© 2004-09 dorje gurung m4 fuels & energy ii: fuels & energy

© 2004-09 Dorje Gurung

M4 Fuels & Energy II: M4 Fuels & Energy II: Fuels & EnergyFuels & Energy

M4 Fuels & Energy: Fuels & Energy Slide 2 of 40

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Key Concepts:

– Fossil fuel, petroleum (crude oil), hydrocarbon, distillation, fractional distillation, viscosity, combustion

– Natural gas (methane), fossil fuel, petroleum (crude oil), hydrocarbon, distillation, fractional distillation, fraction, petrol, paraffin, diesel, lubricating fraction, bitumen

– biomass, nuclear energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, wind energy, wave energy, hydroelectricity, biomass

• Skills

– Name the fossil fuels coal, natural gas and petroleum

– Describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons

– State that distillation can be used to separate components of liquid mixture


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

– Be able to describe simple viscosity test for liquids and analyze the result

– Name other sources of energy apart from those already named

– Describe petroleum’s separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation

– Be able to name the uses of some named fractions

– Describe the difference in properties such as number of carbon, boiling point, viscosity and color of different fractions

– Be able to describe some of the environmental problems associated with using fossil fuels

–


What is a fuel?What is a fuel?

• A fuel is a substance or chemical that reacts with air releasing heat / thermal energy (or another kind of useful energy).

Burning (reaction of a fuel with oxygen) is called “combustion”.

We burn (combust) many types of fuels:

Wood paper Charcoal (for barbeques)

Coal Natural gas Petrol

(methane, CH4) (from crude oil)

The combustion of the fuels provide the energy necessary for a host of different activities such as cooking, heating, operating automobiles and running factories.


Natural FuelsNatural Fuels

• The three fuels that are used most widely are coal, natural gas and petroleum. They are referred to as fossil fuels because they are remains of dead plants and animals.

Coal from plants, and natural gas and petroleum from animals.


World Energy Source in 1999World Energy Source in 1999


Production and Use of Fossil FuelsProduction and Use of Fossil Fuels

• These charts show the countries that produce the most fossil fuels, and the countries that These charts show the countries that produce the most fossil fuels, and the countries that consume the most fossil fuels. Fossil fuels include petroleum, coal, and natural gas. consume the most fossil fuels. Fossil fuels include petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

The United States produces and consumes more fossil fuels than any other country in the world.The United States produces and consumes more fossil fuels than any other country in the world.

1 quadrillian = 1000 trillion = 1,000,000 billion BTU = British Thermal Units.


Consumption of Fossil FuelsConsumption of Fossil Fuels• In 1999, 324

quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) of fossil fuels were consumed worldwide. The United States, with less than 5% of the world’s population, consumed 25% of the oil, 26% of the gas, and 26% of the coal.


CoalCoal

• Coal was formed over millions of years ago from dead trees and plants.

The process involved the following

– dead plants ending up in swamps and lakes,

– then being buried under sedimentary rocks,

– followed by anaerobic (without free oxygen) bacteria decomposing it,

– and then finally pressure (and heat caused by the pressure) converting the decomposed product to change its chemical structure and shape and form coal.

rock

rock

sand

coal


And now…And now…

rock

rock

sand

We dig the coal out a coal “seam” using machines. The whole place is called a coalmine. A coalmine can be very deep inside the earth – kilometres down.


Petroleum (oil)Petroleum (oil)

We obtain petroleum from the Earth’s crust both on land and at sea. But where did this crude oil come from?

An oil field

While coal was formed from plants, oil was formed from the remains of sea organisms.

The sea organisms died and fell to the bottom of seas and oceans.

The remains of the organisms became covered by rock and over millions of years, due to heat and pressure, crude oil was formed under layers of sedimentary rock. Unfortunately oil is being used up

a lot faster than it is being formed


Drilling for crude oil & natural gas

Crude oil and natural gas is buried under rock.

To obtain it massive drilling machines are built to drill a hole through 5 or more kilometres of solid rock so the oil can be pumped to the surface.

Crude oilgas

Drilling rig


Off-shore RigOff-shore RigIf the crude oil is buried beneath the land under the sea then a drilling platform is used to obtain the crude oil.

What a beautiful sunset…thanks to all

the pollutants!!


WhyWhy are they called are they called FOSSIL FUELSFOSSIL FUELS again?again?

coz they are the fossilized remains

of

& dead plants

dead sea

animals


What What do we do with do we do with FOSSIL FUELSFOSSIL FUELS??

• So, the three things required for combustion (burning) when put together forms what is called the fire triangle and it consists of: fuel, heat, and oxygen.

O2O2

O2

O2

transfers toenergy

energy and

energy

Heat Fuel

Oxygen


Energy SourceEnergy Source

Where does the chemical potential energy within fossil fuels originate from?

All the chemical potential energy within fossil fuels originates from the sun, solar energy.

COAL

OIL & NATURAL GAS

(extremely small sea plants)

What kind of chain?

FOSSILISATION


Refining PetroleumRefining Petroleum

• Petroleum is a mixture of a group of compounds called hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up of only two elements:

They are different from each other in the number of carbons They are different from each other in the number of carbons (and hydrogen) they are made up of. (and hydrogen) they are made up of.

There are several stages in the modern refining process. There are several stages in the modern refining process.

The process begins with the separation of The process begins with the separation of petroleumpetroleum or or crude oilcrude oil into useful into useful fractionfraction by by fractional distillationfractional distillation..

The different fractions of crude oil have The different fractions of crude oil have different boiling pointsdifferent boiling points..

hydrogenhydrogen

andand carboncarbon..


Refining PetroleumRefining Petroleum

• Those with greater number of carbons have higher boiling points while those with smaller number have lower boiling points.

Refineries use Refineries use boiling point differencesboiling point differences to separate to separate petroleum into its components, which are then petroleum into its components, which are then condensed along narrow boiling ranges. condensed along narrow boiling ranges.

The process of boiling and condensing is called The process of boiling and condensing is called distillationdistillation, and because the fractions are collected , and because the fractions are collected separately, the process is called separately, the process is called fractional fractional distillationdistillation..

Furnace oil (containing Furnace oil (containing 18-27 carbons) starts to 18-27 carbons) starts to boil at around 300boil at around 300ooCC

Petrol (containing 7-9 Petrol (containing 7-9 carbons) starts to boil at carbons) starts to boil at about 150about 150ooC.C.


Petroleum is a mixture of thousands of Petroleum is a mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons.

A A fractionating towerfractionating tower separates the separates the mixture into a handful of components.mixture into a handful of components.

Crude oil vapor Crude oil vapor from the from the furnacefurnace

The Fractional Distillation The Fractional Distillation of Petroleumof Petroleum

The tower is The tower is very hot at the basevery hot at the base, and , and cooler rising towards the topcooler rising towards the top..

ThThe column is divided e column is divided into a series of sections.into a series of sections.

HOT

COOLER

A furnace connected to the bottom of A furnace connected to the bottom of the fractionating column vaporises the the fractionating column vaporises the crude oil.crude oil.

The vapor is fed into the fractionating The vapor is fed into the fractionating column near the bottom.column near the bottom.


Condensation and EvaporationCondensation and Evaporation• "Bubble caps" link the sections vertically.

These rise through some of the petroleum vapor which has condensed.

Vapor goes through the bubble cap and bubbles through condensed petroleum.

Some of the vapor will condense. Some of the vapor will condense.

This will contain the This will contain the less volatile less volatile (higher boiling point) (higher boiling point) compoundscompounds. .

The rest will continue up the The rest will continue up the tower and also help any tower and also help any volatile parts of the volatile parts of the condensate it evaporate condensate it evaporate again.again.


Properties of FractionsProperties of Fractions

• Each section of the tower will contain a different mixture of hydrocarbons. These parts are called fractions.

Each fraction boils within a particular temperature range.

The fractions near the top

– have the lowest boiling point range.

– contain hydrocarbons with fewer carbon atoms.

– are less viscous

– have lighter color.

• As you go down the column, the fractions

– have a higher boiling point range.

– contain hydrocarbons with more carbon atoms.

– are more viscous

– are darker in color.


FractionsFractions • b. pt. Below 30b. pt. Below 30C C

• 3 or 4 carbon atoms 3 or 4 carbon atoms

Petroleum/refinery gas (bottled gas: Petroleum/refinery gas (bottled gas: propane or butane) propane or butane)

• 7-9 carbon atoms 7-9 carbon atoms

• b.pt. 30-150b.pt. 30-150C C

petrol fraction(car fuel)petrol fraction(car fuel)

• b.pt. 150-200 b.pt. 150-200 C C


Naphtha fraction (solvents)Naphtha fraction (solvents)

• b.pt. 200-300b.pt. 200-300C C


Paraffin (kerosene) fraction (jet Paraffin (kerosene) fraction (jet fuel, oil stoves)fuel, oil stoves)

• b.pt. 300-450b.pt. 300-450C C


Diesel fraction (fuel in diesel Diesel fraction (fuel in diesel engines)engines)

• b.pt. 400-500b.pt. 400-500C C


lubricating fraction (lubricants lubricating fraction (lubricants for engines & machines, candles for engines & machines, candles & polishes)& polishes)

• b.pt. >500b.pt. >500C C

• >35 carbon atoms >35 carbon atoms

Bitumen fraction (road Bitumen fraction (road surfacing)surfacing)

Crude oil Crude oil vapor from vapor from the furnacethe furnace


Fractional DistillationFractional Distillation


Practice QuestionsPractice Questions

• 1. J05/2/4. (e) (ii) Describe the process of fractional distillation which is used to separate the different fractions in petroleum. [2]

(iii) State a use for the following petroleum fractions. petrol fraction

lubricating fraction [2]



• 2. J04/2/4b. Which one of the following would be least likely to be obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum? Put a ring around the correct answer.

bitumen ethane ethanol methane [1]



• 3. N03/2/1. The diagrams show four methods of purifying substances.



• (a) Which of these methods, A,B,C or D, is best used for

(i) separating the different colours in a sample of ink?

(ii) separating two liquids with different boiling points?

(iii) separating mud from water?

(iv) making crystals of copper sulphate from copper sulphate solution? [4]

• (b) State the name given to the method of separation shown in

(i) diagram A,

(ii) diagram B. [2]



• (c) Method A can be modified to separate petroleum into useful fractions.

The diagram shows the different fractions obtained from a fractionating column.

(i) Which of these fractions has the lowest boiling point?



(ii) State one use for each of the following fractions.

paraffin

bitumen [3]

• (d) Petroleum is a mixture of organic compounds. Which one of the following best describes the compounds found in petroleum?

Put a ring around the correct answer.

• acids alcohols carbohydrates hydrocarbons [1]


Energy SourceEnergy Source

Where does the chemical potential energy within fossil fuels originate from?

All the chemical potential energy within fossil fuels originates from the sun, solar energy.

COAL

OIL & NATURAL GAS

(extremely small sea plants)

What kind of chain?

FOSSILISATION


Fossil Fuels are Energy ResourcesFossil Fuels are Energy Resources

CoalCoal, natural gas and petroleum fall under the category of , natural gas and petroleum fall under the category of fossil fossil fuelsfuels which are non-renewable. which are non-renewable.

• A non-renewable energy source is one that is fixed in A non-renewable energy source is one that is fixed in quantity and cannot be regenerated as fast as it is being quantity and cannot be regenerated as fast as it is being consumedconsumed

Fossil fuels mainly consist of carbon and hydrogen and their Fossil fuels mainly consist of carbon and hydrogen and their chemical potential energy is released when oxidized. chemical potential energy is released when oxidized.

An estimate of how much longer the present source of the three An estimate of how much longer the present source of the three fuels will last is indicated belowfuels will last is indicated below

Year


Alternative: Nuclear fusionAlternative: Nuclear fusion

• The energy generated in the sun is from nuclear fusion.

A type of reaction where small nuclei are combined to produce larger nuclei.

In the process, exceedingly large amounts of energy is released.

Another example of nuclear fusion is the hydrogen bomb which was used devastatingly in the second world war.

However, controlled harnessing is still an on-going area of research.


Alternative: Nuclear FissionAlternative: Nuclear Fission

• Nuclear energy is derived from the fission (break down) of large atomic nuclei into smaller ones.

In the process matter is converted into energy which is used to generate electrical energy.


Renewable energy sources: Solar Renewable energy sources: Solar EnergyEnergy

• Harnessed by solar heating panels which capture and store the energy directly (such as heated water) or through photovoltaic cells.


Renewable energy sources: Wind Renewable energy sources: Wind EnergyEnergy

• Wind turns the turbine which turns the generator and produces electricity.


Renewable energy sources: Renewable energy sources: GeothermalGeothermal

• The utilization of heat stored in the interior of the earth generated by gravitational forces and natural radioactivity.


Renewable energy sources: Tidal Renewable energy sources: Tidal EnergyEnergy

• The crashing water wave created by the gravitational force between the earth and moon causes the cam turbines to turn which spins the magnet in the generator.


Renewable energy sources: Wave Renewable energy sources: Wave EnergyEnergy

• The moving and crashing water wave pushes trapped air through turbines causing them to spin, which turns the magnet in the generator.

seafloor

cliff or breakwater

wave A I R


HydroelectricityHydroelectricity

Dam

Water flow down the slope towards the turbine

Moving water makes the turbine spin which

turns the magnet in the generator.


BiomassBiomass

• Fuel produced by plants through biological process.

The energy from the sun is converted to chemical potential energy in glucose when carbon dioxide and water are combined.

The burning of plant material for fuel (such as wood) reverses the process releasing energy which is still used in many third world countries for mainly cooking and other purposes.

Plant products can be changed further by fermentation to produce ethanol, an alternative fuel.

In certain part of Latin America, notably Brazil it is replacing petrol.

Though a renewable source, the rate of production cannot keep up with the demand of the modern society.

© 2004-09 dorje gurung m4 fuels & energy ii: fuels & energy

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