© 2003, cisco systems, inc. all rights reserved. fwl 1.0—7-1 antennas olga torstensson halmstad...
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![Page 1: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 Antennas Olga Torstensson Halmstad University](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051415/56649d395503460f94a13f47/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1
Antennas
Olga Torstensson
Halmstad University
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-2
Key terms
• Lobes
• Directional
• Omnidirectional
• Beamwidth and Bandwidth
• Polarization•Vertical
•Horizontal
• Diversity
• Plane (H and E)
• Fresnel Zone
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-3
Definition of Terms
dB- Decibel- Ratio of one value to another
dBx where x =• m = compared to 1 milliwatt (0 dBm=1 mW)
• i = compare to isotropic antenna
• d = compared to dipole antenna
• w = compared to 1 watt (0 dBw = 1 watt)
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-4
Important Antenna Concepts
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-5
Beamwidth
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-6
Antenna Concepts
Directionality• Omni (360º coverage) directional
• Directional (limited range of coverage)
Gain• Measured in dBi and dBd (0 dBd = 2.14 dBi)
• More gain means more coverage - in certain directions
Polarization• Antennas are used in the vertical polarization
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-7
Antenna Issues (cont.)
Antennas have gain in particular directions
Direction other than the main intended radiation pattern, are typically related to the main lobe gain
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-8
Antenna Gain
If the gain of an antenna goes up, the coverage area or angle goes down
Coverage areas or radiation patterns are measured in degrees
Angles are referred to as beamwidth• Horizontal measurement
• Vertical measurement
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-9
Beamwidth vs. Gain
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-10
Antenna Theory
A theoretical isotropic antenna has a perfect 360º vertical and horizontal beamwidth
This is a reference for ALL antennas
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-11
Antenna Theory- Dipole
Energy lobes are ‘pushed in’ from the top and bottom
Higher gain• Smaller vertical
beamwidth
• Larger horizontal lobe
Typical dipole pattern
Side View(Vertical Pattern)
Top View(Horizontal Pattern)
New Pattern (with Gain)
Vertical Beamwidth
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-12
High Gain Omni-Directionals
More coverage area in a circular pattern
Energy level directly above or below the antenna will become lower
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-13
Directional Antennas
Lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to be condensed in a particular area
Very little energy is in the back side of a directional antenna
Side View(Vertical Pattern)
Top View(Horizontal Pattern)
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-14
2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas
2 dBi Dipole "Standard Rubber Duck"
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-15
2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas
5.2 dBi Mast Mount Vertical
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-16
2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas
5.2 dBi Ceiling Mount
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-17
2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas
5.2 dBi Pillar Mount Diversity
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-18
2.4 GHz Diversity Omni-Directional Antennas
2 dBi Diversity Omni-Directional Ceiling Mount
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-19
2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas
12 dBi Omni-Directional (Outdoor only)
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-20
5 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas
9 dBi omni (Vertical polarization)
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-21
5 GHz Integrated Antenna
Innovative 5 GHz Combo Antenna:• Wall Mount: Fold antenna flat
against access point housing for 6 dBi gain patch antenna
• Ceiling Mount: Fold antenna out at a 90° angle for 5 dBi gain omni antenna
In 5 dBi omni position
In 6 dBi patch position
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-22
2.4 GHz Diversity Antennas
6.5 dBi Diversity Patch Wall Mount – 55 degree
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-23
2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)
6 dBi Patch Antenna – 65 degree
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-24
2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)
8.5 dBi Patch Antenna – 60 degree
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-25
2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)
13.5 dBi Yagi Antenna – 25 degree
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-26
13.5 dBi Yagi Antenna—Inside view
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-27
2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)
21 dBi Parabolic Dish Antenna – 12 degree
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-28
5 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas
• 28 dBi dish (H or V polarization)
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-29
5 GHz Antenna
• 9.5 dBi sector (H or V polarization)
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-30
Cable and Accessories2.4 GHz Accessories
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-31
RP-TNC Connectors
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-32
Lightning Arrestor
Designed to protect LAN devices from static electricity and lightning surges that travel on coax transmission lines
RP-TNC connectors used on all Cisco Antennas
To Antenna
Ground Wire
From RF Device
Lug
LockwasherNut
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-33
Lightning Arrestor
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-34
Coax Connection Sealing
Number one problems with bridges - water in the connectors
Proper sealing is important
Coax Seal is one product that is inexpensive and works greatces
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-35
Link Engineering and RF Path Planning
Path Considerations Radio line of sight
Earth bulge
Fresnel zone
Antenna and cabling
Data rate
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-36
Line of Sight
The following obstructions might obscure a visual link:• Topographic features, such as mountains
• Curvature of the Earth
• Buildings and other man-made objects
• Trees
Line of sight!
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-37
Longer Distances
Line of Sight disappears at 6 miles (9.7 Km) due to the earth curve
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-38
Fresnel Zone
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-39
Improving Fresnel Effect
Raise the antenna
New structure
Existing structure
Different mounting point
Remove trees
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-40
Total Distance
Fresnel @ 60% (Value “F”)
Earth Curvature (Value “C”)
Antenna Height (Value “H”)
Site to Site Fresnel Zone
Antenna Height• Fresnel zone consideration
• Line-of-Sight over 25 miles (40 Km) hard to implement
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-41
Antenna Alignment
Line of Sight
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-42
Antenna Issues
•No Downtilt
•One-way communications
High gain omni-directional
Directional antenna
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-43
Antenna Issues (cont.)
8 Miles/13 Km
700 ft./213 m
8.50 downtilt
14.50
200
ft.
/61
m
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-44
Antenna Issues (cont.)
Omni-directional antennas provide 3600 coverage
Also accepts interference from all directions
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-45
Antenna Mounting
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-46
Mounting (Cont.)
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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-47
Interference
Carrier Detect Test (Spectrum Analyzer)• Built into Bridge
• Run from Console Menu