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UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

PROPOSED SYLLABUS FOR S.Y.B. Sc. (Physics)

FROM ACADEMIC YEAR 2009-2010

S.Y.B.Sc. (PHYSICS)

Semester I (Paper I)

PH-211 MATHEMATICAL MEHODS IN PHYSICS

CH-1 Complex Numbers (12 Periods)

1.1 Introduction to complex numbers.

1.2 Algebra of complex numbers

1.3 Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers using Argand diagram

1.4 Rectangular, polar and exponential forms of complex numbers.

1.5 De-Moivre’s Theorem (statement only)

1.6 Trigonometric, hyperbolic and exponential functions.

1.7 Powers, roots and log of complex numbers.

1.8 Applications of complex numbers to determine velocity and acceleration in curved motion

1.9 Problems

CH-2 Vector Algebra (04 Periods)

2.1 Introduction to scalars, vectors: dot product and cross product.

2.2 Scalar triple product and its geometrical interpretation.

2.3 Vector triple product and its proof.

2.4 Problems.

CH-3 Vector Analysis (16 Periods)

3.1 Differentiation of vectors with respect to scalar.

3.2 Scalar and vector fields.

3.3 Vector differential operator.

3.4 Gradient of scalar field and its physical significance.

3.5 Divergence of scalar field and its physical significance

3.6 Curl of vector field and its physical significance

3.7 Vector integrals: line, surface and volume integral with their examples.

3.8 Statements of Gauss-Divergence theorem and Stoke’s theorem.

3.9 Vector identities

a. ∇ x ∇ф = 0

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b. ∇ .(∇ x V) = 0

c. ∇ .(∇ф ) = ∇ �ф

d. ∇ .(фA) =∇ф. A + ф (∇ .A)

e. ∇ X (ф A) = ф(∇ X A) + ( ∇ф) X A

f. ∇ .(A X B) = B. ( ∇ X A) – A.( ∇ X B)

3.10 Problems.

CH-4 Partial Differentiation (12 periods)

4.1 Definition of partial differentiation

4.2 Successive differentiation

4.3 Total differentiation

4.4 Exact differential

4.5 Chain rule

4.6 Theorems of differentiation

4.7 Change of variables from Cartesian to polar co-ordinates.

4.8 Implicit and explicit functions

4.9 Conditions for maxima and minima (without proof)

4.10 Problems.

CH-5 Differential Equation (04 Periods)

5.1 Frequently occurring partial differential equations (Cartesian coordinates)

5.2 Degree, order, linearity and homogeneity of differential equation.

5.3 Singular points (x = 0, x = x0) of differential equation.

5.4 Problems.

Reference Books:

1. Methods of Mathematical Physics by Laud, Takwale and Gambhir

2. Mathematical Physics by B. D. Gupta

3. Mathematical Physics by Rajput and Gupta

4. Mathematical Methods in Physical Science by Mary and Boas

5. Vector analysis by Spiegel and Murrey

6. Mathematical Methods for Physicists by Arfken and Weber, 5th Edition, Academic Press.

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S.Y. B.Sc. (Physics)

Semester I (Paper II)

PH-212: ELECTRONICS

(For students Not opting Electronics at F.Y.B.Sc.)

CH-1 Basic Electronic Components 03 Lectures

1.1 Definitions of resistance, capacitance and inductance

1.2 Equations defining resistance, capacitance and inductance

1.3 Concept of reactance and impedance

1.4 Transformers: Centre tapped, Step-up, Step-down, Various energy losses in transformer.

CH- 2 Network Theorems 07 Lectures

2.1 Kirchhoff’s laws (revision)

2.2 Voltage and current divider circuits

2.3 Thevenin's theorem

2.4 Norton's theorem

2.5 Super-position theorem

2.6 Maximum power transfer theorem (All theorems 2.3 to 2.6 without proof)

2.7 Problems.

CH- 3 Semiconductor Devices 12 Lectures

3.1 Revision of bipolar junction transistor, types, symbols and basic action

3.2 Configurations (Common Base, Common Emitter & Common Collector)

3.3 Definition of alpha, beta and their relations.

3.4 Input, output and transfer characteristics of CE and CB configurations.

3.5 Biasing methods

3.6 AC and DC load lines, Operating point (Q point)

3.7 Transistor as a switch, Transistor as an amplifier (only concept)

3.8 Frequency response of CE transistor amplifier

3.9 Unijunction transistor: principle, construction and operation

3.10 Problems.

CH- 4 Operational Amplifiers and Oscillators 12 Lectures

4.1 Operational amplifier: IC 741- Block diagram, Characteristics: ideal and practical

4.2 Concept of virtual ground

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4.3 Inverting and non-inverting operational amplifiers with concept of gain.

4.4 Operational amplifier as an adder and subtracter.

4.5 Oscillators: concept of positive and negative feedback

4.6 Barkhausein criteria for an oscillator

4.7 Phase shift oscillator and Wien bridge oscillator (Derivation for frequency and feedback factor for

both oscillators expected)

4.8 Problems.

CH- 5 Power Supplies 06 Lectures

5.1 Half wave, Full wave and Bridge rectifier, ripple factor, capacitor filter

5.2 Difference between regulated and unregulated power supply

5.3 Definition of Line and Load regulation

5.4 Series and Shunt regulators- Block diagram and circuit of regulated power supply using discrete

components, Simple current limiting circuit

5.5 Problems.

CH- 6 Digital Electronics 08 Lectures

6.1 Number systems: Binary, Binary coded decimal (BCD), Octal, Hexadecimal

6.2 Addition and subtraction of binary numbers and binary fractions using one’s and two’s

complement.

6.3 Basic logic gates: OR, AND, NOT, Derived gates: NOR, NAND, EXOR, EXNOR with symbols

and truth tables

6.4 Boolean Algebra, Boolean Equations

6.5 De Morgan's theorems and its verification

6.6 Problems.

Reference Books:

1 Electronics Principles, Malvino, 7th Edition TaTa Mc-Graw Hills.

2 Principles of Electronics, V. K. Mehta, S. Chand Publication New Delhi.

3 Op Amp and Linear integrated circuits, Ramakant Gaikwad, Prentice Hall of India Pub.

4 Integrated Circuts, Botkar, Khanna Publications, New Delhi

5 Digital Principles and Applications, Malvino and Leech Tata Mc-Graw Hills Pub.

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S.Y.B.Sc. (PHYSICS)

Semester I (Paper II) (for students opting Electronics as one of the subjects at F.Y. B. Sc)

PH-212: INSTRUMENTATION

CH -1 Fundamentals of Measurement (16 periods)

1.1 Aims of measurement

1.2 Functional elements of typical measurement system (block diagram)

1.3 Standards of measurement (mass, length, time and current)

1.4 Static characteristics (accuracy, precision, sensitivity, linearity, repeatability, reproductibility,

drift, dead zone, hysteresis, resolution)

1.5 Dynamic characteristics: concept, first and second order system

Example of first order: resistance transducer and thermal element

Example of second order: U-tube manometer and seismic motion

Speed of response, fidelity and lag.

1.6 Errors in measurements.

1.7 Transducers (Definition, classification and characteristics)

1.8 Problems.

CH-2 Measurement of Displacement and Force (06 periods)

2.1 Measurement of displacement (variable resistance, variable inductance, variable capacitance

method.)

2.2 Measurement of force (load cell, column type devices, cantilever beam.)

2.3 Problems.

CH-3 Measurement of Pressure and Flow (12 periods)

3.1 Units of pressure and concept of vacuum, Absolute gauge and differential pressure.

3.2 Elastic transducers (diaphragm, corrugated diaphragm, bellows and Bourden tube.)

3.3 Electrical type- LVDT, strain gauge, piezoelectric.

3.4 Pressure transducer calibration by dead weight tester method.

3.5 Measurement of flow (Type of flow, classification of flow meters, Bernoulli’s theorem [statement

only] Venturi tube, Pitot tube, rotameter, ultrasonic flow meter.)

3.6 Problems.

CH-4 Measurement of Magnetic Field (06 periods)

4.1 Introduction to magnetic materials.

4.2 Hysterisis loop and its application.

4.3 Ballistic method for obtaining B-H curve

4.4 Measurement of magnetic field by search coil and Hall probe.

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4.5 Problems.

CH-5 Biomedical and Environmental Instruments (08 periods)

5.1 Block diagram of ECG, MRI and B.P. apparatus- full form ECG, MRI, BP.

5.2 Pyranometer for solar radiation measurement.

5.3 Acoustics measurements, characteristic of sound, sound pressure and power level, Block diagram

of sound level meter.

5.4 Hair Hygrometer, Smoke density measurement.

5.5 Problems.

Reference Books:

1. Instrumentation Device and System, Rangan, Mani Sharma, Tata Mc Graw Hill

2. Instrumentation Measurement and Analysis, Nakra, Choudhari, Tata Mc Graw Hill

3. Solar Energy, S.P. Sukhatme, Mc Graw Hill

4. Electricity & Magnetism, Khare, Shrivastav

5. Medical Instrumentation, Karr-Brown

6. Air pollution, M.N.Rao, H.V. Rao, Tata Mc Graw Hill

7. Hand Book of Biomedical Instrumentation, R.S.Kandpur, Tata Mc Graw Hill

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S.Y.B.Sc. (PHYSICS)

Semester II (Paper I)

PH-221: OSCILLATIONS, WAVES AND SOUND

CH- 1 Undamped Free Oscillations (09 periods)

1.1 Different types of equilibria (stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium)

1.2 Potential well and periodic oscillations, Approximation of a general potential well V(x) to a

parabola for small oscillations

1.3 Definition of linear and angular S.H.M.

1.4 Differential equation of S.H.M. and its solution (exponential form)

1.5 Composition of two perpendicular linear S.H.Ms. for frequencies 1:1 and 1:2 (analytical method)

1.6 Lissajous’s figures and its uses, Applications (mechanical, electrical and optical)

1.7 Problems.

CH- 2 Damped Oscillations (09 periods)

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Differential equation of damped harmonic oscillator and its solution, discussion of different cases.

2.3 Logarithmic decrement

2.4 Energy equation of damped oscillations

2.5 Power dissipation

2.6 Quality factor

2.7 Application: LCR series circuit

2.8 Problems.

CH- 3 Forced Oscillations (10 periods)

3.1 Forced oscillation with one degree of freedom

3.2 Differential equation of forced oscillation and its solution (transient and steady state) Amplitude

of forced oscillation

3.3 Resonance and its examples: mechanical (Barton’s pendulum), optical (sodium vapor lamp),

electrical (LCR Circuit)

3.4 Velocity and Amplitude resonance

3.5 Sharpness of resonance

3.6 Energy of forced oscillations

3.7 Power dissipation

3.8 Quality factor and Bandwidth

3.9 Application of forced oscillations (LCR circuit)

3.10 Equation of coupled oscillations, electrically coupled oscillations

3.11 Problems

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CH- 4 Wave Motion (08 periods)

4.1 Differential equations of wave motion in continuous media

4.2 Equations for longitudinal waves and it’s solution (one dimension only)

4.3 Equation for transverse waves and its solution (one dimension only)

4.4 Energy density and intensity of a wave

4.5 Discussion of seismic waves

4.6 Problems

CH- 5 Doppler Effect (06 periods)

5.1 Explanation of Doppler effect in sound

5.2 Expression for apparent frequency in different cases.

5.3 Asymmetric nature of Doppler effect in sound

5.4 Doppler effect in light, symmetric nature of Doppler effect in light.

5.5 Applications: Red shift, Violet shift, Radar, Speed trap, Width of a spectral line.

5.6 Problems

CH- 6 Sound (06 periods)

6.1 Definition of sound intensity, loudness, pitch, quality and timber

6.2 Acoustic intensity level measurement

6.3 Acoustic pressure and it’s measurement

6.4 Reverberation time and Reverberation of a hall

6.5 Sabine’s formula (without derivation)

6.6 Stroboscope

6.7 Problems

Reference Books:

1. Waves and Oscillations, Stephenson

2. The physics of waves and oscillations, N. K. Bajaj, Tata McGraw- Hill, Publishing co. ltd.

3. Fundamentals of vibration and waves, S. P. Puri, Tata McGraw- Hill, Publishing co. ltd.

4. A text book of sound, Subramanyam and Brijlal, Vikas Prakashan

5. Sound, Mee, Heinmann, Edition - London

6. Waves and Oscillations, R.N. Chaudhari, New age international (p) ltd.

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S.Y.B.Sc. (PHYSICS)

SEMESTER II (PAPER II)

PH-222: OPTICS

CH- 1 Geometrical Optics (Lectures 08)

1.1 Introduction to development of Optics

1.2 Lenses: thin and thick lenses

1.3 Lens equation

1.4 Lens maker’s formula

1.5 Cardinal points of an optical system

1.6 Combination of two thin lenses (equivalent lenses) (including derivation for focal length and

cardinal points).

1.7 Problems.

CH- 2 Lens Aberrations (Lectures 08)

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Types of aberrations: monochromatic and chromatic aberration

2.3 Types of monochromatic aberration and their reduction

2.3.1 Spherical aberration

2.3.2 Coma

2.3.3 Astigmatism

2.3.4 Curvature of field

2.3.5 Distortion

2.4 Types of chromatic aberration: Achromatism (lenses in contact and separated by finite

distance)

2.5 Problems.

CH- 3 Optical Instruments (Lectures 10)

3.1 Simple microscope and Compound microscope

3.2 Telescopes, Reflection and transmission type of telescope

3.3 Eyepieces: Huygen’s eyepiece, Ramsden’s eyepiece, Gauss’s eyepiece

3.4 Constant deviation spectrometer

3.5 Problems

CH- 4 Interference and Diffraction (Lectures 12)

4.1 Classification of interference of thin films, Interference by division of amplitude

4.2 Interference by wedge shaped film: Interference due to reflected light and transmitted light.

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4.3 Fringes of equal inclination, equal thickness, equal chromatic order (FECO fringes), colors of

thin films

4.4 Interferometry: Michelson’s interferometer and Fabry-Perot interferometer

4.5 Types of diffraction: Fresenel’s diffraction and Fraunhoffer’s diffraction

4.6 Fraunhoffer’s diffraction at double slit and its analytical treatment, Fraunhoffer’s diffraction

at N slits

4.7 Plane diffraction grating

4.8 Rayleigh’s criterian for resolution

4.9 Resolving power of a grating

4.7 Problems

CH- 5 Polarization (Lectures 10)

5.1 Introduction to polarization

5.2 Types of polarization- plane, circular, elliptical

5.3 Polarization by reflection of light

5.4 Brewster’s law

5.5 Law of Malus

5.6 Polarisation by double refracting uniaxial crystals

5.7 Linear polarizer (Polaroid)

5.8 Fabrication of linear polarizer by Nicol prism

5.9 Problems.

Reference Books:

1. Optics, fourth edition, Pearson education, E. Hetch, A. R. Genesan

2. A Text book of Optics, N.Subhramanyam, Brijlal, M. N. Avadhanulu, S. Chand publication.

3. Introduction to Optics, Third Edition, F.L. Pedrotti, Pearson Education

4. Physical Optics by A.K.Ghatak, McMillan, New Delhi

5. Fundamental of Optics, F.A.Jenkins, H.E.White, McGraw-Hill international Edition.

6. Principles of optics, D.S. Mathur, Gopal Press, Kanpur

7. Optics and Atomic physics, D.P.Khandhelwal, Himalaya Publication Bombay.

8. Fundamentals of optics- Francies A Jenking, Harvey E.White, Tata McGraw Hill

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S. Y. B. Sc. (PHYSICS)

PAPER III (SEMESTER I and II)

PH-223: PRACTICAL COURSE

Section I: 1) Oscillations, Waves and Sound (Any 4 experiments)

1. Resonance Pendulum: Determination of acceleration due to grevity (g)

2. Logarithmic decrement (in air and water)

3. Study of coupled oscillators comprising two simple pendulum (Mechanical)

4. Study of oscillations under gravitational and magnetic field.

5. Velocity of sound by Ruben’s flame method

6. Stroboscope: Determination of frequency of AC mains or tuning fork.

7. Measurement of coefficient of absorption of sound for different materials (cork, thermocol,

mica, paper etc.)

8. Velocity of sound by phase shift method.

9. Audibility of human ear.

10. Directional characteristics of Microphone.

2) Optics (Any 4 experiments)

1. Newton’s Ring: Determination of wavelength of monochromatic light source (λ)

2. Dispersive power of glass prism

3. Total internal reflection (using spectrometer, Na/Hg Source, glass prism) and determination of

refractive index of a liquid.

4. Diffraction at straight edge/cylindrical obstacle

5. Optical activity of sugar solution (polarimeter)

6. Goniometer to determine cardinal points and focal length.

7. To determine temperature of sodium flame.

8. Dobule refracting prism.

Section II: 1) Electronics/Instrumentation (Any 6 experiments)

1. Circuit Theorems. (Thevenin’s, Norton’s and Maximum power transfer theorem)

2. Transistor characteristics (CE configuration)

3. RC coupled transistor amplifier (single stage)

4. Study of rectifiers (half wave and full wave), line and load regulations

5. I-V characteristics of UJT

6. Zener as a regulator.

7. Study of Wein bridge/Phase shift oscillator (using IC 741)

8. OPAMP as inverting and non inverting amplifier

9. OPAMP as an adder/subtractor.

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10. Study of logic gates (using IC) and verification of De Morgan’s theorem.

11. Use of CRO (AC/DC voltage measurement, frequency measurement).

12. To measure displacement (linear and angular) using potentiometer/variable inductor/variable

capacitor.

13. To measure force using load cell.

14. To measure pressure using elastic diaphragm (in variable Capacitor/Bourden Tube)

15. To measure magnetic field using Hall Probe.

2) Computer (2 experiments)

1. Plotting of given data with Excel software.

2. Plotting various trigonometric functions using Excel/origin/graph softwares.

Ex: xn and sin x

ex and log x

e-x and cos x

log10x and tan x

Additional Activities (Any Two)

1) Demonstrations- Any 4 demonstrations equivalent to 2 experiments

2) Study tour with report equivalent to 2 experiments

3) Mini project equivalent to 2 experiments

4) Computer aided demonstrations (Using computer simulations or animations) (Any 2

demonstrations equivalent to 2 experiments)

Students have to perform at least two additional activities in addition to sixteen experiments

mentioned above. Total laboratory work with additional activities should be equivalent to twenty

experiments.

T.Y.B.Sc. Physics / 3

3

Proposed structure of T.Y.B.Sc (Physics) Syllabus

Sem III Sem IV

PH-331: Mathematical Methods in Physics PH 341: Solid State Physics

PH-332 Classical Electrodynamics PH-342: Quantum Mechanics

PH-333: Classical Mechanics PH-343: Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

PH-334: Atomic and Molecular Physics PH-344: Nuclear Physics

PH-335:‘C’ Programming and Computational

Physics PH-345: Electronics/Advanced Electronics

PH-336 Elective I : (Select any One) PH-346 Elective II : (Select any One)

A: Astronomy and Astrophysics F: Renewable Energy Sources

B: Elements of Materials Science G: Physics of Nanomaterials

C: Motion Picture Physics H: Microcontrollers

D: Biophysics I: Electro Acoustics and Entertainment Electronics

E: Medical Electronics J: Lasers

PH-347: Laboratory Course I

PH-348: Laboratory Course II

PH-349: Laboratory Course III (Project)


4

T.Y.B.Sc (Physics) Course Equivalence

Old Courses New Courses

PH-331: Mathematical Methods in Physics

PH-341: Solid State Physics

PH 331: Mathematical Methods in Physics

PH 341: Solid State Physics

PH-332 Classical Electrodynamics

PH-342: Quantum Mechanics

PH-332 Classical Electrodynamics


PH-333: Classical Mechanics

PH-343: Thermodynamics and Statistical

Physics

PH-333: Classical Mechanics

PH-343: Thermodynamics and Statistical

Physics

PH-334: Atomic and Molecular Physics

PH-344: Nuclear Physics


PH-344: Nuclear Physics


Physics

PH-345: Electronics/Advanced Electronics


Physics

PH-345: Electronics/Advanced Electronics

PH-347: Laboratory Course I PH-347: Laboratory Course I

PH-348: Laboratory Course II PH-348: Laboratory Course II

PH-349: Laboratory Course III (Project) PH-349: Laboratory Course III (Project)

PH-336: Elective- I (Select Any One) PH-336: Elective- I (Select Any One)

A: Astronomy and Astrophysics I and II A. Astronomy and Astrophysics *

D: Biophysics I & II D. Biophysics *

G: Communication Electronics I & II G: Communication Electronics I & II *

H: Electro-Acoustics & Entertainment

Electronics I & II

H: Electro Acoustics and Entertainment

Electronics *

E: Medical Instrumentation I & II E. Medical Electronics *

C: Motion Picture Physics I & II C. Motion Picture Physics *

F: Renewable Energy Sources I & II F. Renewable Energy Sources *

I: Basic Microprocessor & Programming I & II I: Microcontrollers *

B: Elements of Materials Science

(PH 336/ PH 346)

B. Elements of Materials Science

(PH 336 (B))

J: Lasers (PH 336/ PH 346) J: Lasers (PH 346 (J))


5

K: Vacuum Technology K: Vacuum Technology *

L: Auxiliary Electronics L: Auxiliary Electronics *

*- Question paper should be set for three successive turns from Academic Year 2010-11.

There after student has to opt new elective course (s).

ATKT RULES:- Existing rules shall apply. Structure of Question paper:- Existing structure shall continue.


6

PH-331: Mathematical Methods in Physics

1) Introduction to partial differential equations: (13 L)

Frequently occurring partial differential equations, degree, order, linearity and

homogeneity (revision), Method of separation of variables, Singular points,

Fuch’s theorem (Statement only), Frobenius method for power series solution of

Legendre, Hermite and Bessel differential equation.

Problems

2) Special functions: (11 L)

Generating function for Legendre, Hermite, Recurrence relation, their

differential equations and orthogonality properties. Bessel function of first kind

and their properties.

Problems

3) Curvilinear co-ordinate system: (12 L)

Introduction to Cartesian, Spherical polar and Cylindrical coordinate systems,

transformation equations.

General curvilinear coordinate system: Co-ordinate surface, co-ordinate lines,

length, surfaces and volume elements in curvilinear co-ordinate system, metric

coefficient.

Orthogonal Curvilinear coordinate system, Expressions for gradient,

divergence, Laplacian and Curl , special case for gradient, divergence,

Laplacian, and curl in Cartesian, spherical polar and cylindrical co-ordinate

system.

Problems

4) The Special Theory of Relativity:

1. Concept of space, time and mas (absolute and invariant nature according to

Newtonian Mechanics), frames of reference, Newtonian relativity, Galilean

transformation and its inverse. (02 L)

2. The need for ether hypothesis, Michelson-Morley Experiment and its result

along with explanation provided by MM, Fitzgerald and Einstein. (02 L)


7

3. Einstein’s Postulates, Lorentz transformation and its inverse, geometry of

relativity (relativity of simultaneity, lorentz contraction, time dilation, twin

paradox, barn and ladder paradox, structure of space-time. (04 L)

4. Additon of velocities, concept of expanding universe (01 L)

5. Relativistic mass (rest mass is least), mass and evergy (E=mc2), relativistic

momentum and energy (massless particle, Compton scattering)

Problems (03 L)

Reference Books:

1. Mathematical Physics – P. K. Chattopadhyay New Age International

Publishers.

2. Mathematical methods in the Physical Sciences (Second Edition) – Marry L.

Boas John Willy and Sons Publication.

3. Fourier series – Seymour Lipschutz, Schaum outlines series.

4. Laplace transform : Seymour Lipschutz, Schaum outlines series.

5. Mathematical methods for Physicists : Weber and Arfken. (6th edition )

Academic press – N. Y.

6. Introduction to Special Relativity – Robert Resnick Wiley Eastern Ltd.

7. Physics, 4th Edition, volume I, Resnik, Halliday, Krane, John Wiley and Sons

Ltd.


8

PH-332: Classical Electrodynamics

1. Electrostatics: (16 L)

1. Coulomb’s law, Gauss law, Electric field, Electrostatic Potential.

2. Potential energy of system of charges.

3. Boundary Value problems in electrostatics-solution of Laplace equation in

Cartesian system.

4. Method of image charge.

Examples of 1) point charge near an infinite grounded conducting plane.

2) Point charge near grounded conducting sphere.

5. Polarization P, Electric displacement D, Electric susceptibility and dielectric

constant, bound volume and surface charge densities.

6. Electric field at an exterior and interior point of dielectric.

Problems:

2. Magnetostatics: (16 L)

Biot-savart law, Ampere’s law for force between two current carrying loops,

Ampere’s circuital law,

Equation of continuity, Magnetic vector potential A.

Energy density in magnetic field, magnetization of matter (B,H,M)

Magnetic susceptibility and permeability.

Hysteresis loss, B-H curve.

Diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances.

3. Electrodynamics: (16 L)

1. Time varying fields: Faradays law of induction, generalization of Amperes’ law,

Maxwell’s equation (Differential and Integral form)

2. Wave equation and plane waves in free space.

3. Poynting theorem, Polarizations of plane wave.

4. Microscopic form of ohm’s law (J=σ.E)


9

Reference Books:

1) Introduction to Electrodynamics - By D. J. Griffith

2) Classical Electrodynamics – By J. D. Jackson.

3) Introduction to Electrodynamics - By A. Z. Capri, Panat

4) Electricity and magnetism – By Reitz and Milford


10

PH 333: Classical Mechanics

1. Mechanics of system of particles: (10 L)

1. Introduction (review of classical mechanics)

2. Applications of Newton’s laws of motion-Projectile motion in resistive medium,

Rocket Motion of a charged particle in constant electric, magnetic and

electromagnetic field.

3. System of particles, Centre of mass, Conservation of linear momentum, angular

momentum, energy of system of particles (statements only)

Problems

Ref: 1 Ch. 3, Ref: 2 Ch 1

2. Motion in Central Force Field: (10 L)

1. Central force, equivalent one body problem

2. Motion in central force field

3. General features of motion, equation of orbit

4. Deduction of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion

5. Orbits of artificial satellite

Problems

Ref: 1 Ch. 5, Ref: 2 Ch 4

3. Scattering of particles: (10 L)

Elastic and inelastic scattering

Elastic scattering-Laboratory and centre of mass system

Relation between scattering angles in laboratory and centre of mass system

Inelastic scattering-cross section, differential cross section, total cross section,

impact Parameter.

4. Langrangian and Hamiltonian formulation: (10 L)

1. Limitations of Newtonian formulation

2. Types of constraints, degrees of freedom, generalized co-ordinates,

configuration space

3. D’ Alembert’s principle of virtual work

4. Langrangian equation from D’ Alembert’s principle, cyclic co-ordinates

5. Phase space, Hamiltonian’s equations


11

Problems

Ref: 1 Ch. 8, Ref: 3

5. Moving coordinate system: (08 L)

Inertial and Non-inertial frames of references, Galilean invariance

Rotating co-ordinate system

Corioli’s force

Effect of Corioli’s force on cyclone formation, river flow, flight of missiles

and freely falling body on Earth’s surface

Problems

Ref: 1 Ch. 9, Ref: 4

Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Classical Mechanics, R. G. Takawale, P. S. Puranik, Tata Mc

Graw Hill publishing Company Ltd.

2. Classical Mechanics, N. C. Rana, P. S. Joag, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing

company Ltd.

3. Principles of mechanics, J. L. Synge, B. A. Griffith, Tata Mc Graw Hill

Publishing company Ltd.

4. Classical Mechanics, Herbert Goldstein, Narosa Publishing House


12


1. Atomic structure (6 L)

1. Rutherford model of atom

2. Electron orbits

3. Bohr atom

4. Energy levels and spectra

(1 to 4 Revision)

5. Vector atom model (Concepts of space and quantization and electron spin)

6. Atomic excitation and atomic spectra

Problems

Ref: 1 ch-4

2. One and two valence electron systems (14 L)

1. Pauli Exclusing principle and electron configuration, quantum states, Spectral

notations of quantum states.

2. Spin-Orbit Interaction (Single valence electron atom), Energy levels of Na atom,

selection rules, spectra of sodium atom, sodium Doublet.

3. Spectral terms of two electron atoms, terms for equivalent electrons, L-S and J-

J coupling schemes.

4. Singlet-Triplet separation for interaction energy of L-S coupling. Lande Inteval

rule, spectra of Helium atom

Problems

Ref: 1 ch-7

Ref. 2 ch-8 and ch-12

3. Zeeman Effect (4 L)

1. Early discoveries and developments

2. Experimental arrangement

3. Normal and anomalous Zeeman Effect

Problems

Ref: 2 ch-10

4. X-ray spectroscopy (6 L)

1. Nature of X-rays


13

2. Discrete and continuous X-ray spectra, Daune and Hunt’s Rule

3. X-ray emission spectra

4. Mosley’s law and its applications

5. Auger effect

Problems

Ref: 2 ch-16

5. Molecular spectroscopy (10 L)

1. Rotational energy levels

2. Vibrational energy levels

3. Rotational and Vibrational spectra

4. Electronic spectra of molecules

Problems

Ref: 1 ch- 8

6. Raman spectroscopy (8 L)

1. Classical theory of Raman Effect. Molecular polarizability

2. Quantum theory of Raman Effect

3. Experimental set up for Raman Effect

4. Applications of Raman spectroscopy

Ref: 3 ch-4

Reference Books:

1. Concepts of Modern Physics 4th edition

- Arthur Baiser (Mc-Graw Hill International edition)

2. Introduction to Atomic spectra

-White.H.E (Mc-Graw Hill International edition)

3. Fundamentals of Molecular spectroscopy

-C.N Banwell and E.M McCash (Mc-Graw Hill International edition)

4. Modern Physics

-J.B.Rajam


14

PH-335: ‘C’ Programming and Computational Physics

1. Concepts of programming: (04 L)

Definition and Properties of algorithms,

Algorithm development,

Flow charts- symbols and simple flowcharts.

2. C Programming (28 L)

Introduction: Structure of C program, Character set, key words, Constants and

variables, Variable names, Data types and their declarations, Symbolic Constants.

Operators and Expressions: Arithmetic Operators, Relational Operators, Logical

Operators, Assignment Operators, Conditional Operator.

Input/output functions: scanf ( ), printf ( ), getchar ( ), putchar ( ), getch ( ),

Formatted input/output, gets ( ), puts ( ).

Control statements: If, if else, while, do while for loop, nested control structures

(nested if, nested loops), break, continue, switch- case statement, goto statement.

Use of Library functions: e.g. mathematical, trigonometric, graphics.

Arrays: 1-D, 2-D and String

Concept of Pointers

User defined functions: Definitions and declaration of function, function

prototype, passing arguments (Call by value, Call by reference).

Storage Classes: Auto, External, Static, Register variables.

File handling: Use of text files- Reading and writing

Graphics: Some simple graphic commands- Line, Circle, Arc, Ellipse, Bar.

3. Computational Physics: [16 L]

1. Errors in Computation: Inherent errors in storing

Numbers due to finite bit representation to use in

Computer, Truncation error, round off errors (Explain with the help of examples)

2. Iterative methods: Discussion of algorithm and flowcharts and writing C

programs for finding single root of equation using bi-section method, Newton-

Raphson method.

3. Least Square Curve fitting: Discussion of algorithm and flowcharts and writing

C program for straight line fit with example in physics.


15

4. Discussion of algorithm and flowcharts and writing C program for trapezoidal

rule and Simpson’s 1/3rd rule (derivation of formula is not expected).

Reference Books:

1. Programming in C- (Schaum’s series) Gottfreid TMH

2. Programming in C- Balgurusami Prentice Hall publications

3. Let us C- Yashwant Kanetkar BPB publications

4. Programming with C- K.R. Venugopal, S. R. Prasad, TMH.

5. Introductory methods of numerical analysis-S. Sastry Prentice Hall

6. Computer oriented numerical methods – V. Rajaraman.

7. Mastering turbo C- Stan Kelly- Bootle, BPB publications.

Following programs may be discussed thoroughly in theory lectures:

1. Sum of digits of an integer

2. To find factorial of a number

3. Checking and printing of prime numbers

4. Generation of Fibonacci numbers

5. To find sin(X), cos(X) using series method

6. Sorting of (1) Numerical data (2) Character type data- ascending, descending.

7. Use of pointers – sorting (any one method of sorting)

8. Matrix operations – addition, subtraction, multiplication

9. Graphics- line, circle, arc, bar, ellipse.

10. Graphics- Drawing of Miller planes

11. Root of equation-Bisection method, Newton Raphson method

12. Numerical integration- Trapezoidal, Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.

13. Least square curve fitting- data for ohm’s law (given V and corresponding I ).

14. Use of text files – storage and retrieval of data


16

PH-336 Elective I-A: Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. Fundamentals of Astronomy: (8 L)

Introduction: Components of the Universe; Stars, Planets, Asteroids, Meteors,

Comets, Galaxies.

Solar System: Age, Origin

Basic measurements: Planetary orbits, distances, physical size, mass, density,

temperature, rotation period determination, Kepler’s laws

EM Spectrum: radiation from heated objects’, Wien’s law, radiation curves,

Doppler effect.

2. Astronomical Instruments: (10 L)

Optical telescopes, mounts, light gathering power, magnification, resolution.

Spectroscopes, CCD camera, photometer, filters

Radio telescopes, interferometry

UV, IR, X-ray and Gamma ray telescopes.

Orbiting space based telescopes: HST, Chandra.

Star and Star Systems (10 L)

Stars life cycle, Stellar processes (Nuclear). Neutron stars, black holes,

Chandrasekhar limit. Spectral classification of stars, O,B,A,F,G,K,M.

Star Sytems: Binaries / Cepheids / RR Lyrae

HR diagram: Significance

Sun: Solar Cycle, Activity, Butterfly diagram, Photosphoric phenomenon

Stars as distance estimators

Galaxies, Dark Matter and Dark Energy (6 L)

Galaxies, types, their formation, Quazars

Hubble’s tuning fork diagram

Open and Globular clusters

Dark Matter / Energy (evidence for both)

Cosmology: (6 L)

Theories: BBT, Steady State, Oscillating Universe Theory

Hubble’s law with equation, its significance

Concept of space time, fate of our universe


17

Multiverse (only introduction)

Observational Astronomy: (8 L)

Co-ordinate system, Celestial hemisphere, Concept of time, Magnitudes:

apparent and absolute, constellations.

Star dial, Observation of Sun, Eclipses, Moon, planets, meteor showers,

transits, occultation’s.

List of Reference Books:

1. Astronomy structure of the Universe. A.E. Roy and D. Clarke, adam Hilger

Pub.

2. Source Book of Space Sciences, Samuel Galsstone; D.Van Nostrand Co. Inc

3. Astrophysics - Stars and Galaxiesl, K.D. Abhyankar, Tata McGraw Hill Pub.

4. Textbook of Astronomy and Astrophysics with elements of cosmology, V.B.

Bhatia, Narosa Pub.

5. Structure of the Universe, J.V. Narlikar

6. Astrophysics, Badyanath Basu.

List of experiments:

1. Study of Binocular, refracting and reflecting telescopes and their mounts.

2. To determine the diameter of the Moon.

3. Measurement of Solar Constant.

4. Observation of emission, continuous and absorption spectra. (Mercury,

sodium or iodine spectra could be obtained.)

5. To determine the temperature of an artificial star.

6. To observe the Fraunhofer lines in sunlight and determine the elements

present.

7. To obtain the Solar image on the screen and trace our the existing sunspots.

8. To locate and observe the various stars, constellation, planets.


18

PH-336 Elective I-B: Elements of Materials Science

1. Properties of Materials: (3L+1P)

1. Introduction.

2. Mechanical Properties- Stress, Strain, Elastic Strain, Plastic Strain, strength,

plasticity, Ductility, Hardness, Toughness, Malleability, Creep, Fatigue, Stiffness,

Fracture.

3. Thermal Properties: Specific Heat, Thermal Expansion, Thermal Conductivity.

4. Electrical Properties: Resistivity, Conductivity, dielectric strength.

5. Magnetic Properties: magnetic susceptibility, Giant Magnetic Resonance (GMR).

6. Structure, properties and processing relationships.

2. Atomic Disorder in Materials: (7L+1P)

1. Impurities in solids.

2. Solid solutions in metals.

3. Rules of solid solubility.

4. Imperfection in crystals.

5. Defects in solids-point, line, surface and volume.

6. Atomic diffusions- definition, mechanism, Fick’s laws.

3. Single Phase Metals: (6L+1P)

1. Single phase alloys

2. Deformation

3. Elastic Deformation

4. Plastic Deformation

5. Mechanism of plastic Deformation- by slip

6. Critical resolved shear stress (CRSS)

7. Plastic deformation in poly crystalline materials

4. Molecular Phases: (7L+1P)

1. Introduction

2. Polymers


19

3. Polymerization

4. Molecular weight of polymers

5. Linear polymers- addition and condensation

6. Cross linked polymer- vulcanization of rubber

5. Ceramic Materials: (10L)

1. Ceramic Phases

2. Classification of ceramic materials

3. Ceramic crystals (AX)

4. Mechanical behaviour of ceramics

5. Electromagnetic behaviour of ceramics –

a) Electric properties- dielectrics, semiconductors, piezoelectric

b) Magnetic Properties- Magnetic Ceramics, Ferrites [Normal (MnFe2O4) and

Inverse (Fe3O4)], hard and soft magnets.

6. Phase Diagrams: (9L+2P)

1. Basic terms-System, Surrounding, Component, Co-ordinates, Phase,

Equilibrium.

2. Phase Diagram- definition, importance and objective

3. Lever rule

4. Gibb’s phase rule

5. Phase diagram of

a) Sugar water

b) NaCl water

6. Types of phase diagrams with construction

a) Type I- Lens type- Cu-Ni phase diagram

b) Type II- Only introduction

c) Type III- Eutectic type-Pb-Sn phase diagram

7. Isothermal cuts

8. Material balance


20

Reference books:

1. Elements of materials science and Engineering-I.H.Vanvlach (4th Edition)

2. Materials science and Engineering- V. Raghvan

List of experiments:

1. To determine the dipole moment of a given liquid

2. To determine magnetic susceptibility of FeCl3

3. To determine the specific heat of graphite

4. Determination of the yield point and the breaking point of an elastic material


21

PH-336 Elective I-C: Motion Picture Physics

1. Introduction: (6 L)

S. L. R. camera, T. L. R. camera, focal plane shutter, composition of films

and paper (B/W) and colour reversal film, shutter speed and Aperture

2. Camera lenses: (5 L)

Aberrations in lens, angle f view, perspective and its types, camera formats,

normal, wide angle, telephoto, zoom, filters

3. Processing of photographic materials: (8 L)

Different stages involved in processing B/W printing and colour printing,

chemicals used in B/W processing.

Colour processes- E-6, C-41, EP-2, RA-4.

Factors affecting in developing process (B/W)

Master print dupe negative, release print, rush print

4. Printing Techniques: (4 L)

B/W enlarger, its construction and working, contact printing and projection

printing, printing methods (color).

5. Lighting and special effects: (10 L)

Light sources and their characteristics

Laboratory special effects: Matte printing, Traveling mattes, slow motion,

fast motion, freeze action, reverse action, blow up, and flip over.

6. Motion picture techniques: (8 L)

Essential parts of movie camera, camera lenses and types, lenses for wide

screens, shutter, intermittent, motor drive, view drive, view finders and their

types, magazine, camera accessories, camera movements, shots, sound

recording on film, optical recording.

7. Projection mechanism: (7 L)

The projector and its essential parts, intermittent mechanism, drive

mechanism, spool boxes, light sources, projection lens, projection screen

and their formats.


22

Reference Books :

1. Basic photography – M.J.Lagford, Focal press (London).

2. Advanced photography - M.J.Lagford, Focal press (London).

3. Professional photography - M.J.Lagford, Focal press (London).

4. Basic Motion picture technology – L. Bernard Happe, Focal press (London).

List of Experiments: Demonstrations

1. Study of S.L.R camera

2. Study of different camera lenses

5. Study of B/W enlarger

6. Study of color enlarger

A. Experiments to be performed :

1. Observe the effect of shutter speed.

2. Contact printing from B/W negative.

3. Projection printing from B/W negative.

4. Shooting and outdoor Scene (B/W or Color).

5. Processing an exposed B/W negative film.

6. Printing from processed color negative film.

7. Shooting a still life (B/W or Color).

8. Shooting and arranging a group photograph.

9. Observe the effect of aperture on depth of film.

10. Portrait Lighting (B/W Film).

Visits: Visits to projection rooms should be arranged wherever feasible.

Note: B/W or Color Film can be used as per situation.


23

PH-336 Elective I-D: Biophysics

1. Introduction of Biophysics

1.1 Definition and History of Biophysics (3L)

1.2 Cell: Animal and plant cell, types of cell and composition, Functional

aspects of cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria,

chloroplast (Bioenergetics of mitochondria and chloroplast) (4L)

1.3 Protein structure: Amino-acids structure, Bond length, Bond angles,

peptides, and Bond-Rigid planer peptides.

Cis and trans configuration, torsion angle, Ramchandran plot.

Photosynthesis process:- electron transport, Gibbs’s free energy,

Redox couple. (5L)

1.4 Genetic code- symmetry, DNA structure (2L)

2. Biopotentials

2.1 Bioelectric signals: structure of neuron, resting potential, action

Potential, Nernst equation (3L)

2.2 Biopotntial amplifier: input impedance, frequency characteristics,

gain, CMRR, Calibration, Noise, Temperature sensitive stability. (2L)

2.3 Compaind action potentials of the human body ECG, EEG, ERG,

EOG (in brief) (4L)

2.4 Transducers: Definition, types- resistive, capacitive and inductive

transducers, LVDT, photo diode (2L)

2.5 Bioelectrodes_- Half cell potential, polarizable and non-polarizable

electrodes, metal and glass electrodes, types and electric

characteristics (3L)

3. Bioinstruments

Basic principle, Construction and working of colorimeters,

spectrophotometer, ECG machine, PH meter, Centrifuge measurement.

(10L)

Electro microscope: SEM, TEM. (4L)

4. Radiation Biophysics

4.1 Definition, Units of Radioactivity and radiation doses, X-Ray


24

Crystallography as a method for a structure determination of

biomolecules NMR. (3L)

4.2 Nuclear detector, radioimmunoassays (in brief) (3L)

Reference Books:

1 Introduction to Biophysics - by P. Narayanan. New Age P.

2 Medical Instrumentation - by Khandpur, TMH

3 Laboratory Manuals of Biophysics Instruments - by P.B. Vidyasagar

4. Biophysics -by Vatsala Piramal, Dominant Publisher and Distributors,

New Delhi-110002

5. Textbook of Biophysics - by R.N. Roy

6. Photosynthesis - by Hall and Rao.

List of Experiment

1. Recording and analysis of ECG signals

2. Verification of Beers and Lambert’s Law

3. Absorption spectrum of Blood/Chlorophyll.

4. PH Value of Ammino acids.

5. Study of DNA melting

6. Bimolecular model building using standard kits.


25

PH-336 Elective I - E: Medical Electronics

1. Introduction: (10 L)

Essential features of instruments, Need of instruments in medicine.

Basic transducers and principles. Conversion of physiological changes into

electrical signals, Displacement measurements, resistive transducers, Bridge

circuits, Inductive, Piezoelectric, Capacitive transducers, Temperature radiation

thermometry.

2. Biopotential Electrodes: (10 L)

Electrode-electrolyte interface, polarization, polarization and non-polrizable

electrodes, microelectrodes. Electrocardiography, Standard limb leads, Augmented

limb leads, Functional blocks of electrocardiogram. Pacemakers.

3. Amplifiers and Signal Processing: (08 L)

Ideal Op Amps, Differential amplifiers, Integrator, differentiators, Active filters,

Impendance matching, Instrumentation Amplifier.

4. Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation: (08 L)

Spectrophotometry, Blood gas and acid base measurements, chromatography,

electrophoresis, and heamatology, Cultural counting for blood cell count.

5. Measurements of Pressure and Volume Flow of Blood: (12 L)

Direct measurements of blood pressure, Band requirements for measurements,

indirect measurements of BP. Heart sounds, Photocardiography,

Indicator dilution methods, electromagnetic flow meters, Ultrasonic flow meters,

electric impedance, phethysmography, microwave diatherapy, short wave

diatherapy, X-ray units its power requirements, precautions.

Reference Books:

1. Medical Instrumentation application design, John G Webster, Houghon Mifflin

Co.

2. Introduction to Biomedical Electronics, Joseph Dfu Bovy, Mc Graw Hill.

3. Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, R.S. Khandpur

4. Medical Physics, J.B.Cameron

5. Clinical Biophysics, P. Narayanan


26

List of Experiments:

1. Measurements of B.P. and recording of Kortov sound.

2. Measurements of body temperature using GSR and thermister probe.

3. Measurements of skin resistance using GSR.

4. Blood haemoglobin and blood groups.

5. Study of Cardiogram.

6. Study of encephalogram.

7. Signal and Classification.


27

PH-341: Solid State Physics

1. The Crystalline State: (11 L)

Lattice, Basis, Translational vectors, Primitive unit cell, Symmetry operations,

Different types of lattices-2D and 3D (Bravais lattices) ,Miller indices, Inter-planer

distances, SC, BCC and FCC structures, Packing fraction, Crystal structures-

NaCl, diamond, CsCl, ZnS, HCP, Concept of reciprocal lattice and its properties

with proof.

Problems

2. X-ray Diffraction and Other Characterization Techniques: (11 L)

Introduction, Crystal as a grating, Bragg’s law and Bragg’s Diffraction condition in

direct and reciprocal lattice- Ewald’s construction, Debye Schrrerer method,

Analysis of cubic structure by powder method

Characterization Techniques: Principle, Working and Applications

Thermal Technique: Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)

Spectroscopy: Ultra-Violet (UV)

Electron Spectroscopy : Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Problems

3. Free Electron and Band Theory of Metals: (13 L)

Free Electron model, Energy levels and Density of orbital in 1D and 3D, Bloch

function (statement only), Nearly free electron model, Fermi energy, Fermi level,

Hall Effect, Origin of energy gap, Energy bands in Solids, Effective mass of

electron (with derivation), Distinction between metal, semiconductor and insulator

Problems

4. Magnetism: (13 L)

Diamagnetism, Langevin theory of Diamagnetism, Application of diamagnetic

material (Superconductor)- Occurrence of Superconductivity, Critical magnetic

field and Meissner effect, Paramagnetism, Langevin theory of Para magnetism,

Ferromagnetism, Ferromagnetic domains, Hysteresis, Curie temperature,

Ferrimagnetism, Ferrites and its applications, Antiferromagnetism, Neel

temperature.

Problems


28

Reference Books:

1. Solid State Physics, S.O.Pillai, 3rd Edition, New Age International (P) Ltd,

Publisher, (1999).

2. Solid State Physics – By Kakani and Hemrajani, S. Chand Publication.

3. Solid State Physics - By Saxena, Gupta and Saxena, Pragati Prakation.

4. Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel, John Wiley and Sons, 7th

Edition.

5. Solid State Physics, A.J.Dekker, Macmillan India Ltd, (1998).

6. Solid State Physics, R.K. Puri, V.K. Babbar, S. Chand Publication.

7. Problems in Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai, New Age International (P) Ltd.

8. Solid State Physics, Palanyswamy.

9. Solid State Physics, David, Snoke, Pearson Publication.


29


1. Origin of Quantum Mechanics: (10 L)

1. Historical Background

a) Review of Black body radiation

b) Review of photoelectric effects.

2. Wave particle duality

3. Matter waves

- De Broglie hypothesis.

- Davisson and Germer experiment.

4. Concept of wave packet, phase velocity, group velocity and relation between

them

5. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle with thought experiment.

- Electron diffraction experiment, different forms of uncertainty.

Problems: Ref – 1 and 3

2. The Schrodinger equation: (15 L)

1. Wave function and its physical interpretation.

2. Schrodinger time dependent equation.

3. Schrodinger time independent equation.(Steady state equation).

4. Requirements of wave function.

5. Probability current density, equation of continuity, and its physical significance.

6. Definition of an operator in Quantum mechanics.

- Eigen function and Eigen values.

7. Expectation value – Ehrenfest’s theorem

Problems: Ref – 1,2,3

3. Applications of Schrodinger Steady state equation: (12 L)

1. Free particle.

2. Particle in infinitely deep potential well (one - dimension).

3. Particle in three dimension rigid box.

4. Step potential.

5. Potential barrier. (Qualitative discussion).

Barrier penetration and tunneling effect.


30

6. Harmonic oscillator (one-dimension), correspondence principle.

Problems: Ref- 1,3,2

4. Spherically symmetric potentials: (06 L)

1. Schrodinger’s equation in spherical polar co-ordinate system.

2. Rigid rotator (free and fixed axis).

3. Hydrogen atom: Qualitative discussion on the radial and angular parts of the

bound state energy, energy state functions, Quantum numbers n, l, ml, ms –

Degeneracy.

Problems: Ref- 1, 2, 4.

5. Operators in Quantum Mechanics: (05 L)

1. Hermitian operator.

2. Position, Momentum operator, angular momentum operator, and total energy

operator (Hamiltonian).

3. Commutator brackets- Simultaneous Eigen functions.

4. Commutator algebra.

5. Commutator brackets using position, momentum and angular momentum

operator.

6. Raising and lowering angular momentum operator.

7. Concept of parity, parity operator and its Eigen values.

Problems: Ref- 2, 7.

Reference Books:

1. Quantum Mechanics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and particles.

- By R. Eisberg and R. Resnik Published by Wiley.

2. Quantum Mechanics.

- By Gupta, Kumar and Sharma Published by J. Prakash Nath and Co. Meeral.

3. Concepts of Modern physics.

- By A. Beiser Published by Mc. Grawthill. Chapter 2,3,5,6.

4. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics.

- By D. Griffiths Published by Prentice Hall.


- By Ghatak and Lokanathan Published by Mc. Millan.



31

- By L. I. Schiff.


- By Powell and Crasemann, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.

8. Quantum Mechanics an accessible introduction

- Robert Scherrer

Pearson - Addison Wesley


32

Ph-343: Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

1. Kinetic Theory of Gases: (6L+2P)

Assumptions of Kinetic theory of gases, Mean free path, Transport phenomenon,

Viscosity, Thermal conductivity and diffusion, Problems

2. Maxwell Relations and Application: (8+2)

Thermodynamical functions, Derivation of Maxwell Relations, First and Second

Tds Equations, Specific heat and latent heat equations, Joule Thomson effect

(Throttling Process)

3. Elementary Concepts of Statistics: (8+2)

Probability, distribution functions, Random Walk and Binomial distribution,

Simple random walk problem, Probability distribution for large-scale N, Guassian

probability distributions.

4. Statistical Distribution of System of Particles: (6+2)

Specification of state of system, Statistical ensembles, Basic Postulates,

Probability calculations, Behaviors of density of states, Thermal, Mechanical and

general interactions

5. Statistical Ensembles: (4+2)

Micro canonical Ensemble (Isolated System), Canonical ensembles, simple

application of canonical ensemble, Molecules in Ideal gas, Calculation of mean

values in canonical ensemble.

6. Quantum Statistics: (4+2)

Quantum distribution function, Maxwell-Boltzmann’s statistics, Bose-Einstein

Statistics, Fermi-Dirac Statistics, Comparision.

References:

1. Statistical and Thermal physics

- By Lokanathan, R.S. Gambhir,

2. Fundamentals of statistical and thermal physics

- By F.Reif

3. Perspectives of modern physics

- By A. Beiser


33

4. Fundamental of Statistical Mechanics

- By B.B. Laud

5. A primer of Statistical Mechanics

- By R.B. Singh

6. Statistical Mechanics

- By Gupta, Kumar


34

PH 344: Nuclear Physics

1. Basic Properties of Nucleus: (06 L)

Composition, charge, size, density of nucleus, Nuclear Angular momentum,

Nuclear magnetic dipole moment, Electric quadrupole moment, parity and

symmetry, Mass defect and Binding energy, packing fraction, classification

of nuclei, stability of nuclei (N Vs Z Curve) and problems.

Ref: 1, ch (1), Ref: 2, ch (4)

Problems: Ref: 4 -, ch (26)

2. Radioactivity: (09 L)

Radioactivity disintegration (concept of natural and artificial radioactivity,

Properties of α, β, γ-rays, laws of radioactive decay, half-life, mean life,

specific activity and its units, successive disintegration and equilibriums

and radioisotopes).

Application of radioactivity (Agricultural, Medical, Industrial, Archiological).

Problems:

Ref: 1 - ch (8), Ref: 2 – ch (15)

Problems: Ref: 4 - ch (27, 29)

3. Nuclear forces: (07 L)

Meson theory of nuclear forces, Properties Of nuclear forces, properties of

deuteron system, Elementary particles, Quarks model for elementary

particles.

Ref:1- ch (2, 3), Ref: 2 - ch (10), Ref: 3 - ch (3)

Problems: Ref: 4 - ch (26)

4. Nuclear Models: (08 L)

Introduction to various nuclear Models,

1. Liquid drop model: Assumptions, semi-empirical mass formula,

limitations.

2. Shell Model: Assumptions, Evidences, Spin and Parity limitations.

Ref: 1- ch (6), Ref: 2 (11), Ref: 3 ch (4, 5)�

Problems: Ref: 4 - ch (28)


35

5. Particle Accelerator and Detectors: (05 L)

Introduction to particle Accelerators,

1. Linear (electron/proton Linac)

2. Cyclic (Cyclotron)

Classification of Nuclear Detector

1. Gas filled Detectors (G. M. counter)

2. Solid state detectors (scintillation counter)

Problems: Ref: 1- ch(7,12)

6. Nuclear Reactions: (05 L)

Introduction to Nuclear reactions, compound nuclear Q-value equation,

Exothermic and Endothermic, reaction Threshold energy, Conservation

laws, nuclear cross-section.

Problems

Ref: 1- ch(13), Ref: 2- ch(12)

Problems: Ref: 4- ch (30)

7. Nuclear Energy: (07 L)

Nuclear fission, chain reaction and critical mass, nuclear reactor and its

basic components, homogeneous and heterogeneous reactors, power

reactor, fast breeders, nuclear fusion, stellar energy.

Problems.

Ref: 2- ch(14),

Problems: Ref: 4- ch (31)


36

Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Nuclear Physics- H.A.Enge (Addition Wesley co.)

2. The Atomic Nucleus- R.D.Evans (Tata McGraw Hill co.)

3. Concepts of Nuclear Physics – B.L.Cohen (Tata McGraw Hill co.)

4. Schaum’s Outline Series: Modern Physics- R.Gautrearu (McGraw Hill co.)

Additional References:

1. Atomic and Nuclear Physics- Shatendra Sharma (Pearson Education,1st

Edition)

2. Nuclear Physics- Kaplan (Narosa Publishing House)

3. Introduction to Nuclear Physics- Y.R. Waghmare (Oxford IBH.)


37

PH-345: Electronics

1. Special Purpose Diodes: (4L)

LED and Photodiode, Varactor (working and characteristics), Optocoupler.

Problems

Ref. 1: Article-5.8

2. Transistor amplifier: (8L)

Classification of amplifier, class A, B, C, AB (working, gain and efficiency

calculation) and class B push pull amplifier, cross over distortion, differential

amplifier (transistorized).

Problems

Ref. 1: Article-11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 12.5, 17.1

3. Field Effect Transistor: (8L)

Introduction, classification, principle, working and I-V characteristics of JFET,

MOSFET (depletion and enhancement mode), CMOS (P-channel and N-channel).

Application of FET:-Variable resistor, electronic switch and analogue multiplexer.

Problems

Ref. 1: Article-13.1 to 13.9, 14.1to 14.5

4. Operational Amplifier: (4L)

Applications of OPAMP: integrator, Differentiator, Comparator, Schmitt Trigger,

Instrumentation Amplifier.

Problems

Ref. 1: Article-20.4, 20.5, 22.1 to22.3, 22.5, 22.10

5. Timer (IC-555): (4L)

Block diagram, Astable, monostable and bistable multivibrator (working and

design)

Problems

Ref. 1: Article-23.7, 23.8

6. Regulated Power Supply: (4L)

Block diagram of 3 pin IC regulator, study of IC 78XX, 79XX, dual power supply

(using 3 pin IC)


38

Block diagram of IC-723 circuits and design of basic low voltage (2 to7 volt) and

high voltage (7 to 28volt) regulator.

Problems

Ref. 1: Article-24.4, for IC-723 refer data book.

7. Combinational Circuits: (6L)

Introduction to SOP and POS techniques, reduction of Boolean expression using

K-map methods ( up to 4 variables), design of half adder , full adder ,half

substractor , full subtractor, binary to gray and gray to binary code convertor.

Introduction to multiplexer (4:1) and demultiplexer (1:4)

Ref. 2: Article-5.1 to 5.8.1, 6.1, and 6.2

8. Sequential Logic Circuits:

Flip-flops:

RS-flip flop using NAND/NOR clocked RS, D, JK, Master-Slave, JK and T-flip

flops, preset and clear inputs.

Counters:

4-bit ripple counter, 4-bit parallel counter.

Block diagram of IC-7490 and its uses as modulo counter (modulus 2,5,7 and 10)

Registers:

Buffer registers (SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO) IC-7495(Block diagram and working),

use of register as a memory.

Ref. 2: Article-7.1 to7.9, 8.1, 8.2, 8.4, for IC-7490 Refer Data book

References:

1. Electronic Principles (6th edition), Malvino (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi)

2. Modern Digital Electronics (3rd Edition), R.P.Jain, (Tata McGraw Hill, New

Delhi)


39

PH-345: Advanced Electronics

(Important Note: This course is designed for the student who has offered

Electronics as one of the subjects at S.Y.B.Sc. level)

Sensors: (08 L)

Introduction

Metal resistance versus Temperature devices:

Metal resistance versus Temperature devices, resistance versus temperature

approximation, resistance temperature detectors.

Thermistors:

Semiconductor resistance versus Temperature, Thermistor characteristics.

Thermocouples:

Thermoelectric effects, Thermocouple characteristics, Thermocouple sensors.

Other Thermal Sensors:

Bimetal strip, Gas thermometers, Vapour pressure thermometers, Liquid

expansion thermometers, solid state temperature sensors.

Motion sensors:

Types of motions, Accelerometers’ principles, Types of accelerometers, applications

Optical sensors:

Introduction

Photo detectors:

Photo detector characteristics, photoconductive detectors, photo voltaic detectors,

photo diode detectors, photo emissive detectors.

Pyrometry:

Thermal radiation, broadband pyrometers, narrowband pyrometers.

Optical sources:

Conventional light sources, Laser principles

Applications:

Label inspection, Turbidity, Ranging.

Ref: 01


40

2. Signal Conditioning: (10 L)

Introduction

Principles of Analog Signal Conditioning:

Signal level and bias changes, linearization, conversions, filtering and impedance

matching, concept of loading.

Passive circuits:

Divider circuits, bridge circuits, RC filters

Digital signal conditioning

Introduction

Data acquisition systems

DAS hardware, DAS software

Characteristics of digital data

Digitized values, sampled data systems, linearization

Ref: 01

3. Introduction To Process Control: (08 L)

Introduction

Control systems: Process control principles, servo mechanism, and discrete state

control of systems

Process control block diagram

Identification of elements, block diagram

Control system evaluation: Stability, steady state regulation, Transient

regulation, Evaluation criteria

Analog and Digital processing:

Data representation, ON/OFF Control, Analog control, Digital control.

Ref: 01

4. Discrete State Process Control: (10 L)

Introduction

Definition of Discrete state process control,

Characteristics of the system

Discrete state variables, process specifications, Event sequence description

Relay controller and Ladder diagram

Background, Ladder diagram elements, Ladder diagram examples


41

Programmable Logic Controllers

Relay sequencers, Programmable Logic Controller design, PLC operations,

programming, and PLC software functions

(You can use trilogy as software package for understanding PLC programming.

This is freely available on the web.)

Ref: 01

2. Water Treatment Plant (04 Lectures)

Numerical Problems On Above Lectures (06 Lectures)

Ref: 02

Reference Books:

1. Process Control Instrumentation Technology by C.D. Johnson Pearson

Education 8th edition (Economic Edition).

2. Computer Based Industrial Control by Krishna Kant (Eastern Economic

Edition)

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