© 2006 pearson prentice hall lecture outlines powerpoint chapter 1 earth science 11e...
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© 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint
Chapter 1
Earth Science 11e
Tarbuck/Lutgens
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Earth Science, 11e
Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter 1
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Earth Science
Encompasses all sciences that seek to understand • Earth • Earth's neighbors in space
Earth Science includes• Geology - literally the “study of Earth” • Oceanography – a study of the ocean
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Earth Science
Earth Science includes• Meteorology - the study of the atmosphere
and the processes that produce weather • Astronomy - the study of the universe
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People and the environment
Environment • Surrounds and influences organisms • Physical environment encompasses water,
air, soil, and rock• Term “environmental” is usually reserved
for those aspects that focus on the relationships between people and the natural environment
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People and the environment
Resources • An important focus of the Earth sciences • Includes water, soil, minerals, and energy• Two broad categories
• Renewable – can be replenished (examples include plants and energy from water and wind)
• Nonrenewable – metals (examples include metals and fuels)
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People and the environment
Population • Population of the planet is growing rapidly • Rate of mineral and energy usage has
climbed more rapidly than the overall growth of population
Environmental problems• Local, regional, and global
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People and the environment
Environmental problems• Human-induced and accentuated
• Urban air pollution• Acid rain• Ozone depletion• Global warming
• Natural hazards • Earthquakes • Landslides
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People and the environment
Environmental problems• Natural hazards continued
• Floods• Hurricanes
• World population pressures
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Quiz Break Section 1
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Scientific inquiry
Science assumes the natural world is • Consistent• Predictable
Goal of science • To discover patterns in nature• To use the knowledge to predict
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Scientific inquiry An idea can become a
• Hypothesis (tentative or untested explanation) • Theory (tested and confirmed hypothesis) • Paradigm (a theory that explains a large number
of interrelated aspects of the natural world)
Scientific method • Gather facts through observation • Formulate hypotheses and theories
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Scientific inquiry
Scientific knowledge is gained through • Following systematic steps
• Collecting facts• Developing a hypothesis • Conduct experiments • Re-examine the hypothesis and accept, modify,
or reject
• Theories that withstand examination • Totally unexpected occurrences
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Early evolution of Earth
Origin of Earth • Most researchers believe that Earth and the
other planets formed at essentially the same time
• Nebular hypothesis • Solar system evolved from an enormous rotating
cloud called the solar nebula • Nebula was composed mostly of hydrogen and
helium
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Early evolution of Earth
Origin of Earth • Nebular hypothesis continued
• About 5 billion years ago the nebula began to contract
• Assumes a flat, disk shape with the protosun (pre-Sun) at the center
• Inner planets begin to form from metallic and rocky clumps
• Larger outer planets began forming from fragments with a high percentage of ices
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The Nebular hypothesis
Figure 1.7
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Early evolution of Earth Formation of Earth’s layered structure
• As Earth formed, the decay of radioactive elements and heat from high-velocity impacts caused the temperature to increase
• Iron and nickel began to melt and sink toward the center
• Lighter rocky components floated outward, toward the surface
• Gaseous material escaped from Earth’s interior to produce the primitive atmosphere
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Earth's “Spheres"
Hydrosphere • Ocean – the most prominent feature of the
hydrosphere • Nearly 71% of Earth's surface • About 97% of Earth's water
• Also includes fresh water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers, as well as that found underground
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Earth's “Spheres"
Atmosphere • Thin, tenuous blanket of air • One half lies below 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles)
Biosphere• Includes all life • Concentrated near the surface in a zone that
extends from the ocean floor upward for several kilometers into the atmosphere
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Earth's “Spheres"
Solid Earth • Based on compositional differences, it
consists of the crust, mantle, and core• Divisions of the outer portion are based on
how materials behave • Lithosphere - rigid outer layer • Divisions of Earth’s surface - continents and
ocean basins
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Quiz Break Section 2
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Earth’s layered structureUsing the following:
V = 4/3 π r3
Ave. Crust thickness = ~30 Km
Upper mantle = 670 Km
What makes up the greatest volume of Earth?
a) Crustb) Upper mantlec) Lower mantled) Outer coree) Inner Core
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Earth system science
Earth is a dynamic body with many separate but highly interacting parts or spheres
Earth system science studies Earth as a system composed of numerous parts, or subsystems
System - any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole
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Earth system science
System • Closed systems are self-contained (e.g. an
automobile cooling system) • Open systems - both energy and matter
flow into and out of the system (e.g. a river system)
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Earth system science
Feedback mechanisms • Negative-feedback mechanisms resist
change and stabilize the system • Positive-feedback mechanisms enhance
the system
Earth as a system • Consists of a nearly endless array of
subsystems (e.g. hydrologic cycle, rock cycle)
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Earth system cycles
Figure 1.17
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Earth system science
Earth as a system • Sources of energy
• Sun – drives external processes such as weather, ocean circulation and erosional processes
• Earth’s interior – drives internal processes including volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain building
• Humans are part of the Earth system
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Quiz Break Section 3
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End of Chapter 1