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COA

Lower Limb

Tibia, Anterior View

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Tibia, Anterior View1. lateral condyle2. medial condyle3. tibial tuberosity4. anterolateral (Gerdy’s) tubercle5. head of the fibula6. interosseous membrane7. lateral malleolus8. medial malleolus

The tibial shaft is most narrow and has the poorest bloodsupply at the junction of its middle and inferior thirds. It isalso the most common site for a compound fracture.Transverse stress (march) fractures occur in unconditionedhikers. Diagonal fractures occur as a result of severe torsion.Boot-top fractures may occur during skiing when the leg isforced against the rigid boot.

COA COA COA

compound diagonal transverse

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Grant’s

Lower Limb

Dorsum of the Foot

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Dorsum of the Foot1. inferior extensor retinaculum2. dorsalis pedis artery3. extensor hallucis brevis4. extensor digitorum brevis5. 1st dorsal interosseous

A hematoma resulting from trauma to the extensor digitorumbrevis produces edema near the ankle that is often confusedwith an ankle sprain.

The pulse of the dorsalis pedis artery may be palpated alonga line from the extensor retinaculum along the extensor hallu-cis longus tendons in patients needing examination of the pe-ripheral vascular system.

COA

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Grant’s

Lower Limb

Open Knee Joint

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Open Knee Joint1. patella2. synovial fold3. joint capsule4. articular cartilage5. infrapatellar synovial fold6. prepatellar bursa

Arthroscopy is endoscopic visualization of the interior of theknee cavity with minimal disruption of tissue, allowing fordebridement, removal of torn menisci and loose bodies, liga-ment repair, and fluid removal. Excess fluid may also be di-rectly aspirated from the flexed knee with a needle.

If a person’s knee is osteoarthritic, an artificial knee may beinserted.

COA

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