© 2015 albert-learning.com the first creation of human embryonic stem cells by cloning the first...

© 2015 albert-learning.com

The first creation of human embryonic stem cells by cloning

THE FIRST CREATION OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS BY CLONING



VOCABULARY

Cloning Cloning is the process of producing individuals that are genetically identical.

Claim Formally request or demand

Blastocyst A thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises.

Embryo An unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

Mining The process or industry of obtaining coal or other minerals from a mine.



HISTORY OF CLONING

1. 1938 Dr. Hans Spemann (Germany) proposes an experiment to remove the nucleus from an unfertilized egg and replace it with the nucleus from a differentiated cell.

2. 1953 Structure of DNA discovered by Watson and Crick.

3. 1973 First successful gene splicing by Paul Berg and Stanley N. Cohen.

4. 1996 Dr. Ian Wilmut clones the world's the first sheep, who he names Dolly, from somatic adult cells.

5. 1997 Dr. Ian Wilmut and Dr. Keith Campbell (U.K.) create the first sheep, named Polly, with a human gene in every cell of its body.

6. 1999 An experiment to clone calves from frozen cells taken from a Japanese bull is successful and proves that cells can be stored for later cloning.

7. 2000 Japanese scientists clone a baby bull from a bull that was a clone itself, making it the first case of re-cloning.



1. 2001 President Bush limits federally funded human embryonic stem cell research to stem cell lines that have already been created.

2. 2001 . The British Parliament rules that embryonic stem cell research can occur using government funding. Human embryos can be created for therapeutic cloning prior to brain and nervous system development (14 days).

3. 2002 California becomes the first U.S. state to approve a law legalizing the therapeutic cloning of embryos.

4. 2003 President Bush declares that all human cloning should be banned during his State of the Union Address

5. 2003 U.S. House of Representatives passes the Human Cloning Prohibition Act, which bans both reproductive and therapeutic cloning.

6. 2003 Britain becomes the first country to issue research licenses for human embryonic cloning to create stem cells. (therapeutic only).



Early Successes – Human Cloning

2001 – First cloned human embryos (only to six cell stage) created by Advanced Cell Technology (USA)

2004 – Claim of first human cloned blastocyst created and a cell line established (Korea) – later proved to be fraudulent



A photo of the cover of the January 2002 issue of "Scientific American" magazine released on November 25, 2001 shows the first cloned human embryo created by Advanced Cell Technology for the purpose of mining stem cells used to treat disease.

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In January 2014, researchers announced they had developed a new method of making stem cells -- by placing skin cells in an acidic environment. But the researchers retracted their papers in July 2014, citing "several critical errors" in their study data. Click through the gallery to learn more about stem cell research.



Stem cells have the potential to become many different kinds of cells, and can renew themselves through cell division. Scientists view stem cells as a possible gateway to curing many medical conditions, from Parkinson's disease to diabetes. Stem cells are viewed on computer here at UConn Health Center in 2010.



A close-up of a microscope slide taken in 2000 at the Reproductive Genetics Institute's Chicago laboratory shows transplanted stem cells taken from the umbilical cord blood of a baby named Adam Nash. Adam's sister Molly has a genetic disease called Fanconi Anemia. Their parents wanted to have a child who could be a stem cell donor for Molly. Using in vitro fertilization, doctors created embryos and then tested them for the genetic disease. They chose one that did not have the disorder, which grew into baby Adam. Molly received a stem cell transplant from stem cells from Adam's umbilical cord. Both children are alive today.



In 1998, then-President Bill Clinton requested a National Bioethics Advisory Commission to study the question of stem cell research.



In 2000, The National Institutes of Health issued guidelines for the use of embryonic stem cells in research, specifying that scientists receiving federal funds could use only extra embryos that would otherwise be discarded. President Clinton approved federal funding for stem cell research but Congress did not fund it. Above, a Cell Expansion System which is used to grow cells is seen during the 2010 World Stem Cell Summit in Detroit.



In March 2009, President Barack Obama signed an executive order that removed restrictions on embryonic stem cell research. His action overturned an order approved by President George W. Bush in August 2001 that barred the National Institutes of Health from funding research on embryonic stem cells beyond using 60 cell lines that existed at that time. Above, Obama signs the order.



In September 2013, scientists announced they had created what they are calling "cerebral organoids" using stem cells. These pea-sized structures are made of human brain tissue, and they can help researchers explore important questions about brain development and disorders that occur during these first stages of life.



STORY HIGHLIGHTS

1. Scientists have made the first embryonic stem cell lines from human skin cells

2. The stem cells can develop into muscle, nerve or other cells

3. "It's something the field has been waiting for," one expert says

For further information you can view http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/15/health/time-cloning-stem-cells/

© 2015 albert-learning.com the first creation of human embryonic stem cells by cloning the first...

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