© 2013 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. professor veronica emilia nuzzolo introductory psychology...
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© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-3 Memory: Our ability to remember information Three-stage model of memory (2) Working (short-term) memory, which processes certain information received from sensory memory and information retrieved from long-term memory. Short-term memory: Lasts seconds Capacity of 7 +/- 2 chunks of informationTRANSCRIPT
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Professor Veronica Emilia Nuzzolo
Introductory Psychology Concepts
CHAPTER 6MEMORY
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-2
Memory: Our ability to remember information
Three-stage model of memoryIn this model, memory has three major components: (1) Sensory memory, which briefly holds incoming sensory information.
Sensory memory: + iconic storage+ echoic storage
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-3
Memory:Our ability to remember information
Three-stage model of memory(2) Working (short-term) memory, which processes certain information received from sensory memory and information retrieved from long-term memory.
Short-term memory: Lasts 12-30 secondsCapacity of 7 +/- 2 chunks of information
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-4
Memory: Our ability to remember information
Three-stage model of memory(3) Long-term memory, which stores information for longer periods of time.Source: Adapted from Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968.
Long-term memory: + Permanent method of
storing memories+ Unlimited capacity
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Short-Term Memory: Our ability to process information
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Short-Term Memory: Holds information before it is sent to long-term memory
Short-term memory: Lasts 12-30 secondsCapacity of 7 +/- 2 chunks of information
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In order to have a conscious memory, information must be retrieved from long-term memory and sent to short-term memory.
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Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited
capacity.
Long-Term Memory
Semantic Memory(general memory)
Episodic Memory(personal knowledge)
Declarative Memory(factual information)
Procedural Memory(skills and habits)
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Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited
capacity.
Long-Term Memory
Semantic Memory(general memory)
Episodic Memory(personal knowledge)
Procedural Memory(skills and habits)
Declarative Memory(factual information)
Example: George Washingtonwas the first president of the United States
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Semantic Memory(general memory)
Episodic Memory(personal knowledge)
Declarative Memory(factual information)
Example: Riding a bicycle
Procedural Memory(skills and habits)
Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited
capacity.
Long-Term Memory
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Long-Term Memory
Declarative Memory(factual information)
Example:George Washingtonwore a wig.
Procedural Memory(skills and habits)
Semantic Memory(general memory)
Episodic Memory(personal knowledge)
Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited
capacity.
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-12
Declarative Memory(factual information)
Example:Remembering your visit to GeorgeWashington’s home: Mount Vernon
Procedural Memory(skills and habits)
Semantic Memory(general memory)
Episodic Memory(personal knowledge)
Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited
capacity.
Long-Term Memory
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Use of Retrieval Cues for Remembering: + An internal or external stimulus that activates information
stored in long-term memory.+ Encoded at the same time as the new memory.
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Encoding Specificity: + Physical surroundings become encoded as retrieval cues.+ Memories are enhanced when retrieval conditions match those
present during encoding.
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Encoding Specificity: Physical surroundings become encoded as a retrieval cue.
Context-Dependent Memory.Scuba divers who learned lists of words while under water later recalled them best while under water, whereas words they learned on land were best recalled on land.
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ords
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Land/Land
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Land/Water
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SAME CONTEXT DIFF CONTEXT
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State-Dependent Memory: Physiological/psychological state is used as a retrieval cue.+ Moving from internal to external cues + Our ability to retrieve information is greater when our
internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning.
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State-Dependent Memory:
In the film City Lights a drunken millionaire befriends and spends the evening partying with Charlie Chaplin after Charlie saves his life.
The next day, in a sober state, the millionaire doesn’t remember Charlie and considers him an unwanted pest.
After getting drunk again, he remembers Chaplin and treats him like a good buddy.