© 2009 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved principles of pharmacology powerpoint®...

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Principles of PharmacologyPrinciples of PharmacologyPowerPoint® presentation to accompany:

Medical AssistingThird Edition

Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson


50-2

Learning Outcomes

50.1 Describe the five categories of pharmacology.

50.2 Differentiate between chemical, generic, and trade names for drugs.

50.3 Describe the major drug categories.

50.4 List the main sources of drug information.


50-3

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

50.5 Contrast over-the-counter and prescription drugs.

50.6 Compare the five schedules of controlled substances.

50.7 Describe how to register a physician with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) for permission to administer, dispense, and prescribe controlled drugs.


50-4

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

50.8 Describe how to telephone a medication refill.

50.9 Describe how vaccines work in the immune system.

50.10 Identify patient education topics related to the use of nonprescription and prescription drugs.


50-5

Introduction Pharmacology – science or study of drugs

Medication errors can result in injury or death

Medical assistant Knowledge of the foundations of pharmacology Understand role of drugs in ambulatory medical

facilities


50-6

Medical Assistant’s Role in Pharmacology Prescription drugs –

physician’s order required to dispense and administer

OTC drugs – purchased by patient for self-treatment

You should Be sure the physician is

aware of all medications the patient is taking

Ask patients about use of alcohol and recreational drugs

Provide patient education


50-7

Medical Assistant’s Role in Pharmacology (cont.)

Administration of drugs Check state regulations scope of practice Understand pharmacologic principles Translate prescriptions Answer basic patient questions Adhere to legal requirements Keep accurate records


50-8

Drugs and Pharmacology Drug – chemical compound used to prevent,

diagnose, or treat disease

Pharmacognosy – study of characteristics of natural drugs and their sources

Pharmacodynamics – study of what drugs do to the body


50-9

Drugs and Pharmacology (cont.)

Pharmacokinetics – study of what the body does to drugs

Pharmacotherapeutics – study of how drugs are used to treat disease

Toxicology – study of poisons or poisonous effects of drugs


50-10

Drugs and Pharmacology (cont.)

Prescribe – physician gives a patient a prescription to be filled by a pharmacist

Administer – give a drug by injection, mouth, or other route that introduces it into the body

Dispense – health-care professional distributes the drug, in a properly labeled container, to the patient for whom it is prescribed


50-11

Sources of Drugs Natural products

Plants Animals Minerals Bacteria and fungi

Chemical development of natural products Synthesis of chemical makeup of a drug Manipulation of genetic information

Foxglove is used to make digitoxin


50-12

Apply Your Knowledge

1. What is the role of the medical assistant in pharmacology?ANSWER: The medical assistant should be sure the physician is aware of all medications the patient is taking, including OTC medications; ask patients about use of alcohol and recreational drugs; and provide patient education. If the scope of practice permits, the medical assistant may also be responsible for administering some medications.


50-13

Apply Your Knowledge2. Matching:

___ Study of poisons A. Pharmacokinetics

___ Study of what the body does to drugs B. Pharmacognosy

___ Used to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease C. Toxicology

___ Study of what drugs do to the body D. Pharmacotherapeutics

___ Study of how drugs are used to treat disease E. Pharmacodynamics

___ Study of characteristics of natural drug F. Drugs and their sources

ANSWER:

F

E

D

C

B

A


50-14

Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of action of

a drug to produce a therapeutic effect

Interaction between drug and target cells and body’s response to the interaction


50-15

Pharmacokinetics What the body does to a drug

Absorption Conversion of a drug into a form the body can use Allows the drug to enter the blood and tissues Rate and extent of absorption depend on

Route of administration Characteristics of the drug

Distribution Transportation of a drug from site of administration

to site of action


50-16

Pharmacokinetics (cont.) Metabolism

Drug molecules are transformed into metabolites Usually in liver, some in kidneys Affected by age, genetic makeup, and

characteristics of drug

Excretion Manner in which a drug is eliminated from the body Most via urine


50-17


What is the difference between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics?

ANSWER: Pharmacodynamics is the way a drug affects the body to produce its effect. It is the interaction between the drug and cells and the body's response to the interaction. Pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug and includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug.

Very Good!


50-18

Pharmacotherapeutics Clinical pharmacology Drug names

Generic – official name International nonproprietary name Chemical name Trade – brand or proprietary name

Generic and trade names used most often


50-19

Pharmacotherapeutics (cont.)

Drug categories Action on the body

General therapeutic effect

Body system affected

Indication and labeling Indication – reason(s)

for using a drug

Must be approved by FDA to be part of labeling

Off-label use


50-20


Safety Adverse reaction to drug

Interaction with another medication

Be alert to patient complaints after starting a new drug

Efficacy – drug is working as expected


50-21

If a patient complains a drug is not working The patient may not understand how the drug

works Dosage may need to be adjusted Therapeutic level may not have been reached Wrong drug may have been prescribed Some drugs work better for one patient than

another Some forms of drugs work better



50-22

Pharmacotherapeutics: Kinds of Therapy

Acute – improve a life-threatening or serious condition

Empiric – given before test results are available

Maintenance – maintain health

Palliative – reduce severity of a condition or pain

Prophylactic – prevent disease

Replacement – provide chemicals a patient lacks

Supportive – for a condition other than the primary disease

Supplemental – avoid a deficiency


50-23

Toxicology Study of poisonous effects of drugs

Adverse effects Drug interactions

Patient education Inform physician of any adverse effects Discuss concerns with physician or pharmacist


50-24

Apply Your Knowledge1. Mr. Anderson is complaining that the new medication does

not seem to be working. What may be the reason for this?

ANSWER: Mr. Anderson may not understand how the drug works. His dosage may need to be adjusted, or the therapeutic level may not have been reached. The wrong drug may have been prescribed for him, or this particular drug may not work for as well for him as for another patient. He may need the medication in a different form.


50-25


2. Toxicology includes which of these?

A. Poisons and poisonous effects of drugs

B. Excretion of drugs

C. Adverse effects of drugs

D. Drug interactions

E. Metabolism of drugs

ANSWER:


50-26

Sources of Drug Information Sources must be up-to-date PDR

Information provided by pharmaceutical companies

Information closely resembles package insert Published annually

Drug Evaluations – published annually by the AMA


50-27

Sources of Drug Information USP/NF

Official source of drug standards Published about every 5 years

AHFS – published by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists


50-28

The FDA Regulatory Function New drugs

Clinical trials Safety Efficacy

Drug manufacturing Identity Strength Purity Quality

OTC drugs

Prescription drugs

Pregnancy categories A B C D X


50-29

The FDA Regulatory Function (cont.)

Controlled substances Drugs categorized as potentially dangerous and

addictive Strictly regulated by federal laws Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and

Control Act (1970) Created the DEA Strengthened drug enforcement authority Schedules – based on abuse potential


50-30

Schedule Abuse Potential ExampleI High Heroin

II High Morphine

III Lower than II (moderate dependence)

Butabarbital

IV Lower than III (limited dependence)

Diazepam

V Lower than IV (very limited dependence)

Antidiarrheals



50-31

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (1970) Controlled substance

labeling Doctor registration Ordering controlled

substances Drug security Record keeping

Dispensing records Inventory records Disposal of drugs



50-32

Writing prescriptions – parts of a prescription

Superscription Patient information

Inscription Name of the drug Amount of drug per dose

Subscription – directions to the pharmacist

Signature – patient instructions



50-33


Prescription for a Single Medication


50-34

Prescription for Multiple Medications



50-35

Writing prescriptions Keep prescription

blanks secure

Telephone prescriptions Only at request of the

physician

Follow facility policy

Document carefully



50-36


1. Which of the following sources of drug information is most like the package insert?

A. AHFS B. PDR C. USP/NF D. Drug Evaluations

ANSWER:

2. Match

___ Contains the patient information A. Subscription

___ Name of the drug and dosage B. Signature

___ Instructions to the pharmacist C. Superscription

___ Patient instructions D. Inscription

C

D

B

A

ANSWER: Correct!


50-37

Vaccines Special preparations made from

microorganisms

Administered to produce reduced sensitivity to or increased immunity to an infectious disease

Body creates antibodies in response to an antigen (vaccine)


50-38

1. Antigen enters body

2. White cells produce antibodies

3. Antibodies combine with antigens to neutralize them

4. This arrests or prevents reaction or disease

5. Vaccines stimulate antibody formation and reduce symptoms if patient is exposed to disease

Vaccines: Antibody Formation


50-39

Schedule for immunizations for children up to age 16 years

Pre-exposure immunizations

Post-exposure immunizations – antiserum or antitoxin that contains antibodies

Vaccines: Immunizations


50-40

Medical assistant should be familiar with Indications Contraindications Dosages Administration routes Potential adverse effects Methods of storing and

handling

Vaccines: Immunizations (cont.)


50-41


ANSWER: Vaccines are administered to a person to produce reduced sensitivity to or increase immunity to an infectious disease.

Why are vaccines given to patients?


50-42

Patient Instruction on Medications Medical assistant role is important

OTC drugs Should not be used to avoid medical care May not produce enough therapeutic benefit May be dangerous in combination with other

substances or drugs May mask symptoms or aggravate a problem


50-43

Prescription drugs Inform patient about special

considerations and drug safety precautions

Encourage patient to Maintain a complete list

of medications Report adverse reactions Patient compliance

Patient Instruction on Medications (cont.)


50-44

To prevent medication errors, be sure patient understands prescription How and when to take the medication Appropriate language Demonstrate if necessary Review warnings about

the medication

Patient Instruction on Medications (cont.)


50-45


Mrs. Del Rosario tells you she does not take any medication when you are taking her history. When you question her further, she says she takes an OTC pain medication occasionally and routinely take several herbal supplements. What should you tell her?

ANSWER: You should tell her it is important to report all medications, including OTC drugs and herbal and other supplements, to the physician and that they may be dangerous in combination with other substances or drugs or may mask symptoms or aggravate a problem.

Nice Job!


50-46

In Summary Pharmacology – study

of drugs

Drug classifications based on action

Immunizations provide immunity to specific diseases

Medical assistant Instruct patients about

Specific drugs Required safety

precautions

Promote patient compliance


50-47

End of Chapter

It is easy to get a thousand prescriptions but hard to get one single remedy.

~Chinese Proverb

© 2009 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved principles of pharmacology powerpoint®...

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natural drugs

role of drugs

recreational drugs

otc drugs

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