© 2014 pearson education, inc. 1. 2 mass of amino acids (mg) number of amino acids 1953 2008 20...
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Mas
s o
fam
ino
aci
ds
(mg
)
Nu
mb
er o
f am
ino
aci
ds
1953 19532008
20
2008
10
0
200
100
0
3
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Vesicleboundary
Precursormolecules only
1 m
Rel
ativ
e tu
rbid
ity,
an
ind
ex o
f ve
sicl
e n
um
ber
(a) Self-assembly
Time (minutes)
0.4
0.2
00 20 40 60
Precursor molecules plusmontmorillonite clay
20 m(c) Absorption of RNA(b) Reproduction
4
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Time (billions of years ago)
10 m30
m
5 cm
Nonphotosynthetic bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Stromatolites
Possibleearliestappearancein fossil record
4 3 2 1 0
5
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3 m
(a) Spherical (b) Rod-shaped (c) Spiral
1 m
1 m
6
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Bacterialcell wall
Bacterialcapsule
Tonsilcell
200 nm
7
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Fimbriae
1 m
8
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Flagellum
Filament 20 nm
HookMotorCell wall
RodPeptidoglycanlayer
Plasmamembrane
9
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Respiratorymembrane
0.2 m 1 m
Thylakoidmembranes
(a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote
11
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Plasmids
1 m
Chromosome
12
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20 m
Heterocyst
Photosyntheticcells
13
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Phage infects bacterialdonor cell with A andB alleles.
Incorporation of phageDNA creates recombinantcell with genotype AB.
Phage DNA isreplicated andproteins synthesized.
Fragment of DNA withA allele is packagedwithin a phage capsid.
Phage with A alleleinfects bacterialrecipient cell.
Recombinantcell
Recipientcell
Crossing over
Donor cell
A B−
A− B−
A
A
A
B
A B
Phage DNA
5
4
3
2
1
14
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Sex pilus
1 m
15
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4321 One strand ofF cell plasmidDNA breaks atarrowhead.
Bacterialchromosome
Bacterialchromosome
F plasmid
Matingbridge
F cell(donor)
F− cell(recipient)
F
cell
F
cell
Broken strandpeels off andenters F− cell.
Recipient cellis now arecombinantF cell.
Donor andrecipient cellssynthesizecomplementaryDNA strands.
16
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UNIVERSALANCESTOR
Do
main
Eu
karya
Gram-positivebacteria
Cyanobacteria
Spirochetes
Chlamydias
Proteobacteria
Nanoarchaeotes
Crenarchaeotes
Euryarchaeotes
Korarchaeotes
Eukaryotes
Do
main
Arch
aeaD
om
ain B
acteria
17
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2 m
20
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Seedlings growing in the lab
Soil treatment
Up
take
of
K b
y p
lan
ts (
mg
)
Strain 1 Strain 2 Strain 3Nobacteria
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
21
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5 m
23
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(a)
(b)
24
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