6 � � p �?�{! �|m}M~H �~��~|� }M~ ./�7�� K pqA-QR�� F�� ��HM) � l 6� P �i� /- �� KijMk�2NO P � b�� P �qA-d��� K[�28��� � :+�VWB#>�> 6 6� VWW�KP � SB lY p �q �� F � �� #�6[�#>�>� � bB i� S� �j� ��)� � jMk K \= O P K \=
K��� �� ����� �6 ��� #>�>� � b �B� �� ���� B 6�� .� �� ��K�3 b ��23�.5+��B K��+� *��6�-� P �� �M� ���9_+F6K��� K����nJK �� b�9 ��/- K !K[�28��m�� �* \= � >+�F6B *�¡ ���qA-9 �!"�� % �9 ��+�F6�.� ?@3 �� �* �����c %�v+ ¢= 9 B% � £�
*�¡ �¤@A-\= �¥¦+� �� K§@� KB £ 6 #>�>�� % B�� ��¨� /��� ��c\= £ B .�K9 B 6.�©�¥¦+�@K�ªCVW�2A- �«�¬ ��m��B �q�\� ®�7�K�� #�¯° �� �� � SB ± l�Y � pq ��c6 c�WK �«B¬.\A� #F % B!"��m��� ²K�� Kq
K GHIJKB ��³´� h��� � +� µ� b ���-¶ .·±²* ���+�28� �� � +�F6�v�>�
% Kv�>� ¸¨�2N��¹º PB
� �� � � � � � � �
� �
� � � � � �
� ��� �
� � �
� � �� �� � � � �
� � �� � �� ��� � �� � �� � � �� � � � � � �
� �� � � � �� �� �
! " � � #" �� � $ � � �
% � � �� & &
� � �� � � �� �� � �
� �� � �� � � � ��
' () � *+, �� - �� �� . � / - � - �
� 0 � -1 2 3� / � 4 5 � 2 2
� 6 -1 7 8�6
9 � � �� �& & �6 :; 5 �5 � & � < � &� � =
> �
�� �
�
�
����
� ������
� �����
��
��
�
��
�
� �
�
53:
Sensor with bubbles accumulatedE ect of air bubbles accumulated along
sensor on measurement for convective
velocity of ponded water
Fujimaki
AC
. V
V
FA- RA,
. V
ON OFF SDM-CD . V . V, . V
AC, Campbell Sci. . V
mm s
R R R R
. k . k
LM N Texas Instruments Inc
V P
. . mV
AD
R
e
et al.
PhotoFig.
+
+ * * +
#
,***
+ /
+ ,
- , - ,
. .
+-* +
0 , + ,.
+ , - *
+ /1 + // - **
+0 , 33 ,
,
/
,**1 /
. + ** . 30 /
-/2
+ 3 **0 +
+* 0
/ * * * -
+
+ ,+ ,
- ,
- +
-
�
�
� �
� �
������� �
������������������
� � �
�����
� �� �
� �� �
���� !"�#�$%&�
'(�)*+ , -
./01
2345��67�8�9:;<=>������?@ABC�;D�. �EF�GHIJK1 ?@ABC�;D�LMNO P
QR �S��.TUV W�S�X�YZV1 #�$%&����L �[\=A� ��C�].^_V ����.`7V1ab.;�c
�
�
��� ����� ���������
�
�
�
54
CR X, Campbell Sci.
Outline of equipment to lift up/down sensor
Disturbance of ponded water by lifting
up/down sensor
PS , Campbell Sci.
Equipment to lift up/down sensor
Fujimaki
cm
cm cm
V
et al.
Fig.
Fig.
Photo
+*
+*3 ,**2
+**
,***
-*
+** ,*
+,
-
-
.
.
,
,
.
�
� �
�
�
� �
���� ��� � ����
����� �� � ������������ !"#�$%�
& �& �� � � & � �
� �& &
�& &
&� ' � & � �
� &� � � �
& &� & � �
�()* +,-�./012-� 3 45�6780698*:;<;=
>?@�A BCD�3 45�EFGH����
IJKL�M�NOPQRSTSU4RVWX-QYP Z* [�\-Q];V^P� EF* _`a0-� EF_`* b` c�M�dNef�ghGH �EF_`*� !"#�$%��ij0klN_` 0- :;<;�WX45Vm ;HEF8* b`0-� Un �����op* EFqr sc�M�d�htu EF8+vF-�u� b wN�����D�NpxRy �����pxRyQNnzHef{|�}~-���0-� *� ! � suND�� ����� EF_�D�Nn"#�$%��./V^� � $K��Nn�Q�� zH�������*DC� = xN��GHOsNd��+��R;� �N��-�EF* � �N����������i��� *3 45�EF V^H 3 45* _V6
�$��M� �� � PQYP� � ¡0U� :�u� _N�zQ�o- _¢p�$��M���£¤*¥¦£¤V^� §¨© 7x-� V,R;�3 45+[{|GH0�P
§ª© « �¬�®¯ V^P� EF_���$��M��°±* ²D³ � ´DB0-� EF_�µ 0= 0U� 1[�3 45�{¶�* ·
�
� �
�
� �
�
� � �
� �� �
� �
�
� �
��
�
�
�
� �
55
c
Fujimaki
. mm s
:
Circuit diagram of amplifier (Nakamura )
Output characteristics of amplifier Calibration of sensor using improved
measurement apparatus
cm
. m . m
.
g kg . g kg C N .
cmol kg
cm . mm s
et al.
et al.,Fig.
Fig. Fig.
+
+ +
+
+
,***
* .
,**1
,**1
+ ,
+,* +
+,* /
-* +,*
1 +*
/
,**1 2 2 /
+ + 2 + 2 +- +/
+. * 2
+ - +* 2
++
+* + 0
/
/
0 1
0 1
�
�
�
�
����� � � �� ��� � � �
�
��
� ������� �� ������
� � � � �
� � � � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
���� � �
!�"#$%&�'(�)*+, -./.0�12�'� �3456!� 7�"#�8&%9:;<=�>?5@ AB� C, DE�FG����H I9JK6AL!$, 'MN&OPQ= H IRS��&%T6!A4�'(UV�'WXYZ[
\]^_` a� !AB�
K6A Pbc, 6!de9fb�T��JK6Ag=+,� �����39
�K6���� Phij$Qc,Rk'M ` UV9l UVPmj�6!n _ opqr stur vw x K6yz{ �a�P|}<+, $Q$b5= � ���~��� � ���� ���a���9C���P9&7b& ���.������.�����&% � �� �����.�������������� 5 ���P4-./.0�12�'�-./.0��� �3456
�'c%��<+,�� �� ��_6!a�UV�` _�c, ���.�� 58¡OPA6!��"#5A�OP_¢£$ � _¤¥<¦b&UV_G§$, C,6!¨©�G3�@ bª «¬_¢$�¡&®¯A�6!_°n�a�,± ² «¬A6!A4�'(6!UV_` $, ³$% O�` UV_ &%´�®¯A6!$,µ¶ ` UV9��b6!n _ a�P|}<+,
�
� �
�
��
� �
�
� � � �
�
� �
� � �� � � �
� �
�
� � � �
� �
�
�
�
�
�
56
:
:
the thermal regime of a paddy field, Soil Sci., :
ponded water in a paddy field, Soil Sci., :
cm
cm
Fujimaki, Y., Mowjood, M.I.M and Kasubuchi, T.
( ) : Measurement of convective velocity of
.
Mowjood, M.I.M., Ishiguro, K. and Kasubuchi, T.
Diurnal change in convective velocity( ) : E ect of convection in ponded water on
of ponded water with time
.
. mm s Mowjood M.I.M. and Kasubuchi, T. ( ) : Dynamics
Fujimaki of dissolved oxygen (DO) in ponded water of a
. mm s paddy field, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., : .
:
p.
Rose, C.W. and Chapman, A.L. ( ) : A physical
analysis of diurnal temperature regimes in clear
. mm s and turbid water layer : A problem in rice cul-
ture, Agric. Meteorol., : .
Fujimaki
et al.
et al.
Fig.
+
+
+
,**1 +, 1,**2 . /
.*.
+*3 ,**2
+* /
,***
.++
+331 #
/2- /21
+ , +332
,*** + - .*/ .+-
,**1
, +3*
+302
* -
-3+ .*3
,***
+0,
+0/
2
2
..
/
�� � � �
�� �
�� ��� �� � �� � ��� ���
��������� � ��!" ������#$�#%& �'()*+,-./0!1
23 4 !"5�*+,-6 78 �9:;.�9:;�<= >?*+1@�#A)B) .!1
C � D E�
D E � CD E �
�C � C �
� D E� � C �
� � �C
C �� C �
D E� D E� D E CC �
D EC
FG!" (�H ��I � ��!1 J� 9:
���KLM8N"O+ PQ
� .R 6��!1 �� ST �UVWUX. YZ)[\ ]!" UVW
" �� ���.^ !"_ `a b*+cd .c+eTfW6 �*+ YZ)[\�g�h)i�.jT1 � k� l�m �cd.no #� �pJUVW qr*+ s!1 t1u�vw�x R O,- yz{[�)|}�R~ � �j4 ��9)[ . 6 � � �vw �-����jO, ;�
- ����� � R� 6�+,- ����9)[6 - �. � ���R6�+,-j�6�+ .c+ �� - � � �pJ������# � � *+ ���� ��9)[��%j����.�O"� R tT"O+ ��#)�¡¢¡6� � pJ�£
j (�-¤¥�¦§� �R�O � .¨�+,NJ���©ª «¬8N1O �����# �� � ��¥�® I�~¯�
ST1 �_°�� �±�²� j�.³´*+ ��¥�®
µ ¶m · ¸¹
� ��
� � � � �� � � �
���
���
� � �
�
� �� � �� � � �
� �� � ! � �� " � � #� $
% & " �'( �� ) �
* + ,�� � � -.)
� � �� -.) � � / 0 1�� �
23 / �/ ��
� � �� ��� � �
4 5 6 23
� � �
�����
� �
�����
���������� �
� � �
� ��
��
� ��
� �
TDR
AZAKI HOJI OBORIO
*
: TDR
Tang
. m
Tomotsugu Y *, Yuki S * and Kosuke N *
* School of Agriculture, Meiji Univeristy, Higashimita,
Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan
Measurement of temporal changes in hydrological condition such as a flooding depth is needed
to understand green-house gas exchange between paddy rice fields and the atmosphere. We
introduced a simple method to monitor the flooding depth using time domain reflectometry
(TDR). The results of laboratory experiments indicated that water depths measured with TDR
agreed well with those observed when the water depth was estimated assuming that the second
reflection of TDR pulse occurs not at the end of the rod, but at the water surface with large water
depths. The laboratory experiments revealed that TDR provided precise enough water depths so
that field experiments were conducted. Water levels measured with a -cm long TDR probe
agreed well with those measured with a pressure-type water gauge with a root mean square error
(RMSE) of . cm. The water levels measured by TDR, however, might be a ected by raindrop
depositions.
: TDR method, electromagnetic wave, rice paddy field, flooding depth, continuous
measurement
Nadler
Time domain reflectometry TDR
Topp TDR
TDR
Thomsen
TDR
Noborio Jones
TDR Hou
* * *
Measuring Temporal Changes in Flooding Depths in a Rice Paddy Field
Using Time Domain Reflectometry
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.,
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
Abstract
Key words
,+. 2/1+ + + +
+ ,
+ + +
,+. 2/1+
,*
* ,2 #
,**-
+32*
,**+
,***
,**+ ,**, ,**-
,***
+*3 /1 0/ ,**2
+
�
�
� �
� �
� �
�� �� � �
� � �� � ��� � �
� � � � �� �
� � � � � � � ��� � � � �� �
� �� �
� �
�� �
� � � � � �� �
� � �� �� � � � ��
��
� �� � � � �
� � �� � �
� � �� � �� �
� �� � ��
� � � � � ��� � � � � � � � � �
� ������� ��� ����
�� � �
� �!"#$%&'(��)*+���, �- � . �/0 ,� 1& 23� 45� � � �-� 6 7�8 � . 4 � ����&9 : 3��# 3�;<=&>?@A ,B 3�CD4EF?� �F� GH ,5� ,� ���I ,JKL�M� ,� NG O P& 23��4Q ,5 4RS� . 4���&9 3�T� � U ,� V WXY<& Z�� �NGB 4 [ #\Z@ &7]<L^_<8 [`�@Z� a� �� #b�@� cKdef �WgX�h7f8ijX [ � �k 3O8Y �E GlmnhXo��p�Bqrs �� tuvF(���� �3� 6?@ �@Z��p & Z�E w �B4x ,5 & y# �@� �� lmnhXo�T ?@Z�dzX{K& Z@ , �-&B ,|�} > 3�Bq�~&�+3M�4,|��, ��B#�� ���#��3�D,5� �F� � ,� ��,� ������ �&w � &�����O �e�<�&> 3��, ����vF( 0�,5��� �@ &B 3�M�,�-� �&� 3�T# � O���7^��� &B 3� e�<�4 ��O� �#*} �� � ����7 ��@Z��| e�<���� � ¡�y#^��� 4>*OZ¢ 45� ,� �� �?@£p+��B � ¤y e�<�&>?@ �-�P&B � ¥¦� # `�@Z�V y� ��B � §�� a� B #bt�¨ ���A#©Z@rª ���, «¬3� MM, � �®� �¯�°�
� �#�±�@Z����� � �¯�°� � �� ,5� ��,� �&0
,� �� 40�� ²� ��� �&����� �@ &0���³ |ZM�& � e�<�&´ �� �� &�� �)*� ��
F+¯��� &µ 3� ¶ ·�¸¹�� ¡�yF+£p�M�4,|�e�<�&´ �� �� �
� � � � �
�
� �
� � � � �� �� �� � � � � � � � � �
� � � ��� � � � � � � � � �� ! �
" � �# $% &' ( � )*�+
� ! & � , -.� � /! � � � !� 0 1
�� 2 � 3 45 67 ! � )*�+ �� � 8� � � )*�+ 9
% )*�+& 2:; �
� �! � �� 8� "
�< ) � =>? @ 9 )*�+
�)*�+ 2
� )*�+ �A )*� � )*�++ B C! . � )*�+)*�+ + �
. � )*�+
�
� � �
� ��
�
�
�
�
�
�
� �� �
� �� �
� �� �
� � � �� � �� �� ��
58
a
a
a
total
total
air water water
w
water
Topp
TDR
An example of TDR waveform.
m . m ns
ns TDR
TDR
TDR
Thomsen
TDR
Campbell PCTDR CR X
Schaap
TDR
TDR
.
Weast, ; Pepin
. . .
.
W
W Wet al., L
c
t L
ct
L
L ct
LL
et al.
et al.,
L L
T
et al.,
ctT
LT T
Fig.
+
,
,
+ ,
+ ,
+
,
,-
/ , 2 -
+32*
+*3 ,**2
* -
+ , + +
+ ,
,
,***
,-
,**-
-
+ ,
+ , +
,
+ *
+320 +33/
12 /. + . /13 +* ,/ + +3,
+* ,/ , 2 +* ,/
+
+
,
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e e e e
e
e e
�
�
� � � �
� �
���� � �� ���������
� � ��� ��� ��� ��
! ��� "# $%&' ( )*+
, - ,- � �
,+
,-,
++ ,. ,
- / , ,+
,+,
+ , ,,+,
, 0 ++ � � ,, ,,
, , 1 ,, �,� ,
,+ , ,� �
+ ,+ , +
+-,
,, ,+ , ,
- ,+
+ ,+ � � +
� � ,
23���4#��� �
567 89�� )5 )�2��:;4# <��� = > ? @
A B CDEFGHI � "� �
� J ' 4 K LM�K%&�N 7
89OPF �27% $%&QR'
ST� UV�W4�"7��� S %�W4�"7��� S X6YZ%& 5X75 )5 )@T
4# �) [�P\�� 4# ]^_
�� ���` a�6723bcd ���5^_�HefghW i�j 4# k���567 )� �l"�m X75� noP\pq�� r ���� ��KstsWu4 �j 4 Hefg]vi����5 noP\pWu �v 4#89�� �wx�! ���2�� y%��7:� "�%&`' �z7{5� �| 45{}� * 23����~r`� ��z�6
# �� <% �N"� %�:5� )%723� �� 4#5z � �%�W4#�:�' Ss#%�5 �4#���� �4#� UV5W4# ����! ��� V� ��!���4# ���X7 � �� y`�� y
����X7�� ���~r �% ` ���� 4 Ksts[�P\� &S�675 �p A� �����E �g�S ��PpoP k� ����� � ��� r�6���¡¢£ � ¤T~r���z�4�[�P\¥ ��xcd� 4s7{5�¦4�"7 89�§ { 5 �
¨] ( 5* 23������E �g��� `% 5675© 4Wu4# K4� %&� @T ª �# 4#`�� )� )�«z¬¤Ts7
l ®S¯6`T%&5 ° ��7 5K5z%��' 4# * 23�
5�D±�� ²oP\p�Wu4ST� )�%& �m X75
' 4# 6N ³ �´4� Ksts%&
54#
� �4# T = ���4# =µ@T ¶�� � · ¸¹ º
�
� �
� � � � �
�
� � �
� � � �
�� � �
� � �
��
� �
�� � ��
� � � �� �� � �� � � � � � �!" #�
� $� % � �� &� ' ��
� (' � ) *
+ ,-� �./ ,-�� � 0
� � 1 �2�� - �
3 �4 $
�'
�� �
& � � �� ( 5 �6 �
�
� � � � �
� �
� �
�
�
�
�
�� �
��
�
�
�
�� �� �
� �� �
��� ��� ����� �����
��������
����� �����
�����
� � � ��
� ��
� ��
��
59
water
a
a
air
water
a
water
a
water air
aa
water
a
a
water
. mm
. mm mm
cm cm cm TDR
DOY
PCTDR
: TDR
TDR
Laboratory experimental design for measuring water depth with the TDR technique.
TDR PCV
TDR
TDRTDR
Mojid
cm cm
cm
Campbell TDR TDR
. cm cm
. cm TDR
TDR RS C
DOY
DOY :
L
L L
L L
L L
L L
LL
L
LL L L
L
et al.
L L LL
L
L LL
LL
Fig.
+
,
- ,
- , ,* -
+* +/ ,*
,**1 1 , +2-
/
-
-
/* ,
,
,*,**,
+/ ,+
+,
+** ,
* - +*
* + +**
,
,-,
2 ,3 ,.+ ,**1 0 +1
+02 +
,
,
-
�
�
�
�
�
� �
� �
������� ��� �
� � ��
� � � � �� �
� � � � �� � �
� �� � � �� � �
�� � ��� �
� � � � � ��
� � � � �� � � �
� �� � �
� � � � �� �
�
��� � � �� � �� � � � � � �
���������� ������ !
"�#$ %&'() �*
�+,! �-./�0�123�
45� 6 7 8
9%2:(;< ()= �>?@ABC�D?EF%GH I)J� ��%K L �M=N ?./OP6NQ/)R S� ����./ � ���L N T 2:U�L �M=�� ����VW2:(�+,X �YZM=�[/\]�^A_ �C`�Q ) abSc d�Xe�[/L �M=fg��0;[Ngh(ij 45�k:() [l a�>@C ����mna��./ d�Xe�[/�� Xe��KC�oNYZ���[/\]� p fgq!�r � K � s �2:() Q/st��)u; v9%w �x�QI) R y � K d��z� �����0) a�����>@{��K4N|g} �+,~� fgS����\u;��()���X ����� K�y)K���I�*(;�/a����() a� ���� �B����� #$ ��(;���� )�( � K Q/st aa%K�0�
�( 2:() � s � ��0�12) a�\]���() ���� �; � 3 %Q/ � �%��./� ��
�2:() Ys� � ���� � K � � 0�L�� ����lI/3������F�#$ � ����� �� ()
�()>@$����2C � != ¡%K ����¢£K �� ¤¥v�lL¦ ����( ���2:() a� I/� ������£� �§¨¢£���2C�J ����Y �p fgq!� %©()r)u; v9%w �x�QI; ����C��� �����C�NYZ���[/\]�()y) ��� ª�� ���45 ��W�«¬�-% c� �®y.�¯ � °��±$²³$ %db´b2:() abg����K %2:(; �� ��\u;��()�0 �����"� #$ �µu; v ¶·�db´bR � �©. 1¸U��
��
��
�� �
� � � � �
�
� �
� ��
� � � ��
� �� � � ���
� �
�
� � �� �
�
�
� �������� � ��������
� �����
�
�
�
�
� ��
�
60
water
water water ref ref
water, ref ref
water
water
a
water
TDR mm
CR X, Campbell TDR
cm TDR
TDR
The dimension of a TDR water-depth meter installed in a rice paddy field.
cm
: TDR
DOY
cm mm WL cm TDR
WL WLTDR
SDMx Campbell WL
DOY
TDR TDR cm
KADEC- cm
MIZU, TDR
mm, cm, TDR
cm RMSE
TDR
cm mm TDR
T
No. -T,
CR X, Campbell a b
L
L L
L
L
L
L L
L
water
TDR
Fig.
L
1/
,- +**
+* +/ ,*
+*3 ,**2
--
-
,*0 +0 /*
/ 0 -
/*
,*0 +0 /*
*
.* +**
./
/ 0
-.
,- / .
-
-
. +
.
�
��������� ������� � � � � �� � � � � ������ ��� ���� �� � � !"#�
� $ % � �� � � ��
� �� �
�� � � �
� � � �� � � �
� � � � � �� �
� � � �� � �
�� �
� � ��� �� �
� �� �
� � � �� � �� � �� � � � � �
� � � �� � �
� �&� � �
� � � �
!'()*#+���,-.(/0�+�123�+
4 �567 8 9:��/7 �
;<=>? @75+ AB ��CD��
E �FGHI�� ����� J7�K LMN�� �,-.(/0�+O�� ��� ���� ���80�+PQ 8RS��TU+ VW3 O�567 �8XYZ8(/0���8 ���[� \T� �0�+PQ ]^_�`aZbcd_�ef g���� h�7iM�� 9j� �� j7kl#+mn�op!qN 8 �����D7 ���[� �rsrtuv,-
w�x����� y� ���[� � A7zN+ { � e���[� e �
��� 7|[Tw� e���[� e ���!4 7"#x� ���� �!}6 e8 9j��/ �P~��[s8 �7��TU���. 8X�M� � { � e�� e 8 9:��/ � ��TO�9� �! UT !��#+O e�� e� ��7j�[� y��7#+ 8 ��/ 8 !j���\T���� �8(/U�/ ����iM��8 �8X�0�+7�����5K( 8(/0����� �;<} [TU+ �/0��� 4 �8X�0�+� 8 �����K�a?���� ��123�+ �;<����!j���� �8X�UPQ 8m } [TU+ �����a? ������n�op!qN�#0�+M3�123�+ �8� �!���� w���!.�7a�>�?�>b�]�7(/U�/ ������]^_�`aZ ^_�`aZbcd_�ef! �[ w�¡ !bcd_ 4 ¢g�ef #�£ ��#+8 ���8 7¤[TU�U¥¦ ]^_§ g�ef¨© � ����� ª«�� �`aZbcd_�ef8 ,��ef7 ���T[#+ �s �8X�0 ¬�7iU��/ mn y6O�8I+ w�®¯ �°� e�(/0����� ± 8 I+� 8 ��K ��� ��123�+ y� 8 ��/78 �¥¦ 7i0� ²��+ 8 !j���� ³´7µ���zK
¶�[� 7i/ ��� � �8XM���· ��8mn�op!qN�#0!j��TU� �37�;<} [� �+M3�123�+
¸� � 8X�0�+�����8 y� 4 M3 8 9:��/
�
�
�� �
��
�
�
� �
�
�
� ��������
�
�
�
�
��
��
��
� �
�
�
�
�
61
P T P
water
water
a
water
water
water
water
water P
T
T P
P
water T
P T P
water
water
water
a
water
a P
water T P
water water
P T
WL . cm WL WL
: TDR
a b TDR
. cm
The relationship between manually-observed and TDR-measured water depths for di erent
lengths of TDR rods. TDR-measured water depths were calculated (a) with Eq. ( ) and (b)
with Eq. ( ). Dashed lines show the water depths of cm.
. .
: . cm
root
mean square error RMSE . cm .
cm . cm WL
RMSE cm cm cm TDR WL
. cm . cm . cm . cm WL WL
RMSE WL . cm
TDR WL
WL . . cm WL WL
TDR
b
TDR
TDR
Mojid,
WL . . cm
cm . WL WL
TDR .
. cm
GHz TDR WL . cm WL
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L L
L
L L
Fig.
TDR
/ + *
0 2
+ *
#
0
2 +
+. / ,* *
,**/
+ + + *
* /+ * /-
* -*
+* +/ ,* /
* +3 * 1- + -0 , *
+ *
+ * , *
.
+ ,**,
+ + + * , *
,* , ,
+ ,
* - +
/ + *
.
.
. ,
�
�
� �
� � �� �
�� � �
� � �
� ��
�
� �� �
���
�� � � � � �
� ����� �������� ��� ���������� ��
� � ����� ��� ��� !"#$% � &'#� (')*+� ,'#� ��� � )*+� �
�� � � � � � �
� ��
� � ��
������� ����� �����-./0� 12# 3�4567 )*+�,'#� �� � )*+�
89�:;< = >
� #('��?@%A��B�C A�# D?E�� � FGH?��IJK�BL�?M��� ����N# IJKOP�/0 Q�K R�ST �UV��C &�� # ?� WXY�Z[\]^%�G?@TR% A�� �� �A��N#_?IJK�M�� H`]�ab��RUV��C cde# FG. �WXYfZ�IJK\]g P�T �U
? ���IJK� fZ�hiP�?@C\ V��C WXYfZ\]���^%�����N@% ���)j%R�����)klm?�+Cn?# ���IJK# ��/0?oTRIJK�pq M�)r]s+A�)tu?vN WXYfZ�89JK\]w[?^%�G?@C\D?FG+CA��xy`C
z #������� ����� ���-./0`C � �p��N# {|}~� � ���.#��m?/0� �
����N ���m?/0� �# ��?�� \D? �K� WXYfZ\]^%�G?`T Q �G�����������������)��?��+CA��N@�T Q�UV��Cz # ��� ������� ���?\TR�� ���� �-./0`C � �p��N?v�C �
������# {| ��`T S � ?�+C # `T �� �� # ��6?��� ¡
����C¢£¤�¥¦�� z #��6�H���§¨ � [©ª��
���� �������� «���������-./0)*+ � . [¬��. [¬?��R ����� ���g�p }.m?7p�®� @v ¯°S+
���?\C��# ¢£¤�(��g .©H�
�
�
�
�
������ �����
�
�
�
�
�
62
P P
ref
P
P
T
P T
P PT
TP
T P
T
T
P
P
WL WL
. cm WL DOY
TDR
DOY TDR cm
TDR
TDR
TDR
WL . cm
. cm WL
. cm WL
TDR
TDR
a b TDR
WL -WLTDR
WL . cm WLWL
WL . cmWL cm
: WL WL RMSE . cm
. cm . cmTDR WL
The relationship between water levels
measured with TDR, WL , and thosea mm h b
measured with a pressure-type waterTDR c
gauge, WL , in a rice paddy field. Data
DOYfor WL . cm were not shown. A
solid line shows a : line. Dashed TDR
lines show the water levels of cm and . cm
cm.
TDR DOY
. cm . cm
Temporal changes in water levels measured with a pressure-type water gauge and TDR. The
horizontal axis shows the day of year (DOY) in . Dashed lines show the water levels of
cm and cm.
Fig.
Fig.
+
+*3 ,**2
+ * ,*0
+
+02
0
, *
+ *
+ *
1
, *
* /*
+ + * ,2+ * , *
2
/
+3. +, -** *
+ + +/ **+ * /
,+, ,-
,**1
+ * , *
,**1 +
,
. -
/
/
0
0
� � ��� � � � ����� ��� ���������������
��������� ������ �!"� � � �#���$ � � ����� ��� �������$ � � �� ����%���
&'�() *�+,�-.�/�����
�
�
�
�
63: TDR
a b TDR
Temporal changes in (a) hourly precipitation and (b) the di erences of water levels measured
between TDR and a pressure-type water gauge.
TDR a b TDR
c TDR
An example of the TDR-water gauge noise observed on a rainy day. (a) Hourly precipitation
(mm), (b) temporal changes in water levels measured every five minutes with pressure-type and
TDR water gauges, and (c) the di erences of water depths measured between pressure-type and
TDR water gauges.
Fig.
Fig.
#
#
1
1
2
2
� �
� �� �
� �� � � �� � �
� � �� � � �
� ��
� �� �
� �� �
� � � ��
� �� � �
��
� �� �� � � �
�� � �� � � �
� � � � � �� � � �
� � � � � � �� � � � � �� �
�� �
� ��
� �� �� � � �� � � �
�
��
� �
� ��
�� ����� �� �� ���� ����� � � !�"#$ %�"
&"'( �)*� �+, - � ��
� .
/0�1 %� 2&3 �� &" �45&"6 �7"8#� 9%�3 : 3 �� %�3 � 2; <=�: ��# �> ���?�@3#��1 %�"A BCD�E��� �F ��� BCD�GH�� � I�J? K�@3E �7;6 �7" � 7; ��� ���L� �F &"K�;� �M � �N O : : �PQR�BCD�GH�� FSH
TUV� �3 �45�W"#XY!�" �7" � Z�A�: BCD� �[��� � �WH�@3 �?BC \-� �7]H 2 �: �F J#D�L!� �8#�7; �J^� ��� BCD�GH�� � _88� TUV� �3 � ��� I�SH8#��*#XY!�" � ��Z`&45F1 &" 3 � FaE&" FbcRdef&"K: BCD� g"6 �7"
A� � �WH� h*� �TUV� #XYHY� �i J^F ,&" �7"*� F *�j� � kFM9� #XY!�"�lm # � k�N ��n�� o �� �� : pTQq�k � �&"8#:7;� &r�s� ; 88�: N tu� LvLwxy� 6 #�H �7"
k� o� � �Z`&4 �zY � � {|}5F � �&8#��* �;� �� ~F &"K ;��e��N�� � ���� �W;� �� �45FZ`&6 *�� ��� � � , - ����7"8#� �%� � ��� ��bcRdef�6 # "8#
�$ %�"
��: �F �� ��F\� � # �hj � F1 <=F A"�7- � ���� ��lm � � : �W- �� F�6����� � ���eVdx��{�e� �� � g"#� � <=�eRQ�� ��: � �K����&"# K� #W,N � 8H��� � F � � � �� �<=��� N�� : � *�#*: �+ � ¡ W- > ��F � 2 F\� � %�#*: W- *, ; �� &"�7- ¢ � W- £ ¤F¥;� �7" *j�� � � 8�<=�N : ¦ � §¨©�<=
ª « <= ¬ . Z <�*"8#�® %� ��� TUV # 6 = ¬ . � F j�S; i � ¯�� F ®�&"8#��* �; �� °F �2&
� � � � #> ���� � �� F1 � �lm �
± �#*: # :²`N �� ±O�#*: :/ �%� 2 �� ³% � o��&�AK� ´ �K: ���TUV« �
W- � �� � "WH� &"µ*�7"8#?��;
#> ��� � �F _�lm�¶:·¸ � ¯ �7; > �� � &" �� � :�7- W,N ��� ��� :@
3 �BCD� "8#�7- 3 � �� �
� � � ���� �� �
� � � �
�� ��� �
� � � �� � �� �� � � !" � � � � #� $��� � � � �� %& '
( ) �� � � ��* � �+ , - �� %& ./
01 � �� 2 %& 34 ./ �� � �
5 �� %& 601 7 � +' �� �
�$ 8 7 01 9 ��:; * , �� < �� = 5 ./
> � > ?@A BCA�701 #� A �+ D � � E FG
H I JK � JL�+ BCA D �$ M ������
�+ N � JK O � ���701 � ��P Q � 3R ./
�� S T U+ � ��
� ���� K � V��P WX� �� (K, YZ 8 � [ \]^ _` abc:;( �� �d ef K \]^ g
�h � 9 � i�j ��ef k�( �d l $ m n op p g qr�d p (�P s $�� tK �� V
�d u (�P p vw � x y�d z{p �d(�P | 4� }~ ��y
� Z� ��� � � �� Z� �y �� �d � � � N
� �� � $�� �� � 8
, lp�
�i�Nh � D (q �� � | �i
�Nh �� � � ��
$�� �� � 6� ; $��
��P � � ��Pl � �$
4 � 701 � �� ��
� � � � �� �
�
�
�
�
64
T
a
water
water
water
T
p P
T P
T
and applications. Hydrological Processes, :
TDR
. mm TDR
TDR
WL
TDR
DOY DOY
TDR TDR
TDR
TDR Campbell TDR
TDR
TDR
TDR
A :
B
TDR WL Jones, S.B., Wraith, J.M. and Or, D. ( ) : Time
WL WL domain reflectometry measurement principles
. cm WL WL
. cm WL .
Hou, A.X., Chen, G.X., Wang, Z.P., van Cleemput, O.
TDR and Patric, W.H. Jr. ( ) : Methane and nitrous
oxide emissions from a rice field in relation to
soil redox and microbiological processes. Soil
TDR Science Society of America Journal, :
. cm .
TDR RMSE . Mojid, M., Toride, N. and Cho, H. ( ) : The e ect of
cm TDR heterogeneous soil-water distribution on the
TDR measurement of soil-water content.
L L
L
L
L
+.+
+
+*3 ,**2
-*
* /
2
,+0 ,,3 /
,
+**
+2,*2*,+
+312*+2-
,**,
, *
, * +/-
,***
,+2*
* / ,+20
* ,2 ,**, #
+0
0.
/
�
����� � � ������ � � �
�
��� �
�
�
� � � �
� � �
� �
����� ��������������
�!
"#$% &' �() *+,��- .-/�0��� *+� �!
"#$% 12345 6789 8�:;<=>?@ABCDE���FG H
IJK
���LMNOPQRS>�TU��V ������WX��YZ[\X] ^�_V�>)]` ab��c>��U�d�>efgA Mh&i�jO
klmlXnopq� rn�s_��gA��V ��Ytu]vu�&����v:wg�>)]xy��Y��_u�zvY{|kxA ���}~����jO �������Y�
x���!Y��kxA��� q� nop>?@A �c���cV ����c���v _��:wgA
� �
�
��
��
� �
��
�
�
�
� � �
65
:
:
Measurements in coaxial transmission lines. Water
tromagnetic determination of soil water content :
: TDR
: . Schaap, M.G., Robinson, D.A., Friedman, S.P. and
Nadler, A., Ravehb, E., Yermiyahub, U. and Green, S. Lazar, A. ( ) : Measurement and modeling of
R. ( ) : Evaluation of TDR use to monitor the TDR signal propagation through layered di-
water content in stem of lemon trees and soil and electric media. Soil Science Society of America
their response to water stress. Soil Science Soci- Journal, : .
ety of America Journal, : . Tang, L., Tao, X. and Choy, C.-l. ( ) : Possibility of
Noborio, K. ( ) : Measurement of soil water con- using a coaxial cable as a distributed strain
tent and electrical conductivity by time domain sensor by time domain reflectometry. Smart Ma-
reflectometry : a review. Computers and Elec- terials and Structures, : .
tronics in Agriculture, : . Thomsen, A., Hansen, B. and Schelde, K. ( ) : Ap-
: TDR plication of TDR to water level measurement.
: . Journal of Hydrology, : .
: Topp, G.C., Davis, J.L. and Annan, A.P. ( ) : Elec-
GHz-TDR
: .
Pepin, S., Livingston, N. J. and Hook, W. R. ( ) : Resources Research, : .
Temparature-dependent measurement error in Weast, R.C. (ed.). ( ) : Handbook of chemistry and
time domain reflectmetry determination of soil physics. pp.E E . th ed. CRC Press. Boca
water. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Raton, FL.
: .
time
domain reflectometry TDR
TDR
TDR
cm TDR TDR
root mean square error RMSE . cm
,**1 +* ,.,**2 . -*
++ +3
,**-
,**-
+++- ++,+
.-1 ..2 ,**+
,**+
,,+ ,,2
,+- ,-1 ,***
,**-
/1 0/ ,/, ,/2
,**/ +32*
,*
31 +*+
+33/ /1. /2,
+320
/+ /- 01
-2 .-
,*
* ,2
3*
01
01
+*
-+
3- ,-0
..
+0
/3
��
� � �
��� �
�� � �������������� ����� � ������
!"# $%& '( )*+
,- �,
� �� � ,
, . �- � �
, �, � � ��
� /, � / � 0 � . 0 ,
, � ��
, , �
12��34�5 �6789:*% ; <=>? *@2ABCDEFG "#H�IJKLMFCD+*
6;NF@KOPQCRS+ TUBC H�VWXY+ZWK2["#Q*\ X>*T]D+* ]@
�6^1Q*� _�`BTaWbW6cQ !d ] e�f!�VW�GCg=hN e�SiKOPQ
!"#KSjDkNFC* �� !" ��2 �lm n=�'(��oT`BK# =2 pX qr�s KtQ* u+Dvw] pxyz{�|} 6~�]���)*+ nT�Cq��� KtQ*lm n6 =>* ;E � !"# 2 1 �K�}B]D pxyz{6�1Q* ��lm n=2 Bg C lm n=2 ! ��iX�8BCD+*X l�g;�oKSjD'(X��] pxyz{�)* m nKtQ*�� 5"# 2�}�T����=+ n Tlm n Xig�VW];+�TX> >? ��=2� �$%& $% ��i6 +�* ��ZW ��� ���� K2 lm n ���Ku+Dvw]D+*
O=z{X K;*�TXT`e`¡FC* �C2 H� p�8¢X£;*�T5 lmn�¤¥K¦§¨X©8];+�T;eS? ª«�' )*+ nK +FC*¬)*+ 2 =>(X��D]gi�25®6¯;+ ��ZWK2z{ * g� lm n@F¯FC*¬¤� p2°±��
²³ ´µ¶
��
� ���
�
� �
��
� �
� � �� � �� � �� �� � �� � �� � � � �
� � � �� �� � �� � � �
�� ��
� � �� � �
� �
� �
� � �
�����
� �
���� ������������
�� �!
��������� ����������
��
��
�
OMIYA HINJO
*
** NPO
: m
Yasuaki K * and Toshiya S **
* Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, , Japan
** Subtropical biomass research center, Nishihara, Okinawa, , Japan
In test method for particle size distribution of soils, sieve analysis result and hydrometer
analysis result may not be skillfully connected. It is said that in hydrometer analysis, much error
arises from many causes, and it brings about the error for the values of percent finer by mass and
particle size calculated using Stokes’ law. This fact was estimated by the trial, and instrumental
error of hydrometer, density error of the water, viscosity coe cient error of the water was
clarified. Hydrometer analysis result was corrected using these. It was confirmed that the
corrected hydrometer analysis result agrees almost with the sieve analysis result using m
sieve, m sieve and m sieve. Then, as convenient method, the method for moving particle
size curve by hydrometer analysis parallel in the vertical direction was proposed so that the
percent finer by mass of m particle size by the hydrometer analysis may agree with the
percent finer by mass of m particle size by the sieve analysis, and the result was good.
: test method for particle size distribution, hydrometer analysis, error, m sieve
JIS A JIS
. mm
JIS
.
mm
m
* **
Error Correction Method for Hydrometer Analysis in Test Method
for Particle Size Distribution of Soils
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
Abstract
Key words
3*- *,+- +
*- *,+- +
-,
3*- *,+-
3*- *,+-
$
./
-, ,*
-,
-,
-,
+,*.
* *1/
+,
,*** * *1/
1/
+*3 01 1. ,**2
+
,
m
m
m m
m
m
m
m
��� �� � �� � � � �
� �� � �� ���
� �
�
� ��
�� �
���
�
� ��
� � �� ������������ ! " #$%&' #$%�(�
� ��� ) � �� �� �� �
� �� �� �� �� ��� � � � � �
� �� � � � � � � �
�� � � � �� �
� � � �� � *� � � � �
� � �� � +
� *� � � �
�� � � �� �
� � ,�
� , �
� � � � � �� � ��
� �� �� *
� � � � �� � �
� �� � � � �� � � �
� �� � �
-� � .
/0�1 2� 3 45 1 67" �89:;<=>?2@ A&34
B 1 C�� =�D� E F��GH� IJ K �1 ��L<& IJM;<3NO� & 1 41P �� = " GQ RS�T 3 U�V;<1 B2W 1 41XY � Z =[ E:" GQ ��89:3 B2\W�V;<] B2W A�8�W^
_�8 �� ` & ��NO� ;<1ab4 ?�
AA� 1�� ` ;41 cd45 A�GQ ������! < �;< e f� g;< �� ���;<" # & ' # �hi1j �k@8�W �� ;< Z� ;<45 l�m�/0n�opqr3 ?� �� 1 ! " U�� OG1 &s &�<45 &WQ�H�hiE ' #$%1 t& ?� A��� �]unH�;<�^_3v ?�:" �� 1 ! " U��&� � B"hi&W 3 wxy z{�;<�|_@ ;<A�8�Whi1} 3Ka Z~ O4� � R & �n":X0E:I X0���&E:E:"W"�i� ���3 �EG�iW���� &@ �@2 �X�3 45 �� &�� 1 ! " U��&� ~�hi&W A�8�W�i1 � X�� "�� g �1! " #8M] ' #� � BW;<3��:" ��� �&� ��3 U�� 4 &�F�� EHE �H�;<35 & ? =k@8�� ���:" / 41 �>� �1 �� �8�� ' # 3! " # �3 � ��� �<1 & Q��:8Mz �5 �i45M �� ��� ��i1 " � OG �8 ���`�?�3�45 IJM1 �� 4��GQ � � g�������� ` & �1��q�� = ;<3 �@ A&�WM A��8 �� ` ;<":ab�89:0�?� 1b �8M &W
�X���q�q �H� EGi/ �g ��¡¢=k@ j £¤ �1b�(�= @ 8�� ���:" �
� �¥¦� � �1� �P �� H§G&B�� EGU" � ?¨©
AA� �� ` � e f� � �=b � E ª«� �8 ¬= ®E:' # X � ¯ ° Z ±QG]�45
�� ��>� � I �²���
��³ ´� µ7? g � ¶d�·`C�45 g ��°
� � � �� � �
� � �
��
� ��� ��� � ��
�� �� � ��� � �
� � � ��� � �
� � � �� � ��� � �
! � �
!� � " # �
� $� � $� �� � ��%� � � ��� � � & '( ) *� ! � +,�� � - � �./ 0��
� 1 �� � # �� � � � 2 3
4 '( 2 �5 2 � $� � $ � � �
� � 67 8 � �� � #
� ! � �9 0 !�
� : ;# � �
<= 2 67 8�> 2 ?$ �
� � @ $ A B ! � " � C: �D E
� � � F G � � ���� � $ �
� $> H D I�J # � �
�
� ������� �
�
�
�
��
��
��
�
�
�
�
� �� �
� � �
�� �� ��� ��
68
: : :
JIS
JIS
Combination of sieve test result and
hydrometer result observed in particle
size distribution curve
m
b
d
, m g . g/cm
a c
JIS .
. .
.
a . .
c d JIS
. .
.
.
P : : :
: : :
: :
cos
: :
: g
w w s m
s m
w
s
s
s s w
s w s
w s
s w w s s w
w s
w s
s s
sw m
s s w
s s w
m
w
n
F L
r r C F
m , V, t, C , L
F T
r
VP
m
dd
P d r
P d r
P
d V
l T m
VP r C F
m
d
d V
m
r CD T
M V v d v
g t
M
Fig.
-
, +
+*3 ,**2
+**
,
.*
+ .
,***
+ *** ,2 // , 1
* 33/
+ */* * **+ +/
+ ***
* **+ * **+
+303
* ***/ * **+/
. -
+ - 0+**+
,
+303 + */* +/
+
+
, +
h
r r r
h r
r
r
r r
r r r
r rh
h r r r r r r
h r r
m
h r r
r
rr
r r
r r
pq r r�
� � �� � � � � � � � � �
� ��
� �
�� �
�
� � � � ��
��
�� � �� � �� �
��
�� �
� � �� � �
�� �
� � � �� � �
� � �� � �� � � �
� � � �� � �� � �
�� �
� �� �
� �� ��� ����� ����� �
����� � � ���� ! "�#$�%&
� ��'(
� �) �* + ,-�* �./ 0 ,� 1
2 �3,4�5*�66789:;< =�>��?�4 &� @2A*BC�>��*� �6�A28 �2>D �3 ?EFGH I$ � JD�K�3 �6AH C� �L3I$� M*=�>��*� �
N2O� BP8� �� *NQR SF�T/ U #$2 VD�BC�A�W 3 � ��'(XY �68
�� �ZL� [
�C\�=�$�]$C��� � ��^��>�NK�L_�]$3< =�>[9 ]$C ��`a3:; b`a�>��*� BP3 �cd� � � @3AH � 68 � [ �#$C �ef��gh_�*3ih�ef �#$2_E jk3b�lG� mk3 b�n �FGAop�X;��*�BC2���?O�q [PN b�lG2r[*K�3]$� #$C1A��Kop3r[*2
si� �./ FG*K�3]$�W�>D?� t��u D�vw-�_��* �./ 2_� B�?A]$�xP 3y�z��?O{.-�_��* �./ �|AONl}2~8P�N� ������*� V{.� � ��*�BC2��[P� B�?� ��C�vw� ]$3|AET/ U � ��op3FG*�K66
�,� 789 L3 ��]$�� 3 �[P�*{.� � A* � � ��3y��z� &C ��[��� �� 2 �8P�*�K�2_�2 ��]�* � + $3�[P�*A* ��]$�� 3& �3� T� gh - ih M� ���� A �?O��7
B� �>D?� �3< < ��E�N P� �� �6� � 3�� �2 B�'(3|AO�*� BP8� ��� �,4 B�>�N LK ��� 3� L_E �0 ,-� 6¡NCG� �C,4�`a2W CK¢£�� ! "�%&� ��¡GL_�L_� �3 �� 1�y��z� & C&a¤ �T��N=L_� BBL3 �� L3 ¥¦C��§¨©yªE«¬�®¯°�13 ±L ZL�O�*� ²8³G3_� �´� �®µ®E«¬�®¯°�¶·E«¬�®
� �
� � � �
� �� ��
� �
� � �� � �� ��
� ��� �� �� �
� �� � �
� � � �� � �
� �
� � �
� � �� � �
� � � ��� � !
" ��
�� � #� $% �� �
� �&� � � '
&� � � (�) * + � � ,
� �� �� � � �* � & ��� � � � -. � /
� �� � � 0 1� � � 23� � � �
� � � �
�
�
�
������ ��������
�
�
� �
�
�
�
�
69:
Dimension of hydrometer
No M g D cm L cm l cm V cm d
-A
-A
-B
-B
-C
-C
.
. NO. NO.
.
. . . . . .
. .
hydrometer
: cm
: cm
: cm
:
: g cm
: . g cm JIS
: dyne cm L
:
: cm
: cm sec
JIS
.
w
F
L
V d
v
v
d
T
D
F
Table
Fig.
-,
-,
-+
-,
-
-
,
*433/ +4*/* +/
/0 -14/2. *4.1/ ++4-- 342, -/43,- +4**,+
1+ -04..- *4.1/ +*43/ 34/3 -.42,, +4**+1
+22 .-4+*2 *4/+* ++4** 343- .+4+01 +4***,
223 -04//- *4.1/ +*42/ 340/ -.43,+ +4**++
.,+ -/4.-. *4.// ++41+ +*4-2 --42,, +4**+*
.2/ -/4-/+ *4.// ++42, +*4,2 --41// +4**+3
+ ***
* **+ + /0
.2/ ,
0
. + + */
+ *. + *- + *, + *+ + ** * 33/
* 33/ + */
+/ * 333+
1-
,*
32* -
+303
-
* ***+
+
+
,
,
, ,
r
r
q
���
��
� �
�������� �������������
� ��������������
� �� �
� �� � �
� � � ��
� �� �
� �� � � ��
� � �
!�"#$ % &
'(�)*+,�-./0 123�45678/.9 :;<=�>?@AB'( ABCB�>?@ABDEFGH�IJEK� ��LD�M$�NE� � '( OP�>?@AB'( QIR-./0����STAUVWMDXE*/.YZ- [23E \] ^_`:;<=�>?@AB'(�abIJ456cde���^f-H+�Qg �g ^h0 _�� � ����7i EIj- kl123�gj3��LD�M$�N_[2m2cde� �noQp��q7rs./0tu�+��\s./vd��+7wxyz{7vd- 1���_456� 0 -j-\Q3 |j34j0}�7 ~�Q�.������Ew�>���\/1�Q4j0 �`:;<=�>?@AB'(_ ����
^_456�)*e_ 456���7jj�3 7��.IR�0 1�}�7K�-HIJ7klQ�abIJ ��Z-./0 123�456E rs./\/��^+ 456�cde_�����7
����7��7I�\�\0�^dGH��� Z�H)*e����3/7\� !"#$YZ��LD� IJ ��456��eE | 7f- ¡ �¢�0}�7456�cde_£�E¤H | 7f�}�7 �abIJ �7 ` G0H�`:;<=�>?@AB'(E¥d-.abI
�
�
� �
��
�
�
70
Relationship between value of hydrometer and water temperature in distilled water
Relationship between scale and instrumental error of hydrometer
. g
. g, . g
JIS
m g
g m
JIS
m
m
m
l
l
l
l
l
Fig.
Fig.
+*3 ,**2
3 +
+ 2 * 0
/ 0 ,* +** ,*
,* +**
+*
,*
+* , +310
, ,* +*
-
-
.
.
�
�������� ��� ���������� ���
� ���
� � � � � � � � � �
� �
�
��
��
��
� � ������������ ! �
�� �
� � � � �� "
�� �
�
#$%&' ����()*+,-./�0�12�3456
��789: ��;
<= ; 9; 9> ��� ��?
@ABCDEFGH'IJK'ILIEFGH'IJKMNEFGH'IJK
:*O-PQRSTUR��789: V��WXYZR�
�[�\4R]^_ `abE�� Vc WX�d*�e����12*fWg\4O-`�*ShgT-*�iX@ABCDEFG�789:j'ILIE
FG�789: VklO-YZR�mnopa-`�*SE q*rWX��?VlT-����������Rsata �
u,c�O-`�*S- `av�12*b-�=wxy����12V? � *z{O-� ����12*b-�=wxy12R �SE|}~�dT �5 ����12�����12�v��-��12 R��� s��d�R��*bhg�S-m �����'���U�-�� UR���S- WXmhg ����*b-12R�
���12*b-��m�d�����12*b-��R��T 12V34O-�UR��789:V� � ���� (�����&� ���� (����O-bE�� ��V� Wg�*9�O-5m ����V���*rWX��U�- �R �¡¢£¤U�- �v¥��agT-�U�����R��*bhg�S
E `� UR ¦�§¨WgT- `�[�q R ©ª«¬5*�O-���U�-®¯�& �°±�S-�����²³|´µ�¶eV? �
� �
�
�
�
������ ���
� �
� � �
� �
�
�
�
�
71
Measuring example of soil particle density
:
Relationship between density of water Relationship between viscosity coe cient
and dissolution quantity of dispersing of water and dissolution quantity of dis-
agent persing agent
Properties of saturated aqueous solution of dispersing agent at
pHm g g g g/cm
NaPO
Na P O
Na P O
JIS m
JIS
m g
. g cm .
Pa s
.
d
m . of respective grain diameter
m
. g cm
l
l
l
Fig. Fig.
Table
Fig.
-
- 0
/ - +*
. , 1
- -
-
$
,*
,*
+* +.43/2 34++3 /42-3 +4.30 .42
+* ++4,21 +411, 34/+/ +4+,3 24/
+* +*4./* *4/.1 343*- +4*./ +*4.
+*
+* ,
* **+. * **1. +*
. *
/ / **,
* ,
1
/ 0
/ 0
,
,
1
1
, -
m
m
�
�
� �
� �
���� ����� � � � �
� �� � � �
� �� �� � � � �
�� � �� �
� �� ��
� �� � � �
� ��
� �� �
�� � �
�� � � � �� �
� � �� � � �� �
� � � �� �� � �
� �� � � ��
������ � � ���
�� �
� !"#$%&� !'() * +,�- . � /�� 01� � * %23'3 4 567�89. : ; � <=>�?@ <:ABC D.9 !" EF� G HI� �
J.DKB' L' � ;� +,%M �NOP����% =" �QRSKT� U0 �+, � ��V"W1� X %YZ[\!] ^ %23' _B�� �� � 01 _�_0SK 4# �> +,. �`D�:=���� �(� =a �� * �bcU ;� +, )0 �! �� % dU'3�ef!'�gh� <=. i� +,�gh� j0kR G �l= m�� l= ()0 G=0no ()� pqr% s�U'3 �t RB"=
l=�u �l= �vl=% !"l= m%wV'
- xyz { .W1 a | } � � a �~=" �� ��z�O� � ��O� � ��O�P �� !' � � %���� �()0 �" �� � l= * � !" 4# � !'>���G %ef!' e ��!' � � � ���!'>�G �� !' ]a �^ � ��� ��� G 0l= ��B.� �
a � � � 0 F � � �V"� � �KB � � ��!' � � � 567�R�' ��,b�i� +,0 �r�+,% ="��!G � ���"w7. �0 � '>��� ; +,���U+,�
� 4 567� D% ! +,� % o ��� ; 0 � ; �,.kR='3i �>0� 0 � m" ��¡ !"= } ¢£ _�71�� �wV' ��¤¥¦§¨�©ª«�¬® %� � �� �V" � � � G �l! 4 567 ¯ °��, % = �°±< ���� � * �=' ���¬²¬�©ª«�¬® %� > °!"= _�_0��� . � � �! 4 567 ¯ °��, % ���� ³��_0%�!"==' } ¢£ =�B�´="> 567��,� aµ l=� �t RB l= �M¶!" �!' } ¢£ .s RB"= ·¸ � ¹� L'
� � � � � �
� � � � �
� �
�� � �� � �� �� � � �� � � � �� � � �� � � � � � � !
� �� � "�� � � # $ � �
� � �� � � � �� % �� � � �� � &� '
� �� � � � � � � ( )
� * +, �
�� �� � % - � % � .�/ 01 � � � � 2 3
� � 4 � � �� � � � � �� � " 5 % � 6 � � 7� � 7� 8% � � � 9 : � � ; � � � � �
� �� � "� � � � � ��� � � , <=>� ? � �� @A � ��
� � � � B .�� � � � � � � 7�
" � � CD � 7� � �� �" � " E � � �� � CD " � �
� " + & F � G HI J K
�
� ������ ������ ���������
� ������������
�
�
�
��
�
� �
72
A
Comparison of soil particle size distribution curve modified by error correction methods
. .
,
. g cm m cm
d m
m . m
JIS
m m m
A
mm
JIS
g
JIS
m
A B
A g
NO. .
B g JIS
NO. .
JIS Z
l
l
Fig.
-
+310
+*3 ,**2
,
,
+/ 2* * / - +
+ + /**
* , +* +2
+*
/ . 1
./ -, ,*
3 2 - -
. +
. ,
/,
+/
+,* .2* ,*
,2 , /
,
.2/ * **+3
+
23/ * **++
- 22*+
. ,***
2
2
- + - ,
-
m m
m m m
m
�
� �
����� ����� � ����� ���� � � ����� �� ���
�� �
� �� � �
� � ��
� �� �
� �� � � � � �
� ��
� � � �� !� � � �
�� �
� � � � �
�� �
� �� �
� �� � � �
� �""#$% &'( )*+ )*+ �
, �� ��������� �-+
./01� �� 23456�78 9�:-���
78 956�:-�;<"$ �78 9*+=>�? :-�@ �:-+ABCD�, $"� EFGHCI*J� KL M ����� NOL PD* Q�C 956� �:-�=>� � � +�� �����RST'CI�NO? :-UV78 956� �:-W �XN' (C� DY� M O(Z �=>[\��]�^N��W3XL K% 78 9O(_$ �,`a*J�D�, "�YL � �b��� c�d1eW C( f\ g +��� ����� O(_$YLhO( � �=>�? WEi' Q�C �� �� W��'LZ�*J� ,�9� � �=>�? ��-Wjk� D ��� �@ lmC� Wn'(C�
�-Wo:-�XN' 78 9�p=>�?d1e"$-'qCL rN#s �=>[\�78 tKO(C� KL M ���*Z
9 �Q�C 9 , � ��Du*v -,tKO(C� ���� *+ wxyze{r�^78 9 W|� }~�B�� �� ���W CL��+ � � WABk �r��r� �W �'L�+ � *+78 ��,J�Lk �� � 9 �o ���9���KZNCLk DYK*;<'L:-��� C%Y��� *Z=>�? :-W ��K*
:-,�KY�rCD� ����� KL � AB�*m����$Y�*+ Q�C,��*J� Q�C 6Z�
��hW"6(}^� ,J�Lk*J� D�^ � 234*+ g n'L^ �=>[N �� M O(��'L �=>[\ \�Q�C 9 �78 9 ,�N��#NCLWg �\*n'L ����78 9 +Q�C k 78 9FG� W¡or��+¢'C £}*9 ���¤Nk$"¥�' �� O(� + ¦£§,X$Y��m� Q�C*¨©C
�'L �=>[\Hª'(C� r��m«*¬ WR'(®¨N��m 3g + �� ����� � � W��b � ¯, ° *JOL�¡o*m�$C*J� '
UVM ����� � � �� "'N,$ Q�C�Q�C 6W±=r��'LZ�*J� 3 �² � � � �³C D�O( 9FG,�N��C ¯� ´��
�µ¶�:-, $"N� 'L,O( � � ,?l �BY(C� DY+:-�3 Q�C�Q�C 6W·}' ¯|� ´,N
� � ��� � �
� ��
�
� �
� � ��
� � � ��
� � � �� � � � �� �
� �� � � �
� � �� �� � � ��
� � ��
� �� � �� � �� �� � � � �� �
� � � � �� ��
��
� � ��� �� � � �� � ��
� �� � �� �� � ��
� �� �� � �� � � �
� �� � �� �� � � �� �� � �
� �� � � � �
��
� �������
�
�
�
�
��
� �
��
�
��
73
A . B .
. .
:
. m
Comparison of clay fraction contentComparison of content of particle ofmodified by error correction methods
. m particle size or less by pipette
method and hydrometer method
JIS
m .
m m JIS
m . .
.
m .
m m
m m
JIS
m
JIS m
m
Fig.Fig.
+* , / 3
* / - 0
,+ .
,+ .
*
-, , +* + .
-,
-, 2 + +. +
+ +
-, + 1
-, ./ +320
-
,***
,* ,*
+
2
1/
3
-,
-,
3+*
3+*
- -
m
m
m
m m
m
m
m m
m m
m
m
m
����� � � �� ��� � � �
� �
�
� �
�
� �
� � �
�
� � � �
� � � � �
� � �
� � � ��
�
� � �
� �
�
�
���� � � �
� ��� ���� ��� � ! "#$%���� &'()!*+,-. /0123* 456��/78���9:;��<=>?"<5 �@�&AB�)5C/��D5#E"FG)5 H��� IJ 5/DK '( 78��"L3!5@�& >?"M NO"'?NO �6P!?"#$%78��QR&'(MS ()5 /M% TU� 456&V�M%45W 9:;�&<=>?"FG)5 '("X6%K 6��&Y6 ��"#5���� ��&78��Z[\E�]�^_� 2@�/`�ab@�&c=5 �d@�/e<M 78������� ?>�Mf�g �<6NO �O � 5 ShM NO �K4 K � 556�i"#5 j ����� �'(� k&ldmi5S= 78��_n6o"p ��456?> qM<6#E"r9"YEg � 5 ��� �sd tuv ��� �sd
wxyz{|v �}~�� /�� ����tuv
� 2~�"Xi578���@�/'( " �}~�� /�� yz{|v�6%��MS �>!SQRK��#E� 5
�78���KZ[\E�]� �� �� 2X#��2 ��� �������"#5_� 2@�/`�ab@� � �� �2@�<�?>sd@����)5 Z[\E�]� ������ sd tuv ������/_� 2@�"��)5@�K�D� `�ab@� sd �"��)5@�KAB6 3S j@�#¡¢��� � {£��¤¥v ~� 456 � ; ¦� @�� ��D6 §¨ 456 � ©ª«v
Z[\E�]�¬�_� 2@�/`�ab@�
2~� �K 456��QR/78��QR�E3�®M<6C/� 5 C!KZ[\E& 6578���KB3¯3<°�?>@����M ���� ^ j�±²"@��L3!5S=/³´!%65 C�C/&~²"#$% >?"MS 3S Z[\E�]� _�2@� _�`�ab@�& >?"M C!>"#$% (MS78��QRKV�MS 456 456 456"#5456��QR/XX#Hµ¶)5C/&·¸MS NO<'(/M% 456"#5456��&V�M j "Xi5456��/78����
��� ��&78��"L3!5d@�/e<M C�@�&78������� ?>�Mf�K � 5
�
�
� � �� � �
�� � �
� � �
� � � � � �� � �
�� � � � � � �
�� � �
�� �
� � �
� � �� � �
�� � �
� � �
� �� �
� �
�
� � � �
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
� �
74
:
:
m
m
m
:
pp. .
JIS : pp.
.
JIS A :
pp. .
:
p. .
: :
pp. .
JIS A
m
m m
m m
,**0 3 ,3,**2 / +2
+*3 ,**2
-, -
- -
-,
-,
+310
0/ 1+
,***
03 21
+ +,*. +303
++2 +,-
+320
,+
,*** +
+ ++
,
+,*.
./
-, ,*
-, -,
.
m
m
m
m
m m
m m
�� � � �
�
� � � �� � � ����� � ������
��
�� � � � � �
� � � �� �
� � �� � � �
�� � �
� � �� � �� �
� �� �
� � � � � � � �� � �� � � � �� � � �
�� � � � �� � � �� � � �� � � � �
� �� � � �
� � ��
� � � � �� � � �
���� !" #$ % & �$ '()�* +,-" .' / 0123�
� � " 4 5/ 6&)/� '78�9 : �;�<=><?@2'�A�� ?BC4% ��CD)E F.%GH .: IJ K L / �M�:2$ % 8� 5/ � N ;� ? O:2'3P * +,-�+,Q3�$��R:S)�T�UV5 )@2 WUXYZ� (�' �[\�]=:$ )/: 83� ^ 3_`. )@2' a � FS �% N ;� ? bc�d � �e ; � X�fg���hijk hUl� � �m � �n�opU3 =q�P. :r� s )
t &� �u2'+, v)@% O:2'83" �F.(�' /b�wxYyU� �z ${% � | � "} ~� ���"B�$ '�=)4 FS
z $���]= / � �b A �� O:�(�' 3� �$ %c�dijk����f�U����� 3 =�F: � (.' �� � � 6���� " � �� �/ ��7 � )��4% � / �)���"I �$ % 88) / �� ��� �� ���4%� ���7 ���GHP" �� � ��� 3�U�B�' ��� hUl� � �m� ��$ � ��$ � �����3� � �� "I � ¡¢bY£¤� �� " � ¥�7¦ F.% / � � 4%P bc�dijk §�* +,-) "¨©% �5 8.?�T�UV53_`.% " ª� 5() �+,"u2' * +,-« �/ * � �¬ :gcU�)@% � 6&)/+,;�32$WY®� &)@%x�Z®¯° @% / � 3_`.% "±²%
� ³� '2' (' '²��� �N "u �´�� ('/ �3µ¶�·. � DA �+, v)@% / ������¸ 4% � "±²' F7�
¹ º
�� ���
� � � � � ��� � ����� � �� �
� � � ���� � � �
�� �� � ! "#��$ � ���� � ���� % & '( ) �
#��$ * + , - �� ./
0 1 2+ 3 4
� � 5 67 8 -$ 9 : ;�
<= � 7 >� 1 � - ?
@ � � .�� A � B� �� CD <=E F / = � G H IJKLM
���� M � NOP �<� � Q RG � ��
� E S .� T U 9 � V W XY � Z� [ \
]H^ � _ � ` � NOP �^a �NOP IJK�� �
b c d/G�� eU + �� �f Z F 9 F a � NOP
g h
� � �
�����
� �
�����
� �
�����
� �
�� ���� �����
� � �
� � �
�
�
L.A. Richards
OBORIO
*
:
Kosuke N *
* School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki,
: water movement, soil water content, matric potential, hydraulic conductivity, hy-
sterisis
Rich-
ards
Richarddss’’ equation Richards
Richardd’’ss equation Gen Ogata W. A. Jury
Lorenzo Adolph Richards Soil Physics .
Ph. D. Doctor of Philos-
ophy
Richards Richards Gen
Richards
Fielding
Richards
Willard Gardner
Ph. D. Richards
Richards,
Reviewing classical studies in soil physics
Physics, : ( )
*
“Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums”
By L.A. Richards
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
Key words
,+. 2/1+ + + +
+ + + ,+. 2/1+
+33-
+31*
,**2 +33-
,
. ,+
+3*. . ,. ,**- +*
+3,0 +3,1 +3-+ +
, -
. /
+3-+ 0
0
0*
+3/.
+ -+2 --- +3-+
+*3 1/ 13 ,**2
+
,
� �
� �� �
�� � � � � � �
� � �� � �
�� � �
� � � � ��
�� � �
� � �� ��
� �� � �� � �
� �� � � � � �� � �
�� � �
�� � �� �
� � � � � ��� � �
� �� �
� � �� � �
� �� ��
� � �� � �
� � �� �
�� �� � �
�� �
� � �� � ��
� � �� � � �
�
� � ������������������� � �� ! �"#$ �%&'� �"()'*�# +,-!.' /0�" � 1 23' 4 � �
� !.! � ! 5 �6' � "� �7 � 8� �9� �: � ;<�=2���# .!.' *����
> �.? 8;< 4 1�: 3�.@A ! � B � CDE #FGH. 8�IJK3!+A�.?L ;<MN' O !.' � 4 �PQ' RSTU! � � �V � #W �� X � � 1 23'Y��Z� #)'*�� �������# 8 A*�# [ [ A CDE;< 3� 3# \2]'^_#!.' � �$ # .A ` a A b ��# c*��d 16e RZ�fgb �` 16' � 1 [)' h� ijZk� � � lmnoN3A p#qr !.f. � !.'Y��Z� C I*3<� � �st�uv w �xy � ;< N ` a� 16'� .A 4 � z1( A O ! {�st�u | 7 C�}@!` a23AY��Z� �st�uw ~ xy �( � 4 � z �I 1+' ##�&A {� �.@2.�K@ � �}?� !.'!.f. ������ c.;f;@A*�� 4�� ���� ( !.' #%&'
#�'�^16@A��K3' � � �z 1+' � � � � ���� � !� )' I *���� � _1 A23
fn� . !.'�%&!I � 3� �� a�fc� ��� b �� 16@ 3� 3# \2]' ���I 23' *3�
A <� *� �������� Y��Z� � _� +2i � ��� �" � ��.��� -<3'�1 f. �}' @! 4 � �#J@! d 16'�� A*�# [ ! ��.� �" � � �}@!�N'*
.' �*�1 *� #J@A���jtZ �� � � � �� )'*�16' *�Z� � � 16'� *�P.! � 4 # ': �%&<3!.A� � / � +# � O !Y��Z �
� � !.A� # � A O ! � # � ���I 4 �: 1 3!.! *�� A
� � �" � �"/016@! 4 �*�1 � Y��Z� (# '*�: � �� )'�# � !.' � �fc �P.!Y��Z� � ){� � � )' f # � � � ' � )'*�# � � A�%&<3!.� � � C� l2]'*�1�� A*� ' O�A-� 1�# �!.' � RSTU�# )���Y��Z �T
���k� ����� . � �� �¡¢)' � 1� £ !.': f;1 �¤ # -!.'�I�K<�}@! e 23'" ¥� � ¦ RSTU�# ) # [)'��� Y�
!£ � )' # )*�;<M-A 9� � �Z� ��§1.'3# ) c <3A�s¨©�� � C�ª- « � ! <3!.' � �! c` )'� 4 � � 3� � )' � ! �}?� )'!�O?1�f. ` f¬®Z¨# A a � � ;< ¯�z 7 #% !.' A f°�P.!)< � q)' � ±f�A- � a A² � 16'�D§
³ **1 � 3�Y©�Z´µ�� �¶� 1� · Ae�¶ � 2
�: � 1 � ) � p�}' � � a¸v16' 2<�' � [ A £)': � e )" # � � 7(1� ��¹3' #
�� ��� �
� � � � � � �� � � �� � � ��� � ���
�� �� � � ! " �#$ % & '( ) ���* +
� , & � ��� �- � . /� 0& 1 2 34� ��� �5
6 � 7��8 �9 : ;+< = � >?@ & A A 0 - - B
���� C D �E F G H + IJ K . LM A >? N;+ >? O ;+ P
" 0 H>? >? QRS TUV W 6 6 F X Y 34� ��� �5 ,
Z TUV[Z \� 0 F >? ]34�^\� _ W Z 6 & ��� �5 , � `'�
6 TUV[Z ���� 2 abc cd T � � ]34 !
UV � , e5 f g*= 34 ! hB i j e5 �k l
m � - ! n -2 o^� "p +J - B � 7q
� >? k � rs ! �t) � uv w x�y �� z � ��� 34- ]34{� |& I } A - ]34- � �
x�y{� ;+< ~� �5 �6p /b ]34� �� � �
�6 6 � , - >?� 0 / � ;+<
�� � �� � � ]34" �t) � � � ��� � �� � 6 /� ]34��� >? �' - � R �� �� N;+ >? @^ �� /
O ;+ �� 0 P 6 ]31 4��� �5 �
>? � #$ � � � � i w
�* � � �*�� hX �5 � � A� �hX � � ) >?
- � � � >? 0 � � � ��� � � 34� ��� �5 - � - � ��� 2� �8
R rs �� ( 2 , % ���H � � e5
:¡ ¢ �� & £E- ¤¥<
¦ � �=' ¤~� �]34~�� � � � �8 " �5 n§ A � ��* � �� ¨ �5¨ &
�
�
�
� �
������ �
���������
�
�
�
76
Richards,
Buckingham
Buckingham
Richards
Buckingham
Richards
Buckingham
Philip Nimmo and Landa
Narasimhan
Richards
Willard Gardner
Willard Gardner Richards
Or capillary flow
Livingston capillary conductivity
Richards
Buckingham
Nimmo and Landa,
Richards
Buckingham
Richards
Rich-
ards
Richards Rich-
ards
s
s
K
qt
q
t
+*3 ,**2
+
+3,2
+3*1
+3*, +3*0
+3-1
+31.
,**/ ,**1
+3,*
,**+ +3*2
+3,2
,**/
-
, +
, ,
, -
qr
r
q
((
( (�
�
� �
� �
� �
� � �� �
� �� �
� �
�
� �� ��
� ��
� �� � ��
� � � ��
� ��
� � � � �� � �� � � ��
� � � �� � � � � �
� �� � � � �� �� � � �
� �� � �
� � � � �
� �� � �
� �
� � � � � �� �
� � � � � � ���
�� �
���� �����
�� �� � �� � �
�� !�"!�#$� %��
&&' ( � ( �)*+,-.'/� "�0.,1� �"!�#$� ��
&&' (2 )*+,-.'/� 3� 4�56 7�879� �:; <= �
> �� ? ! &�!( � % � @� 9A���B �BC&>(D� E '/�FG� H! !>0.,1� �I�#
$� FJ'(&&K'( L�MA�� @'/�
� N � H� � ���&>� � ( !�OPQ�RSP� T�M;�
&>> � >��UV !(W XY A��' M (/�� � (Z� [\;� > �� � �� UV !� H&>� M ( > �� � ]� � ^� !� � _ '/� \ �`a%!>bc\ !� �deC !�>�fgh� � >��UV !( i A�%'/;� jk� lh
�#; %! � '( `a%!�m$&>� CM;�>bnh� �op\>�f� � >��UV !�qF( � Pg ( q�� !�BC���
� K' r s �/;� M � � � �tu >� v;� w� >��UV !( i� %! �xH � ���tu ( FJmRh
>bnh�y�M� A�z�>{>c| RgMA !� "}�0.( "} 7� ~� � % ,1� � �sA H�> �����
!�UV !��.��+ �� �� > �)*+,-.� �� �� �Fh� � �( !�#$� > �`J� A� ��( �_ '/��' ���H�&>�'9
!�`a%! �UV !>bc\ �> (�f� �)*+,-.� ( ��+��1��� �#; ��� ��vf� �� �� � Pg�{|9��#$�M�> �� � ] � c Q�*+,��1�1�mfn �_ '/���Rh�#$�M� %!�UV !z %!� � � ¡ � �sA NUV !z � �( ¢'/��' |£g�m; � �¤� ¥�� z f( ¦'/�(S'/�> C�§¨©>ª«©(�f A� >&¬� ���( M®� >¯1�� �°'( @± �²Q�6s9K>$�� � ³´®�µlCM¶�CA· "} ] � � !� !� "}¸�/� ( %! %!¹� ` �� ? !a%!� %�� !� ���vA <z� ³´®�µlA%!� O�� ¹h(
��
� � � � � �
��
� �� ��� �
� � ��� � �
� � �� � �� �� �� � �� ��
! �
"#$� % "#$&' ( )*+, ( -
.+, ( �/ 0
� � 12 3 45 "6 +, ( �/ �
� � 12 #$ "#$� �7 '08 - 9 �/ ��� :; < 2 '0� ��
+, ( �/ = ; >�?@ �
+, (�/ >� AB0�/ C
?@ = D CE E )* � %+, ( �/ F ��
'G� '0 HI �� J '0
�/ :; � K ( L L� )* <
/ �/ � KM (N � ,� O
"#$� �7 '0 8HI P �Q)* <�/ R SR T R "#$&' (
�/ ( � U )* VW X �
(N Y ? :; * Z� 2 � '0 8 [* \
� (N
� >
�
�
�
������
� ������
�
�
�
��
�
�
�
�
� �
�
� �� �
77
Richards Richard,
: L.A. Richards
q
Campbell,
Richards
Philip
Apparatus for measuring capillary con-
ductivity in unsaturated soil developed
by Richards (Richards, )
Celia
Celia -based form
Philip
Richards Richards
Klute
- Richards
based form Celia
Klute
Celia
mixed form Richards
Willard Gardner
Celia
Richards
Celia
s
s
q At
A d d
K
z
KK
x xx y z
K K Kg A
y y z z z t
K
al.
et al.
et al.
K
et al.,
K
et al. K
K
et al.
K KK g
z z zzet
Fig.
, , ,
, , ,
,
,
+32/
+31. +3-+
+3-+
+33*
+33*
+3-+
+3/, ,*
+
+33* +
+3/, +
+33*
-
+
+33*
*
+
+
, .
, /
yr
y y
f y
f
y y y y
y y yr
y
y
y
y
y y
q
q
q q
q
q y
q y
y q
y y
((
(
( ( ( ( (( (( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( (( ( ((
�
� �
� � � � �� �
� � � �� � � �
� � � ��
� �� � �� � � � �
� �� �
� � �� � � �
� � �� � �
� � ��
� � � � �
�� � �
�� �� � � �
� � � �� �
��
� �� �
�
��
� �� �
�� �
�
� ��
�
��� � �� ��� � �� �� ��� ��� � !"#$� �%�&' �� (%�
$�) �)*+ � �� ,-� �� �) �� . �/ 01234� �$�56789: � �+ � ; $� ��(&/ �<=%> ?�
�+ @A� B& � �+ ! �C=� ��� D �/ E � �%� B � �� & 01234�� FGHI�J+� KG�L
� M�� � � �� N *� $�A� ( $�)G�O��PQ�RS T� &�� (%/ / U� VW� �+*� X @ �� � Y Z7[ � � \�� ] � �+. �/ G ^_6`7ab8_cYde8af:� �*& g+*� ( � � 51h@i �%+*� D �/�Gj�%�D ��k � ��RS T� Zl63m A� �n*�op / qr�)
RS Ts�/ RS T&tu ( &��&Dv�� !w � @ �A01234@xcyz T;�PQ� Yde8 � ( �{*+� � |��
af: }I @ E T; ~%&/�!N � ! @ ��% �/ ^� �!*��M�� O+ �&C�%� �6� � � B �� � �� ~%�] � �� $@( s� � v �,��� @�*���� =!@�
�+*!* � O+&<=+����=!*�A� X �] ���G D � ��� �� X �PQ� ] �,��� / ) /i �%+*!* *s���� ! )( � �� ���Q+ � � *�� ��* ��
� ] $ �>�N@ �%+�� �A� Yde8af:&� ,- *� �A�@ / �* ��/ & ,-� �� �* ���� M�+ �i �+ �* j� �+*�(&� %+/!*� � & ,-/ k� �!* �* j� ��O�/ �* �
� � �+ +*�@ ( �/ i @ �A� ���� N���+ & ,-� 4e6a4@ v�� ¡ ¢ / *�j �%�g£�A�
(&�M��( �� / �* � �i �+" 4e6a4� j�� ��� ¤� ¥ ¦�� =+*��£s�� §¨
© ���� ��A�� � ª� �s�«� �+ @ «���O� 4e6a4@ ��¬ � �+*!* ( � ! «��� « ¬ � N G�O� ®¯! �°�� X �A�o±���+ 4e6a4 ��²��@ Z7[/s� �%+*!*& *+*� �� �� ¢ @� �A���M�� �A� ��� Y �� �%� � ��Z7[�³�+ & ,-�� 4e6a4@A��� g+*� ��� & ,-� �� 4e6a4 ��/ £G!*&� ´Q� ( � � µ ���+ & ���/ & ,-� 4e6a4 ��@A�(&� ����� / @ O+�A�
¶ � *�· !¸� " �A�
�� ��� �
�� � �� � ��� �
�� � �� � � �� � ���� � � �� �� ��� !
"� �#$ % &' � (� ) *+,- ./ 0 % � �� 12 �#$ � 34 5 67
8 1 9 *+,: ;< � = > ?�@ AB � > �� C � � :
D E FG H IJ B "� 8 K# ��LMNO GB
8 � P 8 � Q R S .� 8 > T U V
�W (�- 8 U � �� X Y 1Z � [ �� � � �� � �� \ ]\��� C � �� �� ^ _ �� `; a b
[ : ;< C cd I � �*+,: ;< �� C E e H ) NOf gh ijk lm n o
�� �� C67 p qrf > �s �� P t u0
� t 2 H t J H� v t J = t u0Pw �� � = f H x9 yz{| {J �} ~
�� _ � � � n �
f t u0 H��� H � b �� ~���� � ��s F �� ��
S �� ��./ FH� �� �� ��� F ��s F �� ~ �
� : ;< =
� � �K# �� E yE> ?�@ = �� � �
E�
n � ��
� [
���� � � n j z
� �������� ����
�
� �
� � � �
� � � �
�
�
�
�
78
Fig. Richards “Capil-
lary conduction of liquids through porous mediums”
cm
cm Buckingham
cm
Fig. Richards
cm cm
Dirichlet
Celia
AGU
Richards
Fig. Richards
Richards
mm
Campbell, G.S. ( ) : Introduction to soil physics
with BASIC. Elsevier Pub., New York.
Celia, M.A., Bouloutas, E.T. and Zarba, R.L.( ) : A
Richards general mass-conservative numerical solution
for the unsaturated flow equation. Water Resour.
Res., : .
Klute, A. ( ) : A numerical method for solving the
flow equation for water in unsaturated materi-
als. Soil Sci., : .
Narasimhan, T.N. ( ) : Central ideas of Bucking-
Richards ham ( ) : century later. Vadose Zone J., :
Philip, .
Nimmo, J.R. and Landa, E.R. ( ) : The soil physics
contributions of Edgar Buckingham. Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J., : .
K
a b
z
z
z
z
et al.
K
K
K
+*3 ,**2
-
* *
+** ,/
. +**
0** ,*
+
+33*
,**/
/
+3,2 -
.
+32/
+33*
+.2- +.30
+3/,
+*/ ++0
,**1
+3*1
+31. 021 03-
,**/
-,2 -.,
, 0
,0
1-
0
03
-
y
y
y
y q
y
y q
y q
y q
y
y
y q y
����� � � ������ � � �
� � � �������������
� �
�
�
79
:
:
: L.A. Richards
Or, D. ( ) : Who invented the tensiometer? Soil Sci. Richards, L.A. ( ) : Capillary conduction of liquids
Soc. Am J., : . through porous mediums. Physics, : .
Philip, J.R. ( ) : Fifty years progress in soil phys- Richards, L.A. (ed.) ( ) : Diagnosis and improve-
ics. Geoderma, : . ment of saline and alkali soils. Handbook .
Richards, L.A. ( ) : The usefulness of capillary po- USDA, ARS.
tential to soil moisture and plant investigation.
J. Agric. Res., : .
,**2 . +.,**2 0 +0
,**+ +3-+
+ - -+2 ---
+31. +3/.
,0/ ,2* 0*
+3,2
1+3 1.,
0/ +
+,
-1
�
�
��
� � �� ��
�
�� � � �
� � �
� � � � � �
�� � � �
� � � � � �
� � � �� � �
� � � � �
� � �
� � � �
�� �
�� � � � �
�� � � ���� �� ����� � � �
�� !"�#$%&' (� �)* + , - � ./0&1 2� 34056789:�;<* � * �=>=?� �� @A 7! �67B0 � �67B0CDEFD" � G*H"I=JK5�LM ��B7N37!�=<OP*QRST= �� U? �67B08VWX�YDV%Z&�[M �=A?�?EFD" \]K8K ^+ _` N a8b& �67B0 �67B0\� � GA�� ! cdMefAefcg �� h7b b&i67B0 � 2� ./0&E� @cA�c*#$%&j� kl�=?� 1 2� _`67B0
m m 81n0 �c ,- ./0&1o�0 pq*r� �6787!#$%& �6787! bKJ7!*s��t0 #4
\8uKN v) w�� ?� �bKJ7! x�Yyz #0%{0V* ��\3|7! ^+ v) w
f� (�t0\8uKNA }~ � � �# � UbKJ7! � q �M�U�$%& � *s��t0a7!&0N A � G�<OP
��y c �f� � �#0%{0V�� � ��#0����cd� �}"� ����dT� %U��* c>�rD*��Z7.] N $�
*r�����05A�� � ����( \5cd� ���t0\8uKNc� zf=?��U A �67B0�Y c x x 2x�t0\8uKNA��� )* �67B0*s� C�?F?F�%ZN� �67B0*�?=� zf�� �6K8u7 *81n0 � �c6 =?�7B0� �E�� #4U *#0%- �./0&1o�0cA 67B0U��
U� ¡r¢t0\8uKN��M�U� U * £ *r�?DN !]X� c ��f� ^+¤�� x �67B0� �JK\�KN¥)A ¦ §0¨0©�Z\�]7i �ª� �0* «� �� � � �¬ * ��<= � �¥)� UT=?���®¯ ET� ° +�±�(U�c>� ² � � *A �6K8u7�%Z5&A¤³�rD* zf=?� d�"� f�?� �� �� � *
, - � ����B7N37! ^ � ef*�´µ=¶ · *��¸=?�C �
¹ º »
� ���
� � � �
�� � � �� �
� ��� � � �� �� � �� � � � ��� � � �� � �
�� �� � !"# � �
� � � $ � �� % �� � � � & �� �
' ��� ( ) � *�
+ !" (� , - ) ./
� �� 0 �1 2 � 3
3 4 5) 678 �
� 9: ;9: �� � � <
�� �� � = > ?< �� ��
�@A ) B CD� % !" E ;9: �
F � G H I �� � J �< K � �L .' MF
�N O � PQ I� RS�� � � �� !" T � �
� � �
��
� �
������� ���� ��
�� �
��
�
�
��
� �
�
*
EC EMI
On-the-Go
EMI
&
The st Global Workshop on High Re-
solution Digital Soil Sensing and Mapping
IUSS
WG-DSM ; DSM Digital Soil Mapping
The Working Group on Digital Soil Mapping
WG-DSM
GPS
EMI ; electromagnetic induction
TOYOTA
DSM Digital Soil Mapping
*
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
+
,
+*
,
,**2 , / , 2 -
+ .
+1 +**
,
-
. -
+ 1
+
+*3 2+ 2, ,**2
� �� �
� �� �
�� �
����� � � ������ � � �
�
�� ������������ ��������� !"�#�$% &'(
)
) * * )
*
* *
)*
)
)
��+,�- . /
,�0+123456+789:;<=>?@A+BC BDEFG�4HI�JK�K�LM�
NOPQ� K@ RS+T,UVWEXY��@Z�[\]^_N4`I�;aZbc� dEUef2@gh�i+jklE45mn>o782 ��0 p,0 45qr0��s2@mn>tuvc���,�0wwx; y3�zl2P R+{+|!}� ����~�������>?�������0E�OP3?@3o+>��N� J �+
+�M�!�+ ��2P�\��bc�[�>�� �����!��D+���3��,�0wx+�����2@3
��
� � � �
�
�
�
� �
82
:
:
&
http : //www.digitalsoilmapping.org
TOYOTA The Newsletter of the Pedometrics Commission
of the IUSS, pp. , http : //www.pedometrics.
org/pedometron/pedometron .pdf
DSM :
Lagacherie, P., McBratney, A.B. and Voltz, M.,
(eds) . Digital Soil Mapping : An Introducto-
DSM th World Congress of ry Perspective. Developments in Soil Science,
Soil Science, Brisbane, Aug Australia Volume . Elsevier, Amsterdam.
,**2 0 +0,**2 0 +2
+*3 ,**2
+
,
- /
,.
-
,**0
,*+* +3
+ 0 -+
+
�
� ��� ���
�
�
� � �
� � � � � �
� � �� � �
� �� � � �
� �
�
�
�
� � ��
� � �
� � � �
��
�
�
� �
�
� � �
� � � ��
����� � �� �
� � ��� !"#$% � &' ����� � ()*+" ,� - ".,� /0 �123 45
# �6��.7 89:;< �= 23 /0 >?@ A B
�"C�D:EF G H I � J K@LM NOP �� QRSTUVWX 23 YZ[\/]�^ _� `ab � #�8�c< def� Gg _/]h �� 123"� iag j�klm �2 QnTUVWX o � e.7p "q r stm#3 uQnTUVWX
".5v w5vx". yQnTUVWX " " 3 _ z{
123" w " 3 |o}~ /]`ab ]/]� yQnT � "3 ��`g
UVWX � "3 � � ���� n� "3 e ��� "3
� � � �� �$% � &' ����� " " 3 ��+" � " ,� - ". " 3 � �,� /0 123 " 3 �
# " 3�"C�D:EFQ��� " 3 / @
LM j &���:���Q`�T " 3 J q���� � " 3 � |q
�� j � " 3 �" j � � � �< " 3NOP � P �� " 3 qYZ � � " 3D8��h C�D:EFj � of� " 3 �}~ QnTUVWX " 3 [\/]�^ _� " 3 ¡ ¢q
�89:;<Q���UVWX " 3 £123" w " 3 ¤¥ 123" � y¦ 123 " 3
p w � "3 Z§� � "3 �¨©��"ª«¬ � QnTUVWX � "3 ®
"3 � "3�" QnTUVWX " ¯ "33 �° QnT � "3 c�±²�³´ �
�"C�D:EF µ �"" ¶·q ¶ xS¸¹rµ¶��
�� ���
�� �� ��
�� ���
� � � � � � � �� �� � � ��� � � � � ! " # � � �
�$ � � �� � �� %& ' () *+ ,
�-���� �./ 01 2 3 2 4 /�� 5* 5 67
89 9 :;< 9 6 ! # ! = �� ���
>? @ 8 A BCD E�- ��- F G H IJ
# � H KL MNO P F � Q
R �S� * TU GR V7 WX,�Y �R
� � � ��� � � �� �� Z H [� � � � \] � � ! " H ^
# � H _ `a$ H bc de6 �-���� H b M
f � H g��� h H "� � � H i� j� k H l m
n 5 op H *(q rs t H uv i
6 : H ) w/? H _ w
89 H _xy H z{ r# � H _ |`} # F # � H� � " ~� � " Hw
� �� � � �� s �
� 4 �� R���� ����� �� 5�
� � �
� � � �
� � �
�
��� �� � ��� ����
��� � � ���
��� �� �
���
� �
�
�
��
�
�
�
�
���
�
� �
�
�
�: :
: :
:
:
:
:
A
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Shigehiko YOSHIKAWA
retired
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
No. , p.
H
,**2 . /
,**2 / +0 ,,
,**2 / ,- ,2
+
,**2
2 2
.
+
+*3
, ,**1
,**1
-
+*3
,**2 / ,-
+ ,*
+* +2
.
+*3
,
-
+ / +0 ,2
.
+*3 2- 2. ,**2
,**2 + ,**2 ,* +
,**2 0 +-
,**2 ,
�
� �� �� �
����� ���� � � � �� ��
� � � � �� � � � �
� �� � � � �� �
84
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
,**2 0 +-
-/2
/
,.
+*
-31
/*
..1
�� � �
� � �� � �� � �
� � � �� � � �� � � �
� �� � �
� � �� � �� � � � �� �
� � � �� � �
�� � �� �
� � � �� � � � � �
� �� � �
� � ��
� �� �� �� ��� � �� �
� ��� � �� �� �� ��� � �� �� ��� � �
�� � ������������
� ��� �� � !"�#�$%� &'(��)* +,&��)* -��./�0123 * � �2# 4567 8 9 3:;< =
� �23>? @A &�B��� CDE%( F G9 =CDE HI) �22J%( A KL M=CDE &(� N N3:;ON=CDE���)* - PQ2R# �ST UV�4 � O$&�B�� 3KW�� X ��567 Y Z� *��# 4567 Y Z ������ �2[ K$\$\�� �� �A� ST ST ST �] %(^* _`&��$�� a2J =�0�� � b)�$0c�d �d �d CDE 3KW*� e�)�K�2[ 1 ��d�fa �� X g R h�� 0-�3i )*$��$������$0�$;j %(+%�*K �� )%)� ( K��$0 $�k%(- 2R3 )�l��mn* # L0 � ) �* �$; # o#�p qr sk t;�� $\$\�=CDE 3KW $0�$;-� �$�� W�� �$A( u)*�)�� =CDE�$; k� 3K��$0 �K � v w xyz{Dx|}�f� v*�� 2R� ��*h�� &�=CDE 3 m)�$�~�� p�� n 3��f#� � K��$0 ��0R ��� ( �)* � (K� �'� )* �� � UVop���%�# �# #L��'� �� =CDE *��# ��0=CDE �� $��%3K��$0 3KW � � o ��K�H���� ��� oX � �k0�)�;% K�� & ���$0K ������ �2[ -;)*� � K�� k� 3�K� o =CDE 3KW q K�(�0�)�; p)� �� �)� �* �� �)� =� 3 � �����K &�0�;��� CDE � b3^0-�3 ~ � �*ST �� � � � �3UV�� p UV 3^ )�$k*$K ��k% f �;� �%�f3 (%��0*� � � � ���Z�# $\$\�=CDE � n 3^��0-
b <� 2 � � �2 � r� ��b ¡¢ �
2£�b @ ¤ ¡¢ ��b ¥ s ¦ §¦X ¨��1�
2£©w � �ª ¡¢ �
«J2 « J ¬ ¦ §¦X ¨��1�« J ® ¯° �
± �² ³´ �
µ ¶ ¦ §¦X ¨��1�· �
� � �¸ � ¦STX ��
� � � �� �
� � �� ���� � � �
���� �� �� � ��� � ��� ���� �� �� � !
�" #$ % & ' �' () �* ) �� ��+ &
,- ./ 01 2 34 5�6 � 7 8 & 34 9�: ' �' ; < =
>? @ ,� AB CD E� E F &
& G H G <I J,K �� & ,� L M �
( N & L � & OG < PQ A�R #$ST� & ST� & �:�*
U & & V & & G � � >?' �' �W N �
& X 5�& 5 X ! ,�,K (� 5�Y Z[ 2\ 4] & � [ A�R #$
#$ A�R #$ ^ _X^ ` a Zb G � 7
& � E�
c � d e fg hi d j Vklc d m
n I o( A p q 7 rs �t
u vw hA xy
o( d z{ q 7 rs �t| }~ �� f Vk�A . ~� q 7 rs �tk_ �� >Zb G �� f q 7 � �
������
� � � �
�
� �
�
�
�
85
Interfaces Against Pollution0
,**2
-*
� � �� �
� ��
� �
�
� �
� �� �
�
� � �
�� �������������� � ������ !"#$��%&'(�)*��+�,-./0.123� ���456���7/89/:;�<=+�,>/?@56%&�<=+A�� ���/B CD/EFG��23/%&� HIJKLMNA��
OPQRSTU VWUXY Z[���\J
J1]^ _ ` �a8
bcdef ghbciZjZkl�mnoZop
q r
s8tu bcs8 vwxyz zg{|} ~���ZJ J� ����
���� tug{��4� ~���ZJ
��:1J��� ���������h��!��!� �� /¡/�
¢£�+A��
¤�¥¦§.¨©J�OPQª«S¬®
� �
����� �� � � � � � �
�������
� � �� � � �
� �� � � � � �
�
� �
� �
�
�
TEL : FAX : E mail : [email protected]
In order to photocopy any work from this publication, you or your organization must obtain permission
from the following organization which has been delegated for copyright for clearance by the copyright
owner of this publication.
Japan Academic Association for Copyright Clearance (JAACC)
Akasaka chome, Minato ku, Tokyo , Japan
TEL : FAX : E mail : [email protected]
E-mail [email protected] rc.go.jp
URL http : //wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jssp /
:
:
http : //wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jssp /
E-mail [email protected] rc.go.jp
Notice about Photocopying
+*1 **/, 3 0 .+
*- -.1/ /0+2 *- -.1/ /0+3 o
.+ 0 3o o +*1 **/,
2+ - -.1/ /0+2 2+ - -.1/ /0+3 o
,**2 1 ,*
2.* 2/*, +
*3/, ,2 21/1#
-0*1
+.0,*1.*+-/* , .*3.-
-
#
++0 **++ 1 +, +0
+*3
������������ �
��������������������� �
���������������� �
��� �
�������� �
������������ �
������������������ �
��������������������������������� �
�����������������������������������
���������������������������������� �
����������������������������� �
�������������������������������������
�
Department of Environmental Sciences
Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University
Honjo-machi, Saga, Japan
Japanese Society of Soil Physics
Journal of the Japanese Society
of
Soil Physics
AMADA
IRAI ORI OMURA GUSA ORISAWA
AITO UJIMAKI ASUDA
BARA AKAHASHI OSOKAWA
AMADA ATABE OROIZUMI UKCHAN
ANAYAMA ASUBUCHI NNAKA
AZAKI HOJI OBORIO
OMIYA HINJO
OBORIO
IZOGUCHI
I. Y
Soil Environment Monitoring by Multi-frequency Electromagnetic Sounding
Y. H , Y. M , H. S , N. E and T. M
Calibration of Temperature Dependence of a Dielectric Probe
T. S , H. F and H. Y
Properties of Surface Crusts of Converted Paddy Soils Formed under Simulated
Rainfall H. O , T. T and H. H
Analysis of Surface Runo in a Sloping Sandy Soil in Northeast Thailand Using Soil
Water Storage Capacity H. H , H. W , T. M and S. S
Improvement of the Measurement Apparatus for Convective Velocity of Pounded
Water in Paddy Fields S. H , T. K and T. A
Measuring Temporal Changes in Flooding Depths in a Rice Paddy Field Using Time
Domain Reflectometry T. Y , Y. S and K. N
Error Correction Method for Hydrometer Analysis in Test Method for Particle Size
Distribution of Soils Y. K and T. S
“Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums” By L. A. Richards
K. N
M. M
Foreword
Original Papers
Notes
Lectures
Reading of Classical Study Series
Readers’ column
Announcements
Editor’s Postscript
Contents
No. July
+ 2.* 2/*,
+
-
+/
,1
#
./
/+
/1
01
1/
2+
2-
2/
+*3 ����