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∞

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNorth American Prairie Conference (18th : 2002 : Kirksville, Mo.)

Proceedings of the 18th North American Prairie Conference : promoting prairie /edited by Stephanie Foré.

p. cm.Papers presented at the conference held, June 23–27, 2002, in Kirksville, Missouri.

ISBN 1-931112-36-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)1. Prairie ecology—North America—Congresses. 2. Prairies—North America—

Congresses. I. Title: Promoting prairie. II. Foré, Stephanie. III. Title.QH102.N655 2002577.4

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4

'097—dc22

2003024212

iii

CONTENTS

Preface

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Part 1. Invited papers

Conservation priorities on fragmented, homogenized Great Plains landscapes

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DM Engle, SD Fuhlendorf, BR Coppedge

. . . . . .1

Grow Native! Connecting conservation and commerce from the backyard to the back forty

. . . . . . . . . . . J Allmon

. . . . . .7

Part 2. Symposium — Native plant market niches

Wild Ones Natural Landscapers: Gardening with native plants in St Louis region for three years

. . . . S Woodbury

. . . . .10

Creating native gardens

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Wakeman

. . . . .10

Selling native plants in the retail garden center: Challenges and opportunities

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N Hamill

. . . . .11

Growing native plants for fun, or profit?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N Diboll

. . . . .11

MoDOT and the expansion of native use on roadsides

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S Armstrong

. . . . .12

Small-scale field production of forb seed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RS Arndt

. . . . .13

Part 3. Contributed papers

Education, outreach, and organizational initiatives to preserve prairie

Student-generated field guides teach about identification of local prairie plants and animals

. . . . . . . . . GD Bisbee

. . . . .14

The coastal prairie habitat as a model to promote sustainability in the agricultural curriculum

. . . . . . . .B Borsari

. . . . .17

Status of railroad prairies in west central Illinois

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AK Moorehouse

. . . . .24

Innovative land acquisition and fund-raising techniques used to preserve a threatened Missouri prairie

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AL Thomas, G Galbraith

. . . . .27

Restoration and reconstruction of prairie

Ecosystem restoration at the landscape scale: Design and implementation at the Efroymson Restoration at Kankakee Sands

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH O’Leary, JA Shuey

. . . . .30

The prairie reconstruction at Kaufmann Museum in south central Kansas

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DR Platt, LH Harder

. . . . .41

Comparison of planting treatments in a tallgrass prairie restoration

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TA Aschenbach, K Kindscher

. . . . .44

Soil carbon assessment across a native prairie restoration chronosequence

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA Cambardella, TM Isenhart, KE Schilling, P Drobney, RC Schultz

. . . . .49

Restoration of a prairie–savanna mosaic in northern Missouri

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GW Hartman

. . . . .54

Spring haying as an alternative to spring burning on a reconstructed roadside prairie

. . . . . . . . . .D Tix, I Charvat

. . . . .58

Are there keystone plant species driving diversity in Midwest prairies?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA Henderson

. . . . .63

The efficacy of herbicides for eradicating tall fescue

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ME Ruffner, TG Barnes

. . . . .67

Prairie restoration at Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W Glass, E Ulaszek

. . . . .75

Remnants to roadsides: The Iowa Ecotype Project

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G Houseal

. . . . .78

From borrow pit to long-term prairie study site

. . . . . .D Geiger, D Conover, A Wischmeyer, D Brannen, L Jablonski

. . . . .85

iv Contents

The Cajun Prairie Gardens: Demonstrations of sustainable landscaping in southwestern Louisiana

. . . . . . . . . . . MF Vidrine, GJ Quillman-Vidrine , DJ Vidrine, CE Vidrine

. . . . 95

Effects of small herbivores on a grassland undergoing restoration

. . . . . M Murphy, M Stokes, T Cummins, B Legg

. . . 100

Management, inventory, and assessment

Using spatially oriented databases as a tool to manage roadside prairie remnants

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Shulse, A Houchins, T Wren, S Armstrong

. . . 111

A comparison of nested quadrant and point–line intercept sampling methods for fire effects monitoring in shortgrass prairie

. . . . . . . . . . . . . PK Benjamin, JA Stumpf, NB Pavlovic

. . . 116

Ecosystem restoration at the landscape scale: Assessing conservation success at the Efroymson Restoration at Kankakee Sands

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JA Shuey, CH O’Leary

. . . 124

Water quality in streams of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: Inferences from chemical, physical, and macroinvertebrate data

. . . . . . . . . WM Rizzo, GD Willson, JF Fairchild

. . . 127

Reed canary grass control (Displacement by a diverse native-species mix)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C Kurtz

. . . 136

Prairie as pollution control and environmental improvement

The effects of tallgrass prairie restoration on soil quality indicators

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VL McKinley, R Wolek

. . . 138

The control of the nitrogen cycle as a mechanism for the self-organization of prairie ecosystems

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NS Allen, SH Emerman

. . . 151

Prairie ecology

Comparison of managed cemetery and unmanaged railroad mesic prairie remnants in central Illinois

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EA Corbett, GA Corbett

. . . 157

The vascular plant community composition of three fens in the Sandhills of Nebraska

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M Borgmann-Ingwersen, J Jonas

. . . 164

Flowering phenology of Cajun Prairie plants

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CM Allen, MF Vidrine

. . . 174

Shade tolerance of

Festuca paradoxa

desv., a cool-season grass native to North America

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N Navarrete-Tindall, L Mechlin, JW Van Sambeek

. . . 178

Genetic variation in two prairie plant species populations: A comparison of native remnant populations and populations derived from collected seed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA Hilker, JE Jurgenson

. . . 182

Western prairie fringed orchid: Its status, ecology, and in vitro propagation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Sharma, JW Van Sambeek, CJ Starbuck

. . . 189

Foraging ecology of selected prairie wildflowers (

Echinacea, Liatris, Monarda,

and

Veronicastrum

) in Missouri prairie remnants and restorations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RR Clinebell II

. . . 194

Observations on the status of the Dakota skipper at Prairie Couteau in Pipestone County, Minnesota

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DW Schlicht

. . . 213

Tebenna silphiella

(Grote, 1881) (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae): A prairie moth is rediscovered in Wisconsin and Illinois

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . EH Metzler, RA Henderson, LA Ferge

. . . 217

Part 4. Abstracts of other papers and posters presented

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

PREFACE

During my years as a grassland biologist with the MissouriDepartment of Conservation, I have heard of the NorthAmerica Prairie Conference. However, until the return of theNAPC to Missouri, I had never had the opportunity to attend.I hesitated to accept the invitation to chair the Program Com-mittee, given my inexperience, but it turned out to be one ofmy better decisions. I was gratified by the dedication, creativ-ity, and commitment to quality exhibited by the team ofKirksville folks who put the conference together. Come showtime, I was amazed at the number, scope, and quality of thepapers presented there. My only regret during the conferencewas not being able to be in several places at once.

There’s not much I can add to our collective understand-ing regarding the importance of the prairie resource, or thehistory of how it arrived at its current status as degraded andendangered. The stories of settlement, fencing, barbed wire,and the plow are repeated throughout the prairie region. Andeach of us has our personal testimony to the importance ofprairie as habitat, forage, storehouse of genetic biodiversity,keeper of water quality, builder of soils, shaper of cultures, andkey to the health and function of thousands of watersheds.

What I

would

like to comment on is the thread of excite-ment I noted at the 18

th

NAPC regarding the conference’semerging role in helping shape the policies that impact prairie.In the long run, the success of conservation and restorationefforts will hinge on the values our society places on the prairieresource. These values, in turn, will be determined by what isknown and understood of the prairie’s worth to society. Aswith all natural resources, we must find ways to articulate anddemonstrate the value of prairie to a society increasingly dis-connected from the resources that sustain it. With its impres-sive assemblage of scientists, thinkers, and movers, the NAPCholds tremendous potential for articulating and amplifyingthese values to all prairie stakeholders, including legislatorsand the American public.

It was with this sentiment in mind that the ProgramCommittee selected the topic “Promoting Prairie” for the 18

th

North American Prairie Conference. In addition to the tradi-tional and ever evolving studies of prairie ecology, restoration,and reconstruction, the following subtopics further articulatedthe committee’s intent to epitomize the values of prairie tosociety:

• prairie biodiversity and its importance to society

• prairie education and outreach

• legislative and organizational initiatives to preserve prairie

• commercial ventures—backyard prairie and landscaping

• prairie as pollution control and environmental improvement

Workshops explored the contributions of prairie to the cattle,landscaping, and backyard garden industries. Of particularinterest to me was the flow of information in the workshopsand sessions regarding the current Farm Bill and networking toshape policies that impact the prairie resource. The livelyexchanges in these sessions testified to the power of concernedstakeholders to influence resource conservation through reli-able research and tenacious networking.

It was a privilege to spend a week with so many knowl-edgeable, enthusiastic, and dedicated conservationists. Onbehalf of the Program Committee, I extend a sincere thank-you to all the participants, speakers, and planners who madethe conference a success. Our thanks extend also to DennisFigg, Mari Macomber, Kim Reilmann, Barry Rabe, and themany others who led or helped orchestrate the field trips.

I wish to express my personal gratitude to all the membersof the Host and Program Committees who contributed somuch time and energy to plan and execute the conference. Spe-cial thanks are due to Frank Oberle for the generous donationof his spectacular photography and his boundless enthusiasm,and to Dee Vanderburg for his indispensable and inexhaustiblehelp with audiovisual needs. We were particularly blessed tohave Alisa Kigar, Judy Leonard, Lisa Hooper, and Heidi Tem-pleton working on behalf of the conference. These individualsdid a tremendous job of orchestrating the myriad details, plan-ning sessions, volunteers, and contributions, and the participa-tion of the Kirksville community.

Finally appreciation for the hospitality shown by ourhost, Truman State University, and by the city of Kirksvillewas a recurring bright spot on an overwhelming majority ofconference comment cards, and one that bears one last repeti-tion. The 18

th

NAPC owes much of its success to the unfailingsupport and generosity of Truman State University, the Kirks-ville Area Chamber of Commerce, the City of Kirksville, andKirksville merchants and artists. Thank you, everyone, for ajob well done.

Yours for Prairie,

Sharron Gough 18

th

NAPC Program Committee Co-Chair

vi Preface

PROGRAM COMMITTEE

Maurice Davis, State Range Conservationist, Natural Resources Conservation ServiceDennis Figg, Missouri Department of Conservation (Field Trip Coordinator)Sharron Gough, Missouri Department of Conservation (Co-Chair)Stephanie Foré, Truman State University (Proceedings)Elizabeth Hooper, Biology Department, Truman State UniversityAlisa Kigar, Executive Director, Kirksville Area Chamber of CommerceJudy Leonard, Conference Coordinator, Kirksville Area Chamber of CommercePieter Los, University of Missouri, ExtensionMari Macomber, Economic and Community Development Director, City of KirksvilleKen McCarty, Missouri Department of Natural Resources (Co-Chair)Frank Oberle, Photographer (Field Trips)Heidi Templeton, Truman State University

HOST COMMITTEE

Alisa Kigar, Executive Director, Kirksville Area Chamber of CommerceHeidi Templeton, Truman State UniversityMari Macomber, Economic and Community Development Director, City of KirksvilleElsie Gaber, AT Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville

EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS

Alan VennemanIkechukwu Okonkwo

REVIEWERS OF THE CONTRIBUTED PAPERS

CM AllenSK AllisonTG BarnesL BattalagiaRF BetzJG BishopTB BraggS BurtCA CambardellaMR CampbellND CavenderP ChristiansenR ClinebellJR CoehloTM CulleySL DavisAL EdwardsD Egan

K EwingM FromJE GardnerJC GeringDJ GibsonPZ GoldsteinLH HarderJB HepperLM JablonskiLL JacksonKK KeckK KindscherRA KlipsCJ KucharickGB KyserDL LarsonSR LarsonMJ Leoschke

JW MacAdamJC NekolaR NeylandCH O’LearyAS RamsdaleHL ReynoldsCC RhoadesD RobertWE RogersTR RosburgTA RossiBC RundquistN SandersDW SchwartzmanM SeipelJA ShueyD SimberloffSM Spomer

GA SteinauerMP StewartRL StofferED StrohAJ SymstadJB TaftMJ TrlicaGC TuckerGL Van AmburgD Van GalenDJ VoegtlinDL WagnerDA WaitDC WallaceL WallaceLM WeberS WilsonJB Zedler