© 2011 pearson education, inc. powerpoint ® lecture presentations prepared by alexander g....

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared byAlexander G. CheroskeMesa Community College at Red Mountain

7The Skeleton

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 7 Section 1

AXIALSKELETON

Skull andassociated

bones

SkullCranium

Face

Auditoryossicles

Hyoid

Sternum

Ribs

Thoraciccage

Vertebralcolumn

The bones of the axial skeleton

SKELETAL SYSTEM 206

80

8

14

6

1

1

24

126

24

1

1

26

25

29

Coccyx

Sacrum

Vertebrae

Associated bones

APPENDICULARSKELETON

(see Section 2)

Costalcartilages(cartilagesof ribs)

Intervertebraldiscs (cartilage)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 7.1 1

The 22 bones that form the skull, plus the sevenbones associated with the skull

FACE CRANIUM

SKULL

Maxillary bones

Palatine bones

Nasal bones

Inferior nasalconchae

Zygomatic bones

Lacrimal bones

Vomer

Mandible

Occipital bone

Parietel bones

Frontal bone

Temporal bones

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

ASSOCIATED BONES(see Module 7.7)

Hyoid bone Auditory ossiclesenclosed in

temporal bones

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2 2

14 8 7

6


The facial and cranial bones of the skull

Cranial Bones

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Frontalbone

Temporalbone

Parietal bone

Occipitalbone

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 7.1 5 – 6

The major sutures of the skull

Frontal bone

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Coronal suture

Squamous suture

Lambdoid suture

Lateral view of skull

Sagittal suture

Sutural bone

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

Parietal bone Parietal bone

Posterior view of skull


The bones of the skull in anterior view

Facial Bones

Nasal bone

Lacrimal bone

Palatine bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer

Mandible

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Cranial Bones


The bones of the skull in posterior view

Parietal bones

Occipital bone

Temporal bone

External occipital crest

Mandible

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Squamous suture

Lambdoid suture

Sagittal suture

Cranial Bones


The skull in lateral view

Frontal squama (forehead)Superior and inferior

temporal lines

Coronalsuture

Parietalbone

Frontalbone

Temporalbone

Occipitalbone

Zygomaticbone

Alveolarprocesses

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Mandible

Mental protuberance Mandibular angle

Zygomatic arch (cheekbone)

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Lambdoid suture

Externalacousticmeatus

Squamous suture

Squamous part(of temporal bone)

Maxilla


Squamous suture

Frontal sinuses

Coronalsuture

Parietalbone

Frontalbone

Temporalbone

Occipitalbone

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Nasal bone

Maxilla

Lambdoid suture

Petrous part(of temporal bone)

Styloid process

Palatinebone

Internalacousticmeatus

Mandible

Sphenoidalsinus (right) Sella turcica

Hypoglossal canal

Vomer

The interior of the skull, as revealed by sagittalsection that passes just to the left of the midline


An inferior view of the skull

Zygomatic bone

Frontalbone

Palatinebone

Maxilla Vomer Foramina

Foramen lacerum

Foramen ovale

Carotid canal

Jugular foramen

Stylomastoid foramen

Foramen magnum

External occipital crest

Inferior and superiornuchal lines

Lambdoid suture

Occipital condyle

Temporal bone

Mandibular fossa

Styloid process

Zygomatic arch

Sphenoid

Occipital bone


The interior of the skull, as revealed by horizontal section

Temporal bone

Sphenoid

Frontal bone

Carotid canal

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Mastoid foramen

Ethmoid

Foramen lacerum

Foramen ovale

Foramen rotundum

Crista galli

Cribriform plate

Sella turcica

Foramen spinosum

Jugular foramen

Internal occipital crest

Hypoglossal canal

Internal acoustic meatus

Nasal bones


Two views of the sphenoid

Optic canal

Superiorsurfaceof the

sphenoid

Foramenspinosum

Foramenovale

Foramenrotundum

Superiororbital fissure

Lesser wing

Sphenoidal spine

Sella turcica

Hypophyseal fossa

Greater wing


The ethmoid

Cribriform plate

Lateral masses

Superior and middlenasal conchae

Perpendicular plate

Superior surface Posterior surface

Crista galli


The palatine bones

Perpendicular plateof the palatine bone

Horizontal plate

Nasalcrest

Orbital process


The bones of the orbital complex

Lacrimal fossa

Supra-orbitalmargin

Sphenoid

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

Zygomaticofacialforamen

Intra-orbitalforamen

Maxilla

Middle nasal concha


Nasolacrimal canal

Lacrimal sulcus

Ethmoid

Frontal bone

Palatine bone

Supra-orbital notch


The bones of the nasal complex

Frontal bone

Maxilla

Frontal section

Mandible

Cranial cavity

Zygomatic bone

Maxillary sinus

Nasal cavities

Ethmoidal air cells

Orbit


Frontal bone

The bones that form and surround the nasal cavity, asrevealed by a sagittal section with nasal septum removed

Lacrimal bone


Maxilla

Frontal sinuses

Sphenoidal sinus

Sphenoid

EthmoidNasal bone

Perpendicular plateof palatine bone

Hard palate

Pterygoid plates

Middle nasal concha

Superior nasal concha


The mandible in lateral view

Teeth (molars)

Condylar process

Mandibular notch

Ramus of the mandible

Body of the mandible

Mental foramen

Alveolar process

Coronoid process


The medial surface of the mandible

Mylohyoid line

Coronoidprocess

Condylarprocess

Alveolarpart

Head

Mandibular foramen

Position of the submandibular salivary gland


The hyoid bone

Body of the hyoid

Greater horn

Lesser horn


Ethmoid

Maxillary bones

Lacrimal bones

Frontal bone

Mandible

Hyoid boneTemporal bones

Sphenoid

Palatine bones

Nasal bones

CRANIUMFACE

Zygomatic bones

Vomer

Inferior nasal conchae

Occipital bone

Parietal bones

SKULL

ASSOCIATED BONES

Auditory ossiclesenclosed in

temporal bones(see Chapter 15)

The auditory ossicles, bones associatedwith the skull

6

78

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

22

2

2 2

2

2

2

14


The anterior fontanelle (“soft spot”) and associated sutures in theskull of an infant

Rightparietal

bone

Leftparietal

bone

Sagittal suture

Anterior fontanelle

Coronal suture

Frontal suture

Frontal bone

Frontal suture


Sagittal suture

Rightparietal

bone

Leftparietal

bone

Lambdoid suture

Occipital fontanelle

Occipital bone

The occipital fontanelle and associated suturesin a posterior view of the skull of an infant


A lateral view of the skull of an infant

Parietalbone

Frontalbone

Temporalbone

Coronalsuture

Sphenoid

Nasal bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Occipital bone

Lambdoid suture

Sphenoidal fontanelle

Mastoid fontanelle

Squamous suture


Frontal suture

A superior view of the skull of an infant

Frontalbone

Parietalbone

Frontalbone Parietal

boneCoronal suture

Anterior fontanelleSagittal suture Occipital fontanelle

Occipital bone

Lambdoid suture


The spinal curves and vertebral regionsin the adult vertebral column

Spinal Curves

Primary curves develop beforebirth, and secondary curves afterbirth.

Cervical curve(a secondary curve)

Thoracic curve(a primary curve)

Lumbar curve(a secondary curve)

Sacral curve(a primary curve)

Sacral

Coccygeal

Lumbar(5 vertebrae)

Thoracic(12 vertebrae)

Cervical(7 vertebrae)

Vertebral Regions

Regions are definedby anatomicalcharacteristics ofindividual vertebrae.C1

C2C3C4C5C6C7T1

T2T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5


The parts of a typical vertebra Parts of a Vertebra

Articular processes

Vertebral arch

Vertebral body

Superior view


The parts of the vertebralarch

Vertebral foramen

Inferior view

Pedicles

Laminae

Transverse process

Spinous process

The Vertebral Arch


A lateral view of three vertebrae

Pedicle

Intervertebral disc

Intervertebral foramina

Vertebral canal

Vertebralbody


A posterior view of two vertebrae

Articular facet

Superior articular process

Inferior articular process


A typical cervical vertebra

Transverse foramen

Vertebral body

Vertebralforamen

Bifid spinous process

Transverse process

Costal process


The first two cervicalvertebrae: the atlasand the axis

Anteriorarch of

atlasDens (odontoid process)

Joint that permitsnodding (as in

indicating “yes”)Posterior arch

of atlas

Axis

Atlas

Ligament that enablesrotation (as in shakingthe head to indicate“no”)


A lateral view of the seven cervical vertebrae

Vertebraprominens


Transverse process

Vertebralforamen

Spinous process

A typical thoracic vertebra in superior view

Vertebralbody

Superiorarticular facet

Superiorcostal facet


Vertebralbody

Spinous process

Transverse costal facet

Superiorcostal facet

A typical thoracic vertebra in lateral view

Transverse process

Inferior costal facet


An anterior view of the thoracic cage

Jugular notch

Vertebrosternal ribs(ribs 1–7)

Vertebrosternal ribs(ribs 8–10)

Floating ribs(ribs 11 and 12)

Ribs

Costal cartilages

Xiphoid process

Body

Manubrium

Sternum

T1

T11

T1212

11

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


Posterior view of a representative rib(ribs 2–9)

Tubercle

Articular facetson head

Shaft

Superficial surface Costal groove

Capitulum

Angle of the rib


Sternum

Ribs

The action of a typical rib, whichcan be likened to the movementof a bucket’s handle


Tubercular facet

Superior articular facet

Inferior articular facet

Transversecostal facet

Transverseprocess

Superior view of a representative rib

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 7 Section 2

SKELETAL SYSTEM

AXIALSKELETON

The bones of the appendicular skeleton

80

2

2

2

2

2

16

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpal bones

Metacarpal bones

Phalanges(proximal,

middle, distal)

Hip bone(coxal bone)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal bones

Metatarsal bones

Phalanges

Lowerlimbs

Pelvicgirdle

Upper limbs

Pectoralgirdle

4

60

2

126

2

2

2

2

2

28

28

10

14

10

206

60

APPENDICULARSKELETON


The relationship of the clavicleto adjacent bones

Anterior view

Humerus

Scapula

Clavicle

Jugular notch


Two views of the right clavicle

Superior view

LATERAL MEDIAL

Acromialend

Sternalend

LATERAL Inferior view MEDIAL


Two views of the right scapula

Acromion Coracoidprocess

Superiorborder

Superiorangle

Medialborder

Inferiorangle

Lateralborder

Process thatsupports thecup-shaped

glenoid cavity

Anterior view

Acromion

Scapular spine

Supraspinous fossa

Infraspinous fossa

Posterior view

Subscapular fossa


A lateral view of the rightscapula

Acromion

Glenoid cavity

Coracoidprocess


Surface features of the right humerus

Anteriorview

Greatertubercle

Head

Posteriorview

Greater tubercle

Lesser tubercle

Anatomical neck

Surgical neck

Intertubercular groove

Shaft Deltoid tuberosity

Radial fossa

Lateral epicondyle

Coronoid fossa

Medial epicondyle

CapitulumTrochlea

Trochlea

Olecranon fossa

Radial groove


Olecranon

Posteriorview

Surface features of the right ulna and radius

Proximal radio-ulnar joint

Ulna Radius

Ulnar head

Ulnar notch

Interosseous membrane

Styloid process of the ulna

Styloid process of the radius

Radius

Ulnar head

Ulna

Distal radio-ulnar joint

Radial notchat proximalradio-ulnar joint

Radial tuberosity

Neck of the radius Coronoid process

Trochlear notchRadial head

Anteriorview


The bones of the carpus (wrist)

Proximal Carpal Bones

Scaphoid

Right wrist and hand,anterior (palmar) view

Lunate Pisiform Triquetrum

Metacarpalbones

Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Distalphalanx

Middlephalanx

Proximalphalanx

Radius Ulna

VIVIIIIII

Distal Carpal Bones


I

IIIIIIV

V

Proximal phalanx

Middle phalanx

Distal phalanx

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Lunate

Scaphoid

Proximal Carpal Bones

The metacarpal bones(designated I–V) and thephalanges of the hand Ulna Radius

Proximal phalanx of pollex

Distal phalanx of pollex

Metacarpal bones

Right wrist and hand,posterior (dorsal) view

Hamate

Capitate

Trapezoid

Trapezium

Distal Carpal Bones


A lateral view of the right hip bone

A hip bone, which consists of anilium, an ischium, and a pubis

Gluteal Lines

Posterior

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Greatersciaticnotch

Ischial spine

Ischial ramus

Ischial tuberosityAcetabular notch

Acetabulum

Lunate surface

Anterior superioriliac spine

Iliac crest

IschiumPubis

ANTERIORPOSTERIOR

Ilium

Inferior

Anterior


ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

Ilium

Pubis Ischium

Iliac crest

Iliac fossa

Arcuate line of the ilium

Pectineal line

Superior pubic ramus

Pubic symphysis

Inferior pubic ramus

Ischial ramus

Obturator foramen

Greater sciatic notch

Auricular surfaceof the ilium

Iliac tuberosity

A medial view of the right hip bone


The structures of the pelvis

Sacrum

Coccyx

Hip Bone

Ilium

Pubis

Ischium

Iliac crest

Iliacfossa

Ilium

Acetabulum

Pubic tubercle

Obturator foramen

Ischium

Pubic symphysis

Sacrum

Sacro-iliac joint

L5


The locations and extents of the true (lesser) pelvis(in purple) and the false (greater) pelvis

Superior view Inferior view

Ischialspine

Pelvic outlet

Pelvicoutlet

Pelvic inletPelvic brim

False pelvis


The shapes of the pelvis in females and males

The pelvis of a female The pelvis of a male

Female Male

Ischialspine

Ischialspine

100°or more 90°

or less

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 7.18 1 - 2

Landmarks of the right femur

Neck

Greater trochanter

Shaft

Patellar surface

Lateral epicondyle

Lateral condyle Medial condyle

Medial epicondyle

Adductor tubercle

Lesser trochanterAnterior

viewPosterior

view

Intertrochanteric line

Femoral head

Fovea capitisGreater

trochanter

Intertrochantericcrest

Gluteal tuberosity

Linea aspera

Lateral supracondylarridge

Popliteal surface

Intercondylar fossa

Lateral epicondyle

Lateral condyle


Anterior view Posterior view

Attachment area forthe patellar ligament,

which attaches thepatella to the tibia

Attachmentarea for

quadricepstendon

Baseof patella

The surface features of the patella

Apexof patella

Articular surfaceof patella

Medial facet, for medialcondyle of femur

Lateral facet, forlateral condyleof femur


Lateral tibial condyle

Head of the fibula

Fibula

Lateral malleolusof the fibula

Inferiorarticular surface

Medial malleolusof the tibia

Tibia

Anterior marginof the tibia

Interosseous membrane

Anteriorview

Posteriorview

Tibial tuberosity

Medial tibial condyle

Superiortibiofibular joint

Articular surface ofmedial tibial condyle

Intercondylar eminence

Articular surface oflateral tibial condyle

Lateral tibial condyle

Head of fibula

Fibula

Inferior tibiofibularjoint

Lateral malleolus(fibula)

The features of the right tibia and fibula

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Ankle (Tarsus)

The ankle consists of seventarsal bones.

Calcaneus

Talus

Navicular

Cuboid

Cuneiform bones

The bones of the ankle and foot

Trochlea

Metatarsals

Articulations of the cuboid and thecuneiform bones with the metatarsalbones

Metatarsal bones (designated I–V)

Phalanges

Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges

Proximal phalanx

Distal phalanx

Hallux

V IV III II I

Figure 7.19 1


Lateralview

A lateral view of the right ankle and foot

PhalangesMetatarsalbones (I–V)

Cuneiformbones

Navicularbone

CuboidboneLateral surface

of the trochlea

Attachment site forthe calcaneal tendon

(Achilles tendon)V

IV

IIIII

I


Phalanges

Medialview

Metatarsalbones

Medialcuneiform

bone

Navicularbone

Talus

Calcaneus

Longitudinal arch Transverse arch

A medial view of the right ankle and foot

I

© 2011 pearson education, inc. powerpoint ® lecture presentations prepared by alexander g....

Documents

temporal bone maxilla

hyoid bone auditory

pearson education

bones appendicular skeleton

skeleton slide

axial skeleton skull

midline slide

inferior view