© 2008, tesccc 1 imperialism: an overview cscope world history unit 08

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Imperialism:An Overview

CSCOPE

World History

Unit 08

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Imperialism

The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation.

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Much of the motivation for the new imperialism came from the Industrial Revolution.

– Industrial nations desired colonies to provide a cheap and certain supply of raw materials, markets reserved for the mother country's manufactured goods, and large profits with minimum risk on investment of surplus capital.

– Now that European countries were competing industrially, colonies could also be used to control strategic locations such as the Strait of Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, the Philippines, and the Suez Canal.

– In addition, the colonies could be used as overseas bases to keep ships and troops supplied and ready all over the globe.

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Motivations for Imperialism

• Economic - motives included the desire to make money, to expand and control foreign trade, to create new markets for products, to acquire raw materials and cheap labor, to compete for investments and resources, and to export industrial technology and transportation methods.

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• Political- motives were based on a nation's desire to gain power, to compete with other European countries, to expand territory, to exercise military force, to gain prestige by winning colonies, and to boost national pride and security.

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• Religious- motives included the desire to spread Christianity, to protect European missionaries in other lands, to spread European values and moral beliefs, to educate peoples of other cultures, and to end slave trade in Africa.– The first Americans to settle in Hawaii were

missionaries.

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• Exploratory- motives were based on the desire to explore "unknown" or uncharted territory, to conduct scientific research, to conduct medical searches for the causes and treatment of diseases, to go on an adventure, and to investigate "unknown" lands and cultures.– Charles Darwin was on such a voyage when he

gathered evidence for his book Origins of the Species.

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• Ideological- motives were based on cultural values such as the belief that the white race was superior, other cultures were "primitive," Europeans should "civilize" peoples in other parts of the world, great nations should have empires, and only the strongest nations will survive.

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Conference of Berlin

• At a meeting of the European powers to establish guidelines for maintaining overseas colonies in undeveloped area.

• This conference started what is called the “Scramble for Africa”.

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Africa by 1914• When the age of

Imperialism began in 1875, Europeans controlled less than 10 percent of Africa.

• By 1900, 90 percent of Africa was divided into colonies.

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• The advocates of imperialism used nationalist arguments to gain public support for empire building. They claimed that the mother country would gain glory and achieve "a place in the sun" by building a great empire.

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Imperialism in Asia• In Asia, Britain led the way by its example in

India. Over the years, Britain also took Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, North Borneo, Burma, and Hong Kong. By 1914 France had Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos), the Dutch controlled the East Indies (Indonesia), the United States had the Philippines, and Germany had special rights in China. Only three Asian countries remained independent -- China, Japan, and Siam (Thailand).

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China: Spheres of Influence

• Although China was not taken over by a European nation, after the Boxer rebellion (Chinese nationalist attempt to rid China of all foreigners) China was divided into “Spheres of Influence.”

• Spheres of Influence allowed a European power to control the economics of an area while allowing the local government to retain the semblance of power.

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Imperialism in the Pacific

• In the Pacific, several European countries took colonies. Great Britain took Australia and New Zealand. France colonized Tahiti, and Germany claimed the Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana Islands.

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Europeans in Africa and the Middle East

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• Imperialism continued throughout much of Africa until the 1960s. Once resources were depleted, imperialist nations left and turned the land back over to the natives.

• The problem: there are little or no natural resources left, the land is depleted, many of the people are uneducated; the land and it’s people have been left devastated.

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The Middle East

• At one time much of the Middle East had been controlled by imperialist countries, such as Great Britain and France.

• Yet, they are not in the same condition that Africa is. Why do you think that is? What makes their situation different than Africa’s?

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In India….

• When Great Britain took over India, part of the strategy was: divide and conquer, meaning… “cause problems between the Muslim and Hindus so that they will not work together to overthrow us…”

• To this day, Muslims and Hindus in India still cannot live peacefully together.

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How much of the problems in today’s world, can be traced back to

Imperialism?

• Any solutions?

• What can be done?

• Why isn’t more being done?

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Motives Revisited• There were less selfish motives, though even

these seem narrow-minded by today's standards. Many Europeans went overseas to offer the "blessings" of Western Civilization to the "pitiful heathens." There were many dedicated missionaries spreading Christianity and other humanitarians promoting public health and education. Bringing these blessings of Western culture to the "backward" peoples of Africa and Asia was a duty labeled by the British writer Rudyard Kipling as "The White Man's Burden."

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Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.

Words used to describe Europeans

Words used to describe natives

Words describing the WM’s Burden

Words describing the natives’ response

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Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen FollyBring all your hopes to nought.

Take up the White Man's burden--No tawdry rule of kings,But toil of serf and sweeper--The tale of common things.The ports ye shall not enter,The roads ye shall not tread,Go mark them with your living,And mark them with your dead.





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Take up the White Man's burden--And reap his old reward:The blame of those ye better,The hate of those ye guard--The cry of hosts ye humour(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--"Why brought he us from bondage,Our loved Egyptian night?"

Take up the White Man's burden--Ye dare not stoop to less--Nor call too loud on FreedomTo cloak your weariness;By all ye cry or whisper,By all ye leave or do,The silent, sullen peoplesShall weigh your gods and you.





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Take up the White Man's burden--Have done with childish days--The lightly proferred laurel,The easy, ungrudged praise.Comes now, to search your manhoodThrough all the thankless yearsCold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,The judgment of your peers!

Rudyard Kipling





© 2008, tesccc 1 imperialism: an overview cscope world history unit 08

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