© 2019 jetir january 2019, volume 6, issue 1 building ... · building material in energy efficient...

© 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

JETIRDW06010 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 58

BUILDING MATERIAL IN ENERGY

EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE

Kirti Kala1, Ar Nimret Kaur Mangat2, Ar Raminder Kaur3, Ar Davinderpal Singh4

1Student, Department of Architecture and Planning, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara,

Punjab, India

2Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Lovely Professional University,

Phagwara, Punjab, India

3Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Lovely Professional University,


4Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Lovely Professional University,


ABSTRACT

In recent years it has been seen that buildings are increasing rapidly and also the building sector

consumes more energy. Energy within a building is not only consumed during the construction

phase but it is also due to the type of material used in the building that uses some amount of energy

to meet the thermal comfort of humans. But to meet this thermal comfort, over usage of

conventional material cannot be used as it causes global warming and its effects on resources

also.The buildings which have been planned and used today are consuming excessive energy for

heating, cooling and during construction. So instead of providing more energy to the building, we

are able to utilize such kind of fabric which can be utilized or replaced by the conventional

material that we use in the building.The developing concerns over the natural impacts of buildings

have driven to expanding requests for more naturally inviting buildings and materials. Energy

efficiency is at forefront in a current debate in a building technology. The main reasons to make

the buildings energy efficient are, increasing population, depleting fossil resources, rising levels

of harmful gases. The future role of architecture design will be critical to help in improving energy

efficiency by designing them sustainably. Through the study of the use of efficient materials in

the building, in this dissertation we came over utilizing new materials which is able to increase

energy efficiency within the building and decreasing carbon impression and increasing thermal

comfort.

Keywords: Building sector, energy, thermal comfort

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Significance

Due to the advancement in technology, more emphasis was laid on maintaining a microclimate

within the building, to make the indoors more comfortable. This was achieved with the help of air

conditioning and heating systems. But as the time passed, unfavourable conditions were observed,

hence, popularizing energy efficient designs with respect to local climate.

Energy efficiency in a building is one of the most common aspects which is to be seen in the

building now-a-days. The relation between energy used within a building and the damage caused

by it to the environment can be understood by explaining the energy intensive solutions of the

thermal comfort which is created within a building to meet the demands for heating, cooling,

ventilation & lighting. These solutions exhaust a tremendous amount of our environmental

resources. As in a building 42% is the sum of energy used in development and 30% is used in

material to meet the thermal comfort of the human.

The more energy we use the more carbon emissions are pumped into the atmosphere. Residential,

commercial and institutional building sector consumed 31% of total global energy and is about

1900 megatons. By 2050, it is expected to be increased by 38%.

The buildings these days use 40% of natural resources, virtually 70% of electricity, 12% of potable

water, and produce 45%-65% waste, which is disposed of in landfills. These buildings, when

operational, are also responsible for 30% of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, 18% of greenhouse

gases are emitted indirectly due to exploitation of materials and transportation. Construction of

such buildings consume 40% of raw stone, gravel and sand, annually and usage of timber is 25%.

At the same, these buildings are unfit for human health, as they create a bad quality of indoor

environment which also leads to reduced work efficiency.

Along With the appropriate design of a building, the strength is also determined by the physical,

chemical and mechanical properties of materials used as well as the design of a building. Usage

of proper material and technology in a building can substantially reduce the energy demand and

improve its impact on the environment and reduce the carbon footprint of a building. The

requirements for selecting a building material are functionality and technicality of the material

along with the financial criterion. However, a considerable amount of annual environmental

deterioration is caused either directly or indirectly by the building sector.

1.2 Statement of the research paper

Most of the buildings which are designed nowadays and are in use, are contributing to the serious

environmental problems because of excessive energy and others excessive nature. Energy

efficiency in the building is achieved by designing it according to the macro and micro climate of




the region and by taking advantage of the climatic condition of the site. Some of the common

design feature which we normally incorporate in the designing of the building according to the

site’s climatic condition are:

● Landscaping

● Ratio of built form to open space Location of water body Orientation

● Plan form

But in some of the extreme weather conditions one cannot achieve comfort by incorporating these

conditions and sometimes site conditions are not in our favour. For the human comfort and to

decrease the environmental problems that are generated by the buildings can be decreased by

incorporating proper materials and techniques we can achieve thermal comfort.

By choosing proper low energy material and efficient structural design, we can reduce strain on

the conventional energy. Materials help to maximize the indoor comfort.

1.3 Aim

One of the significant goals of the study is to determine the materials which are useful in reducing

the carbon footprint, increasing thermal comfort and reducing load on the mechanical devices

within the building.

Main aim is to use resource efficient and environmentally friendly construction. Material which

is going to be used in building should reduce the amount of energy to be used in the building.

Main focus is on developing materials in construction that uses less energy and gives more output

rather than standard one.

The aim of the research is to find the answers to the following questions:

What is energy efficient architecture?

How energy efficient in the building is achieved Did materials help in achieving energy

efficiency? How much energy and cost are reduced?

1.4 Objective

● knowledge for the types and properties of building material used for energy efficient

construction.

● knowledge of selection of material for energy efficiency.

● Understanding possible uses of materials by different methods.

● Understanding the selection criteria of building materials based on ecology and their energy

efficiency.




1.5 Limitations

Nowadays, in this era we know different types of materials for construction but we use only

traditional material. But there are materials which help in reduction in footprint and energy used

in the building. We know the conventional materials and certainly we use them in a building but

don’t know it impacts on building. So, this research paper is basically focused on the materials

and its impacts.

2. CLIMATIC ELEMENTS

Climatic components are to be considered whereas choosing materials as increased energy related

emanations of co2 related to the extreme climate alter, it is due to the refrigeration, air conditioning

and other mechanical devices used for human thermal comfort in the building. Buildings are

outlined and built to suit human beings. Thermal comfort of the tenant is dependent on the climate

additionally with the flexibility to thermal equilibrium, physiological, psychological and

behavioural changes. Climatic components to be considered are solar radiations, air temperature,

humidity, wind, condensation, precipitation.

2.1 Solar radiations

Solar radiations play a vital part within the building to realize its thermal comfort but radiations

radiated by the sun changes with its wavelength. Radiant heat transfer in a building is the foremost

common are the short-wave radiation, reflected from the surrounding, from ground etc. which

impacts the building in two ways- through outside and inside components, but the expansive

parcel of heat is ascribed in a building through structure. One dimensional heat exchange happens

by three essential instruments- conduction, convection and radiation. Ordinary we utilize, brick

and heat is exchanged by the conduction through bricks and exchanged to the insides surface by

conduction.

2.2 Temperature

Rate of cooling and heating of the surface depends on the air temperature. The air temperature

originating on the surface differs accordingly also temperatures are generally lowest before

sunshine, as diffuse radiations from the sun causes temperature to rise up.

2.3 Humidity

Moisture content can be represented in a variety of terms like absolute humidity and relative

humidity. The rate of deterioration and behaviour of building materials is dependent on relative




humidity.

2.4 Condensation

Building materials can be deteriorated with condensation. This is likely to be seen in “well-sealed”

but under insulated buildings.

Dehumidifying the building can be done in two ways. They are: 1. raising the temperature by

additional heating to reduce the relative humidity and 2. ventilation.

Strategies to climate control

To promote solar gain Minimize conductive heat flow promote evaporative cooling Increasing

thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is the condition of the mind which expresses satisfaction with

the thermal comfort. The main criteria for the thermal comfort of the human body depends on the

natural conditions like air temperature, humidity, air velocity etc. thermal comfort also affects the

strength, mental efficiency and activities. Comfort zone varies exclusively and it changes from

age, sex, geographical locations and also on psychological basis. Design aspects can also be

considered like shading, ventilating elements, creating microclimate within the complex but

materials are the most important to be considered. Mechanical devices brought artificial thermal

comfort.

The thermophysical properties of materials play a major role in determining the amount of heating

or cooling required. Even when no mechanical means are used to control the thermal conditions

of a building, the temperature of both indoor and outdoor surfaces is affected by the materials

which in return has a very profound effect on the occupant comfort.

Thermophysical properties of building material

Properties of material play an important role in achieving thermal comfort of the accommodator.

For eg. The external surfaces of a wall absorb the radiation from solar energy, and it flows inside

the wall material by conduction.

Colour of the fabric too has an effect on warm radiations as white fabric reflects 90% or more and

dark coloured fabric reflects 15% or less but it assimilates 85-90% of radiations.

There are three different types of material used to build the building envelope- opaque,

transparent, translucent.

Materials are divided into two types- Traditional materials and Contemporary materials

Traditional material, are the materials which are locally available and are used mostly in the earlier

period. These are stone, earth, lime, timber, pozzolana etc.

Contemporary materials are those in which the traditional material can be used as raw materials.

These materials are factory produced bricks, concrete, ferrocement, glass, aluminium etc.




The government of India, in 1990, initiated the encouragement and promotion of sustainable,

energy efficient and environmentally feasible building materials under The Building Material and

Technology Promotion Council. Some of the natural materials which were considered by BMTPC

are – 27 types of agro industrial waste, by products, residues, natural fibres, plantation timber,

including rice husk, wheat husk, bagasse from sugarcane or some other material.

3. MATERIALS TO ACHIEVE EFFICIENCY

3.1 Bamboo

Bamboo has been utilized as a building fabric from old times. It has been picked up as an awesome

significance as a source of renewable fibre. It is also suitable for low cost housing in an earthquake

prone zone area, due to its sturdiness and versatility. Bamboo tangle folded sheets are a perfect

substitute for asbestos and excited steel sheets. IPIRTI which has created this strategy

demonstrated to be boon for the lodging industry.

Fig.3.1

3.2 Rice husk ash concrete

RHA is delivered after burning the rice husk. It can be utilized as an admixture of concrete. It has

a high reactivity and pozzolanic property, which progresses workability and solidarity of the

cement. Portland cement consists of 60-65% of calcium oxide and upon hydration, an impressive

parcel of lime is discharged as free calcium oxide. RHA concrete diminishes warm advancement

slaking, quality, im-permeability and strength by reinforcing the move zone. Moreover it

decreases expansion.




Fig.3.2

3.3 Bagasse particle board

Bagasse is the leftover mash from sugarcane after the juice has been extricated. A significant sum

of overabundance bagasse created from the sugar plants is cleared out to spoil, which is presently

utilized as a substitute for wood in molecule sheets that are light and lightweight. Bagasse

composition offers a potential as a centre fabric for the covered floors, supplanting tall thickness

and costly wood fibreboard.

Fig.3.3

3.4 Insulating concrete forms

In this process, a concrete wall is sandwiched between two layers of the insulating material.

Concrete is poured into forms that serve as an insulation layer and remain at the same place as a

permanent part of the structure.

These walls have 60% less energy loss. These are more comfortable with the reliable temperature

additionally logix ICF contains a sound transmission of 56 which is distant more prominent than

the standard walls and it too decreases the sound transmission additionally. Also it has four hour

fire safe capacity.




Fig.3.4

3.5 Straw bales

A domestic built with bunches of straw is more solid than we think. Straw is fundamentally a by-

product of the grain industry, which is regularly burnt. In case we keep straw dry, it can be for

thousands of years. Straw bunches bond well to stucco and mortar dividers and it gives great

cover. These keep building cold in summer and hotter in winter with R-value in between 40-60

when it is built accurately, but the quality of the separator given by the straw bunches depends on

the number of variables counting the way parcels are stacked, the way parcels work the roof cover,

the sort of mortar utilized, quality of the mortar work.

Fig.3.5 fig.3.6

3.6 Structural insulated panel

Structural insulated panel consists of an insulating layer of rigid core between two layers of

structural boards. The rigid core can be made of either expanded polystyrene foam or extruded

polystyrene foam. Whereas the structural boards can be made of sheet metal, plywood, cement or

magnesium oxide board. A well-built domestic utilizing tastes will have a more tightly built

envelope and dividers will have a higher protection properties, which leads to less drafts and a

diminution in working costs. According to NABH, these are fire resistant and it can be utilized

for the establishments, floor, cellars and stack bearing floors.

3.7 Low E windows

The E in low stands for emissivity, and a clear coating of metallic oxide on the windows keeps

the interior of the house warm in winter and cooler amid summers. This coating is essentially

utilized on the outside storm windows within the house that don’t have two fold panel windows.




The technology comes in the soft and hard coatings. The soft coating goes between the layers of

the glass and hard coating goes on the outside.It diminish the warm stream by half within the

building and will offer assistance in lessening the warming taken by a toll by 10% to 12%.

Fig.3.7

Fig.3.8

3.8 Vacuum insulation panels

This gives seven times more separator than the conventional boards. It is a finished silver rectangle

that holds a centre of board encased in a tight envelope, boards can be made of any measure

agreeing to the necessities. VIP’s subsequently accomplish a much lower warm conductivity than

ordinary cover, or in other words the next warm resistance per unit of thickness. Regularly,

commercially accessible VIP’s accomplish a warm conductivity of 0.004W/(m.k) over the middle

of the board, or an in general esteem of 0.006-0.008W/(m.k) after permitting for warm bridging.

Fig.3.9




3.9 Solar thermal cladding

It is a cladding framework that combines wooden louvers and back vented coating. This

framework comprises a pre-assembled board that can be introduced onsite by means of an

aluminium cladding mounting framework. The wood braces that are introduced in a point to divert

summer sun whereas welcoming the winter sun. depending on the sort of bracing fabric utilized,

the sun powered enacted façade can lead to R-value extending from 65-150.

Fig.3.10

3.10 Cooling bricks

By the combination of the clay and hydrogel cooling effects in the building interiors can be

achieved. Hydrogel present in the structure absorbs water upto 500 times its weight, which leads

to the cooling effect in the building, thus, leading to great potential of reducing energy

consumption. In summers, this absorbed water is released to reduce the interior temperature. It

has an ability to reduce the temperature by 6⁰ .

Fig.3.11




3.10 Pollution absorbing bricks

These pollution absorbing bricks absorb the pollutants from the atmosphere and release filtered

air. These are designed such as to be a part of the ventilation system of the buildings. It has a two-

layer façade system, with the specialist brick on the outside and standard insulation on the inside.

This can filter 30% fine particle pollutants and 100% of the coarse pollutants.

Fig.3.12

3.11 Mass timber

Due to the strength and durability of concrete and steel, they have been preferred over timber,

reducing the use of timber in the construction industry.

But nowadays, to increase the strength and durability of timber, a solid wood laminated and

panelised timber has been used which is known as mass timber.

It reduces the carbon footprint of the building by trapping carbon from the atmosphere and it also

reduces cost of the building.

Fig.3.13

4. CONCLUSION

This study is focused on the effects of the materials on the thermal comfort and the cost of the

building. It is concentrated on traditional, contemporary materials and some of the new materials

which are helpful in increasing the thermal comfort, reducing load on the mechanical devices and

reducing the cost of the building. Through this study it is also revealed that the performance of

the building could be easily predicted by its design and also by its surrounding.

By this study I came to know about the parameters to be considered for the building material for

construction and qualities to be considered. Energy efficiency can be achieved by the design

consideration but some-where materials play a vital role in the building. And in the upcoming




time building materials are gaining more intention as it reduces the cost of the building and reduces

the load on the mechanical device.

Completion of this study is the construction of the building units with the new different materials

which will save energy, increase thermal comfort and cost reduction.

REFERENCES

[1] Farooq, y. A. (2016). 8 Most Energy-Efficient Building Materials. high stuff.

[2] gupta, m. (2017). 7 Most Commonly Used Construction and Building Materials in India. Gosmart.

[3] Khosla, S. (2014). Energy Efficient Buildings. Ijcer.

[4] li, Z. (2017). How to Achieve Energy Efficiency Through Designs in Buildings . medium, 2. Makaa, B.

[5] (march 2017). How to achieve energy efficient buildings. EEEK, 5.

[6] Raney, R. F. (2017). energy efficient materials. how stuff works.

[7] Yüksek, I. (2017). Energy-Efficient Building Design in the Context of Building Life Cycle. intechopen.


© 2019 jetir january 2019, volume 6, issue 1 building ... · building material in energy efficient...

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