© 2001 wadsworth, a division of thomson learning, inc 1 a cumulative model for understanding...

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© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc

A Cumulative Model for Understanding Behavior

O pp or tun ity

C og n it iv e R e aso n ing

S itua tio na l Fa cto rs

L e arn in g In flue nces

P hys io log ica l In flue nces

G e ne tic In flu e nces

Personal Tendency Toward Behavior

Situational Tendency Toward Behavior

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Genetics• 90% of height• 70% of major depression• 60% of intelligence• 50% of smoking• 40% of personality• 40% of job satisfaction• 50% of criminality• 50% of aggression• Many mental health problems

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Physiological Influences

• Head injuries and brain abnormalities

• Neurotransmitters• Hormones• Arousal levels• Diet• Physical appearance• Illness and disability

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Physical Appearance• Infancy

– attractive babies are held, cuddled, and kissed more

• Attractive Children

– have more friends

– are seen by teachers as being smarter

– are disciplined less often

• Adolescence

– attractive teens have more dates

• Attractive Adults

– receive higher interview scores

– receive higher performance appraisal scores

– are sent to jail less often

– are committed to mental health facilities less often

– receive more help in emergencies

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Physical Attractiveness and Crime

• Masters and Graves (1967) – 60% of criminals have facial

defects

– 20% of controls

• Thompson (1990)– Reviewed 9 studies and found

that in 6, recidivism decreased after plastic surgery

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Learning History• Types of Learning

– Social learning– Operant conditioning

• We Learn– Consequences– How to be reinforced– Anger and resentment– Social needs and skills– Attachment to the community– Coping skills

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Learning Influences• Developmental era• Where we were raised• Family• Friends• School and church• Gender, race, and culture• Significant emotional

events

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Developmental Era

Decade Important Event Characteristics 1980s Drugs, video games, videos,

computers, car phones, faxBored, smart,conservative,individualistic

1970s Watergate, travel Distrust, urbane

1960s Drugs, civil rights, Vietnam Spoiled, unrealistic,assertive

1950s TV, economic boom Questioning

1940s World War II Angry, confused

1930s Depression Frugal, security

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Urban vs. Rural Background

Difference Result

Crime Lack of trust

Traffic Patience

Pace of life Energy

Crowding Stress, friendliness

Variety of entertainment Urbanity

Variety of cultures Sensitivity

High school sports Competitiveness

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Birth Order• Only child

– higher intelligence– more independent

• First born– achievement oriented– conservative

• Middle born– outgoing– good social skills

• Youngest– creative– rebels

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Demographics

• Gender• Race• National origin• Religion• Disability• Age

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Television and the Media

• We watch five hours of TV per day• 8 of 10 shows contain violence• Cartoons have 18 acts of violence per hour• Romance and sex• Exposure to tragedy

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When is Our Personality Set?

• Birth• Freud• Massey• Never• Significant emotional

events

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Situational Factors• Environmental stress

– frustration

– heat, noise, darkness, crowding

• Behavior of others• Time and resource

limitations• Competing values• Availability of alternatives

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Cognitive Reasoning• Expectancy theory

– Expectancy

– Instrumentality

– Valence

• Reasoning is affected by

– Alcohol and drugs

– Anger

– Stress

– Emotion

– Intelligence

– Knowledge/experience

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Opportunity

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Personality Characteristics

Personality Type Characteristics

Thinker creative, inquisitive

Director competitive, independent

Communicator friendly, outgoing

Soother calm, loyal, helpful

Organizer organized, detailed

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Communication Styles

Personality Speaking style Listens for

Thinker ideas ideas

Director direct main point

Communicator stories/jokes fun, humor

Soother calm, never critical feelings

Organizer facts, details facts, details

© 2001 wadsworth, a division of thomson learning, inc 1 a cumulative model for understanding...

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