zigbee protocol stack
TRANSCRIPT
BITS PilaniK K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
WHAT IS ZIGBEE?
• Technological Standard Created for Control and Sensor Networks
• Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
• Created by the ZigBee Alliance
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SENSOR/CONTROL NETWORK REQUIREMENTS
• Large networks that can operate reliably for years without any intervention
• Very long battery life
• very low infrastructure cost and low complexity
• Device data rate and QoS needs are low
• Standardized protocols are necessary to allow multiple vendors to interoperate
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• Engineers feel Wi-Fi and Bluetooth may be unsuitable for certain applications.
• ZigBee-compliant radios may operate on one of three different radio bands: the 800 MHz, 900 MHz, or 2.4 GHz frequencies.
• Follows the internationally recognized radio standard for the MAC and PHY Layer.
Need For Zigbee
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WHY ZIGBEE?
• Reliable• Mesh networking• Low data-rate applications• Very long battery life• Secure• Scalable• Low cost• Global applicability
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Low Data Rate Radio Devices
TV VCR DVD CD Remote
Mouse Keyboard Joystick Gamepad
Security HVAC Lighting Closures
PETs Gameboy
s Educational
Monitors Diagnostic
s Sensors
Industrial & Commercial
Consumer Electronics
Personal Healthcare
Monitors Sensor
s Automation Control
Toys & Games
Home Automation
PC Peripherals
TARGET MARKETS
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZIGBEE VS BLUETOOTH
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ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH
Optimized for different applications
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• ZigBee Smaller packets over large
network Mostly Static networks with
many, infrequently used devices
It is better where battery is ‘rarely’ replaced &wireless not yet used.
• Bluetooth Larger packets over small
network Ad-hoc networks File transfer Bluetooth is a cable
replacement for items like Phones, Laptop etc.
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Zigbee vs WiFi vs Bluetooth ZigBee Wi-Fi Bluetooth
Range 10 – 100 m 50 – 100 m 10 – 100 m
Networking Topologies
Ad-hoc, mesh point to hub Ad-hoc – very small networks
Operating frequency
868 MHz (Europe) ; 900-928 MHz (NA) , 2.4 GHz (worldwide)
2.4 and 5 GHz 2.4 GHz
Complexity Low High High
Power consumption
very low (design goal)
High Moderate
Applications Industial control and monitoring, building automation, toys, games
Wireless LAN connectivity, broadband internet access
Wireless connectivity between devices.
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Choosing the right wireless technology
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1. Power
WIFI ZIGBEE
VS
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2. BIT RATE
WIFI ZIGBEEVS
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3. Range
WIFI ZIGBEE
VS
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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
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WHAT IS ZIGBEE PROTOCOL?
• The IEEE 802.15.4 covers the physical layer and the MAC layer of low-rate WPAN.
• The ZigBee is “an emerging standard that is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 and adds network construction (star networks, peer-to-peer/mesh networks, and cluster-tree networks), application services, and more”.
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IEEE 802.15.4
• IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard defined by for low rate, wireless personal area network.
• The standard defines the Physical layer and Medium Access Layer.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Coordinator (ZBC) (IEEE 802.15.4)
• only one in a network
• initiates network
• stores information about the network
• all devices communicate with the ZBC
• routing functionality
• bridge to other networks
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ZigBee Router (ZBR) (IEEE 802.15.4)
• optional component
• routes between nodes
• extends network coverage
• manages local address allocation/de-allocation
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ZigBee End Device (ZBE) (IEEE 802.15.4 )
• optimized for low power consumption
• cheapest device type
• communicates only with the coordinator
• sensor would be deployed here
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Network Topologies
Star
Mesh
Cluster Tree PAN coordinator
Full Function Device
Reduced Function Device
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Network Topologies
• Star Topology – Advantage
• Easy to synchronize• Low latency
– Disadvantage• Small scale
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ZigBee Network Topologies
• Mesh Topology– Advantage
• Robust multihop communication• Network is more flexible• Lower latency
– Disadvantage• Route discovery is costly• Needs storage for routing table
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ZigBee Network Topologies
• Cluster Tree– Advantage
• Low routing cost• Allow multihop communication
– Disadvantage• Route reconstruction is costly• Latency may be quite long
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ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
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ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
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ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
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ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
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Radio Interface and Modulation
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ZigBee Frequency Bands
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Quality of Service (QoS)
• High data throughput
• Low duty cycle
• ZigBee is ideal for home, business, and industrial automation where control devices and sensors are commonly used
• the battery life of ZigBee devices is very long
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PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
picture taken from [11]
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PHYSICAL LAYER
• The 802.15.4 standard specifies two different services that the Physical Layer(PHY) provides.
• The PHY data service controls the radio, and thus, the transmission and reception of the PPDUs.
• The management service performs Energy Detection in the channel, Clear Channel Assesment before sending the messages and provides LQI for the received packets.
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IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer
• PHY functionalities:– Activation and deactivation of the radio
transceiver– Energy detection within the current channel– Link quality indication for received packets– Clear channel assessment for CSMA-CA– Channel frequency selection– Data transmission and reception
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IEEE 802.15.4 BANDS 868/868.6 MHz for Europe 902/928 MHz for North America 2400/2483.5 MHz worldwide
Binary Data
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PHY frame structure
• PHY packet fields– Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization – Start of packet delimiter (8 bits) – shall be
formatted as “11100101”– PHY header (8 bits) –PSDU length– PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) – data field
PreambleStart ofPacketDelimiter
PHY Header
PHY ServiceData Unit (PSDU)
4 Octets 0-127 Bytes
Sync Header PHY Payload
1 Octets 1 Octets
Frame Length(7 bit)
Reserve(1 bit)
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picture taken from [11]
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
MAC LAYER
• Interface between the PHY layer and the higher layer protocols.
• Handles all access to physical radio channel and is responsible for: Supporting PAN association and disassociationSupporting device securityHandling and maintaining the GTS mechanismProviding a reliable link between two peer MAC
entities
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer
• Device Classes– Full function device (FFD)
• Can function in any topology • Capable of being Network coordinator • Can talk to any other device (FFD/RFD)
– Reduced function device (RFD)• Limited to star topology• Cannot become network coordinator • Talks only to FFDs
• Address– All devices must have 64 bit IEEE addresses– Short (16 bit) addresses can be allocated to reduce
packet size
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MAC LAYER FRAME FORMATS• The IEEE 802.15.4 defines four frame types:
beacon, data, acknowledgment, and MAC command frame.
• All frame types are based on the general MAC frame format.
• The frame control field describes and specifies the above different frame types.
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DATA FRAME FORMAT
BEACON FRAME FORMAT
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COMMAND FRAME FORMAT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FRAME FORMAT
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Transmission Mode
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picture taken from [11]
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
NETWORK LAYER
• The ZigBee standard works on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 addressing schema by using the standard 64-bit and the short 16-bit addressing.
• Network layer responsibilities:
– Establishment of a new network.– New device configuration, addressing
assignment, network synchronization– Frames security– Message routing.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Application Layer
The application layer consists of
• APS (Application Support) sub-layer, • Application framework • Application objects, and • ZDO (ZigBee Device Object).
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SECURITY IN ZIGBEE
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Security in Zigbee
• ZigBee security is based on 128-bit AES algorithm• Security services include methods for key
establishment, device management, & frame protection.
• ZigBee defines security for the MAC, NWK and APS layers
• Security for applications is provided through Application Profiles.
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ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4
PHY868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz
MAC
Application
NetworkStar / Mesh / Cluster-Tree
Security32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption
API
ZigBeeAlliance
IEEE 802.15.4
Customer
ZigBee Alliance -“the software” -Network, Security & Application layers -Brand managementIEEE 802.15.4
-“the hardware” -Physical & Media Access Control layers
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Trust Center
ZigBee introduces the concept of the trust Center, which • Stores the keys for the network• Uses the security services to configure a device with
its key• Uses the security services to authorize a device
onto the network
The ZigBee Coordinator is usually designated the Trust Center
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Security keys
Master keys• used as shared secret between two devices when
they perform the Key Establishment Procedure
Network keys• Perform Network Layer security on a ZigBee
network.
Link keys• Secure messages between two devices at the
Application Layer.
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CONCLUSION
• Zigbee applications are in diverse areas• Zigbee Alliance works as a non-profit
organization which has more than 200 members.
• IEEE 802.15.4 covers Physical Layer And Mac Layer.
• Zigbee adds network construction,application services, and more.
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PROS AND CONS
• Pros
good extension of existing standards
supported by many companies
low power consumption low cost easy implemented
(Designer concentrates on end application)
flexible network structure
Cons
Not many end devices available yet
Single point of failure (centralized architecture)
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer
• Traffic Type– Periodic data
• e.g. sensors
– Intermittent data• e.g. light switch
– Repetitive low latency data• e.g. mouse