© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Variable Costing:A Tool for Management

Chapter 7

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Learning Objective 1

Explain how variable Explain how variable costing differs from costing differs from

absorption costing and absorption costing and compute unit product compute unit product

costs under each method.costs under each method.

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Overview of Absorption and Variable Costing

Direct Materials

Direct Labor

Variable Manufacturing Overhead

Fixed Manufacturing Overhead

Variable Selling and Administrative Expenses

Fixed Selling and Administrative Expenses

VariableCosting

AbsorptionCosting

ProductCosts

PeriodCosts

ProductCosts

PeriodCosts

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Quick Check

Which method will produce the highest values for work in process and finished goods inventories?

a. Absorption costing.

b. Variable costing.

c. They produce the same values for these inventories.

d. It depends. . .

Which method will produce the highest values for work in process and finished goods inventories?

a. Absorption costing.

b. Variable costing.

c. They produce the same values for these inventories.

d. It depends. . .

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Which method will produce the highest values for work in process and finished goods inventories?

a. Absorption costing.

b. Variable costing.

c. They produce the same values for these inventories.

d. It depends. . .

Which method will produce the highest values for work in process and finished goods inventories?

a. Absorption costing.

b. Variable costing.

c. They produce the same values for these inventories.

d. It depends. . .

Quick Check

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GROSS MARGIN (FAC) FORMAT

SALES LESS COGS (DM; DL; VMOH; FMOH)

__________________________________________ GROSS MARGIN LESS VMKT; FMKT; VADM; FADM __________________________________________ OPERATING INCOMEFAC

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CONTRIBUTION MARGIN FORMAT SALES LESS DM; DL; VMOH; VMKT; VADM __________________________________________ CONTRIBUTION MARGIN LESS FMOH; FMKT; FADM __________________________________________ OPERATING INCOMEVC

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Harvey Company produces a single productwith the following information available:

Unit Cost Computations

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Unit product cost is determined as follows:

Under absorption costing, all production costs, variable and fixed, are included when determining unit product

cost. Under variable costing, only the variable production costs are included in product costs.

Unit Cost Computations

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Learning Objective 2

Prepare income Prepare income statements using both statements using both

variable and absorption variable and absorption costing.costing.

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Income Comparison ofAbsorption and Variable Costing

Let’s assume the following additional information for Harvey Company. 20,000 units were sold during the year at a price

of $30 each. There is no beginning inventory.

Now, let’s compute net operatingincome using both absorptionand variable costing.

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Absorption Costing

Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred in inventory is 5,000 units × $6 = $30,000.

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Variable CostingSales (20,000 × $30) 600,000$ Less variable expenses: Beginning inventory -$ Add COGM (25,000 × $10) 250,000 Goods available for sale 250,000 Less ending inventory (5,000 × $10) 50,000 Variable cost of goods sold 200,000 Variable selling & administrative expenses (20,000 × $3) 60,000 260,000 Contribution margin 340,000 Less fixed expenses: Manufacturing overhead 150,000$ Selling & administrative expenses 100,000 250,000 Net operating income 90,000$

Variable CostingSales (20,000 × $30) 600,000$ Less variable expenses: Beginning inventory -$ Add COGM (25,000 × $10) 250,000 Goods available for sale 250,000 Less ending inventory (5,000 × $10) 50,000 Variable cost of goods sold 200,000 Variable selling & administrative expenses (20,000 × $3) 60,000 260,000 Contribution margin 340,000 Less fixed expenses: Manufacturing overhead 150,000$ Selling & administrative expenses 100,000 250,000 Net operating income 90,000$

Variablemanufacturing

costs only.

All fixedmanufacturing

overhead isexpensed.

Variable Costing

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Learning Objective 3

Reconcile variable costing Reconcile variable costing and absorption costing net and absorption costing net

operating incomes and operating incomes and explain why the two explain why the two

amounts differ.amounts differ.

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Comparing the Two Methods

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Variable costing net operating income 90,000$ Add: Fixed mfg. overhead costs deferred in inventory (5,000 units × $6 per unit) 30,000 Absorption costing net operating income 120,000$

Variable costing net operating income 90,000$ Add: Fixed mfg. overhead costs deferred in inventory (5,000 units × $6 per unit) 30,000 Absorption costing net operating income 120,000$

Fixed mfg. overhead $150,000 Units produced 25,000 units

= = $6 per unit

We can reconcile the difference betweenabsorption and variable income as follows:

Comparing the Two Methods

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Extended Comparisons of Income Data Harvey Company – Year Two

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Unit Cost Computations

Since the variable costs per unit, total fixed costs, Since the variable costs per unit, total fixed costs, and the number of units produced remained and the number of units produced remained unchanged, the unit cost computations also unchanged, the unit cost computations also

remain unchanged.remain unchanged.

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Absorption CostingSales (30,000 × $30) 900,000$ Less cost of goods sold: Beg. inventory (5,000 × $16) 80,000$ Add COGM (25,000 × $16) 400,000 Goods available for sale 480,000 Less ending inventory - 480,000 Gross margin 420,000 Less selling & admin. exp. Variable (30,000 × $3) 90,000$ Fixed 100,000 190,000 Net operating income 230,000$

Absorption CostingSales (30,000 × $30) 900,000$ Less cost of goods sold: Beg. inventory (5,000 × $16) 80,000$ Add COGM (25,000 × $16) 400,000 Goods available for sale 480,000 Less ending inventory - 480,000 Gross margin 420,000 Less selling & admin. exp. Variable (30,000 × $3) 90,000$ Fixed 100,000 190,000 Net operating income 230,000$

Absorption Costing

Fixed manufacturing overhead released from inventory is 5,000 units × $6 = $30,000.

Unit product

cost.

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Variable Costing

All fixedmanufacturing

overhead isexpensed.

Variablemanufacturing

costs only.

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Variable costing net operating income 260,000$ Deduct: Fixed manufacturing overhead costs released from inventory (5,000 units × $6 per unit) 30,000 Absorption costing net operating income 230,000$

We can reconcile the difference betweenabsorption and variable income as follows:

Fixed mfg. overhead $150,000 Units produced 25,000 units

= = $6 per unit

Comparing the Two Methods

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Comparing the Two Methods

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Summary of Key Insights

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Learning Objective 4

Understand the Understand the advantages and advantages and

disadvantages of both disadvantages of both variable and absorption variable and absorption

costing.costing.

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Impact on the Manager

Opponents of absorption costing argue thatshifting fixed manufacturing overhead costs

between periods can lead to faulty decisions.

Opponents of absorption costing argue thatshifting fixed manufacturing overhead costs

between periods can lead to faulty decisions.

These opponents argue that variable costing incomestatements are easier to understand because net operating

income is only affected by changes in unit sales. Thisproduces net operating income figures that are

consistent with managers’ expectations.

These opponents argue that variable costing incomestatements are easier to understand because net operating

income is only affected by changes in unit sales. Thisproduces net operating income figures that are

consistent with managers’ expectations.

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CVP Analysis, Decision Makingand Absorption costing

Absorption costing does not dovetail with CVP analysis, nor does it support decision making. It treats fixed

manufacturing overhead as a variable cost. It assigns per unit fixed manufacturing overhead costs to production.

Treating fixed manufacturing overhead as a variable cost can:

• Lead to faulty pricing decisions and faulty keep-or-drop decisions.

Treating fixed manufacturing overhead as a variable cost can:

• Lead to faulty pricing decisions and faulty keep-or-drop decisions.

Assigning per unit fixed manufacturing overhead costs to production can:

• Potentially produce positive net operating income even when the number of units sold is less than the breakeven point.

Assigning per unit fixed manufacturing overhead costs to production can:

• Potentially produce positive net operating income even when the number of units sold is less than the breakeven point.

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External Reporting and Income Taxes

To conform toTo conform toGAAP requirements,GAAP requirements,

absorption costing must be used forabsorption costing must be used forexternal financial reports in theexternal financial reports in the

United States. United States.

To conform toTo conform toGAAP requirements,GAAP requirements,

absorption costing must be used forabsorption costing must be used forexternal financial reports in theexternal financial reports in the

United States. United States.Under the Tax

Reform Act of 1986,absorption costing must be

used when filling out income tax returns.

Under the TaxReform Act of 1986,

absorption costing must beused when filling out income tax returns.Since top executives

are typically evaluated based on earnings reported to shareholders

in external reports, they may feel that decisions should be based on

absorption costing data.

Since top executivesare typically evaluated based on

earnings reported to shareholdersin external reports, they may feel that

decisions should be based on absorption costing data.

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Advantages of Variable Costingand the Contribution Approach

Advantages

Management findsit more useful.

Consistent withCVP analysis.

Net operating income is closer to

net cash flow.

Profit is not affected bychanges in inventories.

Consistent with standardcosts and flexible budgeting.

Impact of fixedcosts on profitsemphasized.

Easier to estimate profitabilityof products and segments.

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VariableCosting

Variable versus Absorption Costing

Fixed manufacturingcosts must be assignedto products to properlymatch revenues and

costs.

Fixed manufacturing costs are capacity costs

and will be incurredeven if nothing is

produced.

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Variable Costing and the Theory of Constraints (TOC)

Companies involved in TOC use a form of variable costing. However, one difference of the TOC approach is that it treats direct labor as a fixed cost for three reasons:

Many companies have a commitment to guarantee workers a minimum number of paid hours.

Direct labor is usually not the constraint.

TOC emphasizes the role direct laborers play in driving continuous improvement. Since layoffs often devastate morale, managers involved in TOC are extremely reluctant to lay off employees.

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Impact of Lean Production

When companies use Lean Production . . .

Productiontends to equal

sales . . .

So, the difference between variable andabsorption income tends to disappear.

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PRACTICE PROBLEM 1PREPARE I/S USING BOTH FORMATS

Data concerning Sonderegger Company's operations last year appear below:

 

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PRACTICE PROBLEM 2PREPARE I/S USING BOTH FORMATS

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PRACTICE PROBLEM 3PREPARE I/S USING BOTH FORMATS

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End of Chapter 7