数据库技术在高能物理中的应用数据库技术在高能物理中的应用马 梅马 梅

20012001 年年 66 月月 77 日日

● ● 基本概念及术语基本概念及术语● ● Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 简介简介● ● 数据库技术在高能物理中的应用数据库技术在高能物理中的应用● ● 结束语结束语

基本概念及术语基本概念及术语

数据库DB （ Data Base ）

按一定组织方式存储在一起的相关数据的集合按一定组织方式存储在一起的相关数据的集合 为各种用户所共享为各种用户所共享 最小冗余度，最小冗余度， 数据间联系密切，数据间联系密切， 有较高的数据独立性。有较高的数据独立性。

数据库系统数据库系统 DBSDBS （（ Data Base SystemData Base System ））

存储介质处理对象和管理系统的集合体，是实现有组织地、动态地存储大量相关联数据，方便多用户访问的计算机软件、硬件资源组成的计算机系统。

广义讲，数据库系统是由数据库、计算机硬件、计算机软件和数据库管理系统四大部分组成。

狭义讲，数据库系统是由数据库、数据库管理系统和数据库管理员组成。

数据库管理系统数据库管理系统DBMSDBMS （（ Data Base Management SystemData Base Management System ））

数据库系统的核心部分，管理数据的软件系统。 由三部分功能组成： 数据描述语言及其编译程序； 数据操作语言及其编译程序； 数据库管理实用程序。 完成对数据库的建立、查询、更新及各种数据控制。 基于某种数据模型，又分为层次数据库管理系统、网状

数据库管理系统、关系数据库管理系统和对象数据库管理系统等。

对象关系数据库对象关系数据库ORDBORDB

对象关系模型是新发展起来的一种数据模型，是关系模型和对象模型的一种融合。

通过增加面向对象程序设计语言的使用而实现的，很大程度上会导致与数据库管理系统软件失谐。

失谐原因是由于构建数据的方发与构建数据库方法不相同，程序员要写大量的程序，将程序中的数据写入数据库时要进行转换，同样将数据从数据库读出时，要写出程序所需要的数据形式。

其价值在于用户可以继续使用已有的系统，同时由可以并行使用面向对象系统。

面向对象模型面向对象模型 object-oriented model object-oriented model

基于对象概念的新型数据库模型，其研究起源于 70年 代末 80年代初。

目的是克服关系模型对某些数据类型的限制，关系数据库难于处理大数据量和复杂数据类型问题。

优势在于对系统低层控制的能力，赋予程序员具有控制数据如何被存储和操作的能力，比使用一般的 SQL更有效。但增加了第三方厂商生产适于 OODBMS产品的困难。

在 OO模型中信息被存储为永久对象，而不是一个表中的行，因此可以用程序员指定的方式对数据进行操作，可以按需求保留磁盘空间。

不具有像 SQL这样高级语言的支持 第一个 OO模型的数据库商品软件诞生于80年代中期，到了90年代 OODBMS软件才逐渐多起来。

面向对象数据库面向对象数据库管理系统管理系统 OODBMSOODBMS

建立在面向对象模型的基础之上 面向对象程序设计方法与数据库技术相结合的产物，用

以支持非常规应用领域。 满足两大条件： ①支持一个面向对象数据模型内核； ②支持传统数据库的所有数据库成分，并为与面向对

象数据类型内核语义一致，而作适当的语义扩充和修改。 向用户提供定义复杂数据结构和用户自定义数据类型的

支持。提供将一个面向对象数据库转换成另一个同模式的面向对象数据库的操作。

分布式数据库分布式数据库 distributed databasedistributed database

逻辑上属于同一系统，而在物理上分布在计算机网络的不同结点上一组结构化的数据集合，

分布式数据库强调两点： ① 数据分布性，即数据不是驻留在单一结点上，而

是存储在各个网络结点上的局部数据库的集合； ② 数据间的逻辑联系，所有数据都具有将它们联系

在一起的特性，网络中的每个结点都具有完成局部应用的自治处理能力，而每个结点也能参与执行至少一个通过通信系统存取多个结点上数据的全局应用。

建立在以局域网连接的一组工作站上，也可以建立在广域网的环境中。

分布式数据库（续一）分布式数据库（续一） distributed databasedistributed database

分布式数据库有同构和异构之别分布式数据库有同构和异构之别 同构数据库（同构数据库（ homogeneous databasehomogeneous database ）是指每个结点上）是指每个结点上

使用的相同的数据库管理系统并有相同的应用，有级别使用的相同的数据库管理系统并有相同的应用，有级别不同局部自治能力（不同局部自治能力（ local autonomylocal autonomy ）。）。

异构数据库（异构数据库（ heterogeneous databaseheterogeneous database ）具有很强的局）具有很强的局部自治能力，每个节点都有自己的局部用户、数据、应部自治能力，每个节点都有自己的局部用户、数据、应用程序和数据处理能力，一个系统内可以不同的数据库用程序和数据处理能力，一个系统内可以不同的数据库管理系统组成，这种类型的分布式数据库也常联盟系统管理系统组成，这种类型的分布式数据库也常联盟系统（（ federated system or a federation.federated system or a federation. ）。由于它的）。由于它的可伸缩型和性价比变得越来越普及。可伸缩型和性价比变得越来越普及。

分布式数据库（续二）分布式数据库（续二） distributed databasedistributed database

分布式数据库与集中式数据库主要区别在于：分布式数据库与集中式数据库主要区别在于： ① ① 极少强调或根本不存在任何形式的集中控极少强调或根本不存在任何形式的集中控制，而强调各个结点的高度自治性；制，而强调各个结点的高度自治性；

② ② 向用户提供数据的分布透明性，应用程序向用户提供数据的分布透明性，应用程序的编写就如同数据库在本地机上一样；的编写就如同数据库在本地机上一样；

③ ③ 分布式数据库允许存在数据冗余，以提高分布式数据库允许存在数据冗余，以提高应用的局部性（应尽可能地在本地机执行），应用的局部性（应尽可能地在本地机执行），以及数据的可获得性。与研究集中式数据库技以及数据的可获得性。与研究集中式数据库技术时强调减少数据冗余不一样术时强调减少数据冗余不一样。。

分布式数据库管理系统分布式数据库管理系统 DDBMS DDBMS （（ Distributed Data Base ManagemDistributed Data Base Managem

ent Systement System ））

支持分布式数据库的建立和维护的软件系统。 DDBMS 由四个基本部分组成： ① 局部数据库管理系统，负责局部数据库的管理和维护；

② 数据通信子系统，负责各站点之间的数据通信；

③ 数据字典； ④ 分布数据管理子系统，按协议共同实现分布数据库的管理和用户应用程序的执行。

分布式数据库管理系统（续）分布式数据库管理系统（续） DDBMS DDBMS （（ Distributed Data Base ManagemDistributed Data Base Managem

ent Systement System ））

主要功能：主要功能： ① ① 实现应用程序对数据库的远程获取实现应用程序对数据库的远程获取 ② ② 决定分布透明性的级别决定分布透明性的级别 ③ ③ 支持数据库的管理和控制支持数据库的管理和控制 ④ ④ 管理事务的并发控制和恢复管理事务的并发控制和恢复

多媒体数据库多媒体数据库 multimedia databasemultimedia database

由文本、图像、声频和视频等多种介质组织起由文本、图像、声频和视频等多种介质组织起来的数据库，也称为多介质数据库。来的数据库，也称为多介质数据库。

它与传统数据库的差异来自介质的多样性它与传统数据库的差异来自介质的多样性 把能够可以操作、管理和维护多种媒体形式数把能够可以操作、管理和维护多种媒体形式数

据库的软件系统称为多媒体数据库管理系统。据库的软件系统称为多媒体数据库管理系统。由于文件大小以及数据类型的复杂性，多媒体由于文件大小以及数据类型的复杂性，多媒体数据库管理系统的开发面临很多困难。数据库管理系统的开发面临很多困难。

事务事务 transactiontransaction

数据库访问的一个不可再分割的单位，是一个应数据库访问的一个不可再分割的单位，是一个应用或一个应用的一部分。事务具有以下特征：用或一个应用的一部分。事务具有以下特征：①① 一个事务要么被全部执行，要么完全不执行，一个事务要么被全部执行，要么完全不执行，当一个事务被不正常中断时，它执行的部分结当一个事务被不正常中断时，它执行的部分结果也要被取消；果也要被取消；

②② 如果并发执行几个事务，其执行结果必须与以如果并发执行几个事务，其执行结果必须与以某种次序串行执行它们的结果相同；某种次序串行执行它们的结果相同；

③③ 一个未完成事务不能在其提交前把结果暴露给一个未完成事务不能在其提交前把结果暴露给其他事务。 其他事务。

④④ 一个事务提交一个事务提交 (( 完成完成 )) 后，事务的操作结果应后，事务的操作结果应永不丢失，且与后续发生的故障无关；永不丢失，且与后续发生的故障无关；

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 简介简介

关于关于 ObjectivityObjectivity 公司公司Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 产品系列产品系列Objectivity/DB Objectivity/DB 性能性能Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 体系结构体系结构 ODBMSODBMS 、、 RDBMSRDBMS 、、 ORDBMSORDBMS 性能比较性能比较

关于关于 ObjectivityObjectivity 公司公司

Founded in 1988Founded in 1988 Objectivity has emerged as the market leader in Objectivity has emerged as the market leader in

high-performance database engines for high-performance database engines for sophisticated applications. sophisticated applications.

As a founding member of ODMGAs a founding member of ODMG Objectivity plays a leadership role in helping Objectivity plays a leadership role in helping

develop these future standards.develop these future standards.

AsAs a key role in the Object a key role in the Object Management Group (OMG)Management Group (OMG)

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 产品系列产品系列（续一）（续一）

Objectivity/DB Product GroupObjectivity/DB Product Group Objectivity/DB is tObjectivity/DB is the core database product .he core database product . -providing database servers-providing database servers -a set of administrative tools.-a set of administrative tools. Objectivity/FTO(Fault Tolerant Option)Objectivity/FTO(Fault Tolerant Option) Objectivity/ DRO (Data Replication Option) Objectivity/ DRO (Data Replication Option) Objectivity/IPLS(In-Process Lock Server)Objectivity/IPLS(In-Process Lock Server) Objectivity/OFS(Open File System)Objectivity/OFS(Open File System) Objectivity/DB Secure FrameworkObjectivity/DB Secure Framework

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 产品系列产品系列(( 续二续二 ))

Objectivity/C++ Product GroupObjectivity/C++ Product Group Objectivity/C++Objectivity/C++ -provides a programming interface that is -provides a programming interface that is

transparent to native C++ compilers. transparent to native C++ compilers. Objectivity/DDL(Data Definition Language ) Objectivity/DDL(Data Definition Language ) Objectivity/C++ Active SchemaObjectivity/C++ Active Schema Objectivity/C++ STL (Standard Template Library)Objectivity/C++ STL (Standard Template Library) Objectivity/C++ Spatial Index FrameworkObjectivity/C++ Spatial Index Framework

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 产品系列产品系列(( 续三续三 ))

Objectivity/JAVA Objectivity/JAVA

- provides full support for Java- provides full support for Java

Objectivity/ Objectivity/ SmalltalkSmalltalk

- - extends standard Smalltalkextends standard Smalltalk • - provides many classes and methods you can use - provides many classes and methods you can use

when developing Smalltalk object database when developing Smalltalk object database applications. applications.

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 产品系列产品系列(( 续四续四 ))

Objectivity/SQL++ Product GroupObjectivity/SQL++ Product Group Objectivity/SQL++Objectivity/SQL++

- full support of ANSI SQL1989 and entry level SQL - full support of ANSI SQL1989 and entry level SQL 1992, partial support intermediate level SQL1992.1992, partial support intermediate level SQL1992.

- can embed SQL statements within a C++application. - can embed SQL statements within a C++application. - applications can use standard SQL syntax to access - applications can use standard SQL syntax to access

and manipulate objects in Objectivity/DB databaseand manipulate objects in Objectivity/DB database. . - supports object extensions to SQL- supports object extensions to SQL - supports s- supports stored procedures and triggerstored procedures and triggers - provides an Objectivity/SQL++ ODBC Driver - provides an Objectivity/SQL++ ODBC Driver

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 性能性能

is a distributed object database management is a distributed object database management system (ODBMS).system (ODBMS).

is ideal for applications that require complex data is ideal for applications that require complex data models. models.

supports large numbers of users supports large numbers of users

provides high-performance access to large volumes provides high-performance access to large volumes of physically distributed data.of physically distributed data.

manages data transparently to high-end manages data transparently to high-end applicationsapplications. .

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 性能性能（续一）（续一）

Its distributed database architecture provides Its distributed database architecture provides scalability as well as performance.scalability as well as performance.

supports client/server and mixed-tier application.supports client/server and mixed-tier application.

integrates easily with application software. integrates easily with application software.

allows to directly store and manage objects allows to directly store and manage objects through standard language interfaces, including C+through standard language interfaces, including C+++ 、、 Java,Java, 、、 Smalltalk and SQL, using traditional Smalltalk and SQL, using traditional programming techniques and toolsprogramming techniques and tools ..

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 性能性能（（续二续二））

For 64-bit architecturesFor 64-bit architectures:: can access up to approximately 2 can access up to approximately 2 6363 (or 10 (or 10 19 19 ) bytes ) bytes

(10,000,000 terabytes) of data and up to 2 (10,000,000 terabytes) of data and up to 2 5858 (or 10 (or 10 1717 ) objects. ) objects. For 32-bit machinesFor 32-bit machines,:,: can access up to 2 can access up to 2 4747 (or 10 (or 10 14 14 ) bytes (100 terabytes) ) bytes (100 terabytes)

of data and up to 2of data and up to 2 42 42 (or 10 (or 10 1313 ) objects. ) objects. Future releases of Objectivity/DB willFuture releases of Objectivity/DB will expand the addressable space to the exabyte ranexpand the addressable space to the exabyte ran

ge. ge.

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB 性能性能（续三）（续三）

Scalable Architecture Scalable Architecture Federation Concept Federation Concept Data Replication with Autonomous Data Replication with Autonomous

PartitionsPartitions Full support for heterogeneous accessFull support for heterogeneous access All Unix platforms (incl. Linux) and All Unix platforms (incl. Linux) and

Windows/NT can transparently Windows/NT can transparently interoperateinteroperate

数据库技术数据库技术在高能物理中的应用在高能物理中的应用

CERNCERNSLACSLACFERMIFERMIKEKKEKDESYDESY

CERN (CERN (CERN/CERN/IT/ASDIT/ASD ) )

CERN/CERN/IT/ASDIT/ASD - Information Technology - Information Technology

- DivisionApplication Software & Databases- DivisionApplication Software & Databases Services provided by ASD GroupServices provided by ASD Group 1.1. CERNLIB: CERN Program LibraryCERNLIB: CERN Program Library

2.2. PAW: Physics Analysis WorkstationPAW: Physics Analysis Workstation 3.3. GEANT: Detector Description and Simulation ToolGEANT: Detector Description and Simulation Tool 4.4. GEANT4:Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation GEANT4:Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEPin HEP

5.5. ORACLE: Central Database SupportORACLE: Central Database Support

CERN (CERN (CERN/CERN/IT/ASDIT/ASD 续续 ))

ASD Group ProjectASD Group Project• 1.1. LHC++: Libraries for HEP Computing. LHC++: Libraries for HEP Computing. LHC++ proposes a high-level physics LHC++ proposes a high-level physics analysis environment for LHC-era analysis environment for LHC-era experiments. It uses object technology, experiments. It uses object technology, in particular C++.in particular C++. 2.2. RD45: A Persistent Object Manager for RD45: A Persistent Object Manager for

HEPHEP

GEAN4GEAN4 software softwareCERNCERN

Named RD44 projectNamed RD44 project a world-wide collaboration a world-wide collaboration about 100 scientists participating about 100 scientists participating more than 10 experiments in Europe, more than 10 experiments in Europe,

Russia, Japan, Canada and the United Russia, Japan, Canada and the United States. States.

Geant4Geant4 exploits advanced Software exploits advanced Software Engineering techniques and Object Engineering techniques and Object Oriented technology (OOA/OOD)Oriented technology (OOA/OOD)

ORACLE ORACLE 数据库数据库CERNCERN

Database technology first made an impact at CERN in 1982. Database technology first made an impact at CERN in 1982. used for staff managementused for staff management 、、 resource allocation and other fresource allocation and other f

unctions unctions storage of calibration data by the L3 experiment firststorage of calibration data by the L3 experiment first with the LEP accelerator: with the LEP accelerator: ACCIS( ACCelerator Information System) contains information ACCIS( ACCelerator Information System) contains information

about the accelerator about the accelerator ABSS (Automated Beam Steering and Shaping) contains calibABSS (Automated Beam Steering and Shaping) contains calib

ration data. ration data. tapes information database tapes information database Technology DatabaseTechnology Database for people outside CERNfor people outside CERN The current license contractThe current license contract ends in 2003. ends in 2003.

Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB CERNCERN

• Objectivity/DB introduced by RD45 Objectivity/DB introduced by RD45 project in 1995project in 1995

• with the needs of LHC. with the needs of LHC. • Objectivity/DB was adopted as an Objectivity/DB was adopted as an

evaluation of ODBMS technology. evaluation of ODBMS technology. • After extensive testing it was brought After extensive testing it was brought

into more wide spread use.into more wide spread use.

RD45 ProjectRD45 Project

Started in 1995 to find solutions to Started in 1995 to find solutions to problems of problems of LHC data LHC data managementmanagement Enormous data volumes & rates, Enormous data volumes & rates,

project lifetimeproject lifetime Proposed solutions being adopted Proposed solutions being adopted

by by currentcurrent experiments experiments Objectivity/DBObjectivity/DB & HPSS & HPSS

HEP Data ProcessingHEP Data Processing

• ““Raw” data: acquired or simulatedRaw” data: acquired or simulated• ““Reconstructed” into tracks, Reconstructed” into tracks,

energy clusters etc.energy clusters etc.• ““Reduced” for statistical analysisReduced” for statistical analysis

35 metres

ATLAS Detector

Why an ODBMS?Why an ODBMS?

• Key requirements could not be met by language Key requirements could not be met by language extensions, light-weight object managersextensions, light-weight object managers

• Strong requirement for consistent interfaceStrong requirement for consistent interface– ““The ODMG language bindings are based on one fundamental The ODMG language bindings are based on one fundamental

principle: the programmer should perceive the binding as a principle: the programmer should perceive the binding as a single language for expressing both database and programming single language for expressing both database and programming operations, not two separate languages with arbitrary operations, not two separate languages with arbitrary boundaries between them.”boundaries between them.”

Use of an Objectivity/DB federation met our main Use of an Objectivity/DB federation met our main requirementsrequirements– Enhancements required but (apparently) sufficient flexibility in Enhancements required but (apparently) sufficient flexibility in

architecture to accommodate thesearchitecture to accommodate these

Why Objectivity/DB?Why Objectivity/DB?

• We looked at:We looked at:

– Poet, ObjectStore, Objectivity, O2 and Versant Poet, ObjectStore, Objectivity, O2 and Versant

• Scalable ArchitectureScalable Architecture

– Federation ConceptFederation Concept

– Data Replication with Autonomous PartitionsData Replication with Autonomous Partitions

• Full support for heterogeneous accessFull support for heterogeneous access

– All Unix platforms (incl. Linux) and Windows/NT caAll Unix platforms (incl. Linux) and Windows/NT can transparently interoperaten transparently interoperate

• Language Bindings for C++ and JavaLanguage Bindings for C++ and Java

• Efficient ImplementationEfficient Implementation

The Large Hadron ColliderThe Large Hadron Collider

• Lifetime: 2005-2025 (production)Lifetime: 2005-2025 (production)• ~2000 people, ~200 institutes, ~20 ~2000 people, ~200 institutes, ~20

countries per experimentcountries per experiment

Time interval ATLAS/CMS ALICE

1 second 100 MB 1.6 GB

1 minute 6 GB 100 GB

1 hour 360 GB 6 TB

1 day 8.6 TB 140 TB

1 week 60 TB 1 PB

1 month 260 TB

1 year (100 days) 1 PB

Total LHC (20 yrs) 100 PB

CMSCMS

• General-purpose LHC General-purpose LHC experimentexperiment

• Data rates of Data rates of 100MB/second100MB/second

• Data volume of 1PB/yearData volume of 1PB/year

• Two test beams projects Two test beams projects based on Objectivity based on Objectivity successfully completed.successfully completed.

• Database used in the Database used in the complete chain:complete chain:Test beam DAQ, Re-Test beam DAQ, Re-construction and construction and AnalysisAnalysis

ALICEALICE

Heavy ion experiment Heavy ion experiment at LHCat LHC

Studying ultra-Studying ultra-relativistic nuclear relativistic nuclear collisionscollisions

Relatively short Relatively short running period running period – online 1 online 1

month/year month/year – 1 PB/month1 PB/month

Extremely high data Extremely high data ratesrates– 1.5GB/s1.5GB/s

LHCbLHCb

• Dedicated Dedicated experiment experiment looking for CP-looking for CP-violation in the violation in the B-meson B-meson system. system.

• Lower data Lower data rates than other rates than other LHC LHC experiments. experiments.

• Total data Total data volume around volume around 400TB/year.400TB/year.

SLACSLAC - BaBar - BaBar

• start taking data in start taking data in 19991999

• is used to store event, is used to store event, simulation, calibration simulation, calibration and analysis data and analysis data Expected amount Expected amount 200TB/year200TB/year

• majority of storage majority of storage managed by HPSSmanaged by HPSS

• Mock Data ChallengeMock Data Challenge

FERMILabFERMILab

OracleOracle Used by CDF and D0 Run II for Used by CDF and D0 Run II for Data CatalogsData Catalogs and and

storing of storing of Calibration InformationCalibration Information..

MISCOMPMISCOMP （（ The Division Information Management The Division Information Management System System ））

ObjectivityObjectivity Used by Used by SDSSSDSS and and CMSCMS Public Domain DatabasesPublic Domain Databases

Used by small experimentsUsed by small experiments MS ACCESSMS ACCESS

Training classes availableTraining classes available MS SQLMS SQL and and MYSQLMYSQL are in use are in use

CERES/NA45CERES/NA45

• Heavy ion experiment at the Heavy ion experiment at the SPSSPS

• Study of e+e- pairs in Study of e+e- pairs in relativistic nuclear collisionsrelativistic nuclear collisions

• Successful use of Successful use of Objectivity/DB from a Objectivity/DB from a reconstruction farm (32 Meiko reconstruction farm (32 Meiko CS2 nodes)CS2 nodes)

• Expect to write Expect to write 30 TB30 TB of raw of raw data during 30 days of data data during 30 days of data takingtaking

• Reconstructed and filtered data Reconstructed and filtered data will be stored using the will be stored using the Objectivity production service.Objectivity production service.

COMPASSCOMPASS

• to begin full data taking in to begin full data taking in 2000 2000

• Some Some 300TB/year300TB/year of raw of raw data will be acquired at data will be acquired at rates up to rates up to 35MB/s35MB/s..

• Analysis data to be stored Analysis data to be stored on disk, requiring on disk, requiring 3-20TB3-20TB of disk space. of disk space.

• Some Some 50 concurrent users50 concurrent users • Rely on the Objectivity Rely on the Objectivity

production service at CERNproduction service at CERN

结束语结束语 数据库技术的发展，使它成为现代信息技术的数据库技术的发展，使它成为现代信息技术的

重要组成部分，成为现代计算机信息系统和计重要组成部分，成为现代计算机信息系统和计算机应用系统的基础和核心。在衡量一个国家算机应用系统的基础和核心。在衡量一个国家的信息化的程度时，其数据库的建设规模、数的信息化的程度时，其数据库的建设规模、数据库信息量的大小和使用程度已成为重要的标据库信息量的大小和使用程度已成为重要的标志之一，同样也是衡量一个现代化研究所的重志之一，同样也是衡量一个现代化研究所的重要标志，与世界高能物理接轨，不仅体现在加要标志，与世界高能物理接轨，不仅体现在加速器、探测器的建造上，也应体现在先进计算速器、探测器的建造上，也应体现在先进计算机技术的研究、利用和付注实施上，只有这几机技术的研究、利用和付注实施上，只有这几大要素都抓好了，才能算得上一流的高能物理大要素都抓好了，才能算得上一流的高能物理研究所。研究所。

谢谢！谢谢！