© 2014 pearson education, inc. why do religions organize space in distinctive patterns? 1.religious...

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?1. Religious structures – often stand out as religious shrines or places where

people assemble for worship.2. Church- physically structure made in the image of God; attendance is

considered importance in Christianity3. Architectural styles- 3 branches follow different styles based on availability of

resources in different regions4. Muslim mosque- space for community assembly, not a sanctified place5. Central courtyard, minaret (tower), pulpit facing Makkah (direction of prayer,

muezzin(summons worship from minaret)6. Buddhist padoga- where relics of Buddha’s body/clothing are placed7. Followers built them in different countries to hold relics in sacred areas

where Buddha was born, reached enlightenment, and passed into Nirvana8. Formal worship usually takes place outside a padoga at an adjacent temple,

monastery, or in the home of a Buddhist9. A pilgramage is a religious journey


Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?10. Holy places: - Islamic - cities associated with Prophet Muhammad.

– Holiest City is Makkah (Mecca), birthplace of Muhammad. Healthy Muslims with adequate financial resources are expected to

go on a pilgrimage, called a hajj, to this city.– Second-most-holy place is Madinah (Medina).

Muhammad’s tomb is in Madinah.- Buddhist – 8 holy places – shrines- based on important events in Buddha’s life.- Hindu- closely tied to physical geography of India

Mt. Kailas is holy because it is home to Siva. Holiest places are riverbanks and coastlines. Hindus believe that they achieve purification by bathing in holy rivers—e.g.,

Ganges River11. There is no room for congregational worship in Hindu temples.12. Hindu temples - Dimly lit room; symbolic artifact of a god; structure/bath for the caretaker


Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?13. Cosmogony: religious beliefs concerning origin of the universea.Confucianism and Taoism- yin(earth, darkness, death) and yang(heaven, light, life) balance the two forces that make up the universe; constant state of change creates chaos and disorderb.Christianity and Islam- consider that God created the universe; however, Christians(Catholics) believe Earth was given to the people to complete its creation, while Muslim believe that Earth is God’s only and that they are only representative of Him and are not partners with Himc.Pagans- use the solstice as a major holiday honoring the Sun (solstice)

14. Solstice- major holidays of some ethnic religions- Winter- Dec 21-22 and Summer June 21-22 – based on the Sun’s location before reversing direction during seasons; Stonehenge- remnant of a pagan structure aligned so that sun rises between two stones on solstices


Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?15. Christian burial: catacombs(underground passages) used to bury when the religion was illegal Yards around the church were used until overcrowding occurredCemeteries created outside the city walls16. Ethnic burialsa.Hindu- cremation after washing body in Ganges riverb.Parsis- exposed the dead to birds and animalsc.Micronesia- disposal at sea17. Religious settlements: d.Utopian- ideal community built around a religious way of lifee.Salt Lake City, Utah- built by Mormons based on a plan by prophet Joseph Smithf.Puritans- English settlers in North America in clustered settlements with a church at its center- this was different than most settlers of the time


Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?18. Religious Calendars: Ethnic – based on physical geography of homeland- celebration of seasons,

which helped farmers Universalizing- related to events in life of the founder rather than changing

seasons--Ramadan (Islam): part of five pillars of faith; Easter (Christian): resurrection of Jesus

19. Jewish Calendar- major holiday based on events in the agricultural calendar of homeland of Israel

20. Lunar calendar of Muslims and Jews: Jewish calendar inserts an extra month every few years to match the agricultural and solar calendars; Islam retains a strict 30 years cycle of 19 years of 354 and 11 years of 355

21. Easter- celebrated on the first full moon after spring equinox 22. Southern Europe celebrates Easter in the fall at harvest time; Northern Europe and North America celebrate in spring


Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?23. Japanese Buddhists celebrate Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death on 3 separate days; Theravadists observe all 3 events on the same day

24. Hierarchical religion: geographic territory is organized into local administrative units

25. Roman Catholic hierarchy: a. Pope – diocese of Romeb. Archbishops- report to the Pope; head a province of several dioceses, while being the

bishop of one diocese; some may be promoted to a cardinalc. Bishop- report to Archbishop; heads a diocese, which is a geographical area of many

churchesd. Priests- report to bishops; heads a parish, which is part of a diocese

26. Latin American parishes are larger in areas because of a low population density

27. Autonomous religion: self-sufficient, or small amount of communication with other communities Ex: Islam and some Protestant denominations


Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?28. Formal organization in Islam- no religious hierarchy or geographical organization; locally governments in Islamic countries work with those who manage Islamic institutions

29. Islam is held together by communication and migration (hajj), as well as the doctrines which include strict demands on followers

30. Autonomous Baptists and United Church of Christ ; Presbyterian is mildly autonomous; Judaism

and Hinduism Hierarchical Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Methodist


Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups?1. Taliban in Afghanistan: Taliban – means “religious students” took control of Afghanistan in 1996. They believed that Allah had called them to purify the country by getting rid of sin and

violence. Western non-Islamic activities were banned – music, kites, tv, and internet Soccer stadiums converted to execution and torture centers Men beaten for shaving and women stoned to death for adultery Homosexuals were buried alive; thieves had hands cut off; women with nail polish had

fingers cut off2. Hinduism vs. Western ideas: Their caste system involves neglecting the health, safety, finances, and education

because they are considered “untouchables” 3. British leaders and Christian missionaries

4. The Indian government created a plan to allow untouchables more access to universities. Many do not support this plan.


Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups?5. Russia/Soviet Union vs. Eastern Orthodox Church Czar Peter the Great – Made Russian Orthodox church part of the government and

replaced the church’s leader with government officials Communism: Karl Marx introduced – Marxism, which was an anti-religious program,

which claimed religion was a threat to society; the Orthodox church was only able to maintain elderly members because most ended contact with the church

6. Since the fall of Communism in the 1990s… Historic Catholic Regions – Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia are currently reviving Roman

Catholicism Historic Muslim Regions- Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan are newly independent

and struggle to rewrite laws that conform to Islamic customs

7. Vietnam War’s impact on Buddhism in SE Asia: U.S. air raids destroyed shrines and the Vietnamese vandalized sacred artifacts; Buddhists burned themselves in protest

8. Communism’s impact on Buddhism in SE Asia: current governments discourage religion and allow monuments to decay


Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups?9. Fundamentalism- literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion10-11. Roman Catholics and Protestants are in conflict in Ireland Roman Catholics live in the Republic of Ireland, which is in the southern and largest

part of the island; Protestants live in Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. Catholics living in the northern region are discriminated against. The two sides are in disagreement on joining the U.K. as opposed to being independent

12. Jews, Christians, and Muslims have fought nearly 2,000 years to control the same small strip of Land in the Eastern Mediterranean. Judaism: special claim to the territory it calls the Promised Land where major events in the development in the religion occurred.Islam: Muslim army conquered this land in seventh century A.D. Jerusalem is the third holiest city to Muslims, because it is believed to be where Muhammad ascended into heaven.Christianity: considers it the Holy Land and Jerusalem the Holy City, because the major events in Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection occurred there.


Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups?13. The Christians fought the Muslims in holy wars called, Crusades for 150 years (1099-1244). Jerusalem was captured, lost, captured, and in the end lost.

Quiz Review Questions: 1. Name the 3 branches of Christianity.2. Name the 3 largest universal religions and 3 ethnic religions.3. How is a mosque different from a church?4. What is the purpose of a padoga?5. Give an example of a pilgramage.6. What is cosmogony and how have religions incorporated this idea? Give 2 examples.7. Describe the burial practices of 2-3 religions.8. What is a Utopian Settlement? Explain one.9. Contrast an ethinc religion’s calendar to a universal religion’s calendar.10. List the Roman Catholic hierarchy leaders.11. What is the difference between an autonomous religion and a hierarchical religion?

© 2014 pearson education, inc. why do religions organize space in distinctive patterns? 1.religious...

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