Židovi u rijeci

Jews in RijekaZidovi u Rijeci

In 1928 the alliance of orthodox Israelis bought the

land in Via Galvani street (nowadays Ivan Filipović

street). They had the incentive to build an „orthodox”

synagogue with the aim of bringing together the

young for educational discussions, prayer and

reflections.

„The small orthodox school synagogue” was built

according to plans by the architect G. Angyal and P.

Fabbr, without any decorations or symbols on the

facade, which is asymmetric and covered by stone

and red brick. This gives it a noticeably colourful

appearance still today.

The synagogue in Rijeka, a valuable monument of

Jewish culture and tradition, is one of three

synagogues in the Republic of Croatia which

„survived” the Second World War, it has been saved

from total or part destruction and preserved from

being re-adapted.

The synagogue today is primarily a valuable

monument and it is the center of the Jewish

community in Rijeka.

Savez ortodoksnih Izraelićana je 1928. godine kupio

zemljište u tadašnjoj ulici Via Galvani, današnja Ulica

Ivana Filipovića, te pokrenuo inicijativu za izgradnju

„ortodoksne” sinagoge kako bi se mladi okupili i

sudjelovali u učenim razgovorima, molitvi i razmjeni

mišljenja.

„Mala ortodoksna schull sinagoga” sagrađena je

prema nacrtima projektanata G. Angyala i P. Fabbra,

bez ukrasa i simbola na pročelju, asimetričnog

pročelja s oblogom od kamena i crvene cigle koji joj i

danas daje uočljivo koloristički izgled.

Sinagoga u Rijeci, vrijedan spomenik kulture i

tradicije Židova ovog kraja, jedna je od ukupno tri

sinagoge u Republici Hrvatskoj koje su „preživjele”

razdoblje Drugog svjetskog rata i ostale sačuvane od

potpunog ili djelomičnog uništenja (ili prenamjene).

Sinagoga danas ima prvenstveno spomeničko

značenje i sjedište je Židovske općine u Rijeci.

Riječka sinagogaThe Synagogue in Rijeka

In 1928 the alliance of orthodox Israelis bought the

land in Via Galvani street (nowadays Ivan Filipović

street). They had the incentive to build an „orthodox”

synagogue with the aim of bringing together the

young for educational discussions, prayer and

reflections.

„The small orthodox school synagogue” was built

according to plans by the architect G. Angyal and P.

Fabbr, without any decorations or symbols on the

facade, which is asymmetric and covered by stone

and red brick. This gives it a noticeably colourful

appearance still today.

The synagogue in Rijeka, a valuable monument of

Jewish culture and tradition, is one of three

synagogues in the Republic of Croatia which

„survived” the Second World War, it has been saved

from total or part destruction and preserved from

being re-adapted.

The synagogue today is primarily a valuable

monument and it is the center of the Jewish

community in Rijeka.

Savez ortodoksnih Izraelićana je 1928. godine kupio

zemljište u tadašnjoj ulici Via Galvani, današnja Ulica

Ivana Filipovića, te pokrenuo inicijativu za izgradnju

„ortodoksne” sinagoge kako bi se mladi okupili i

sudjelovali u učenim razgovorima, molitvi i razmjeni

mišljenja.

„Mala ortodoksna schull sinagoga” sagrađena je

prema nacrtima projektanata G. Angyala i P. Fabbra,

bez ukrasa i simbola na pročelju, asimetričnog

pročelja s oblogom od kamena i crvene cigle koji joj i

danas daje uočljivo koloristički izgled.

Sinagoga u Rijeci, vrijedan spomenik kulture i

tradicije Židova ovog kraja, jedna je od ukupno tri

sinagoge u Republici Hrvatskoj koje su „preživjele”

razdoblje Drugog svjetskog rata i ostale sačuvane od

potpunog ili djelomičnog uništenja (ili prenamjene).

Sinagoga danas ima prvenstveno spomeničko

značenje i sjedište je Židovske općine u Rijeci.

Riječka sinagogaThe Synagogue in Rijeka

Izvedbena varijanta zapravo je treće rješenje inženjera

Angyala i Fabbra, koja je usprkos manjim izmjenama

zadržala idejni duh projekta. Unutrašnjost hrama

podijeljena je na predprostor i dio namijenjen

obredima. Ritam triju prozora bočne fasade ponavlja

se i unutrašnjosti u trima proporcionalnim

jedinicama prostora. Dva sačinjavaju obredni prostor

zajedno s balkonom iznad trećeg, odvojenog ulaznog

dijela. Taj je balkon – „esrat naschim” namijenjen

ženama koje su morale biti odvojene od muškaraca,

pa ih je na balkonu skrivala rešetkasta ograda. Za

vrijeme obreda vjernici su okrenuti prema „aaron-ha-

kodeshu”, mjestu na kojem se čuva Tora – Sveta

knjiga. U istom smjeru, prema istoku, okrenut je i

rabin sa svoja dva pomoćnika, kantorom i hazanom.

Njihovo je mjesto na istaknutom povišenju – „bima”.

Jedini ukras unutrašnjosti je oslikani vijenac ispod

samoga krovišta i stilizirani vegetativni reljef ispod

razine prozora.

Unutrašnjost sinagoge obnovljena je tijekom 2006.,

odnosno u cijelosti je dovršena 2008. godine prema

projektu riječkog arhitekta Vladi Bralića.

The final construction is in fact the third option of the

architects Angyal and Fabbr, which in spite of small

changes kept its ideal spirit of the project. The inside

of the temple is divided into the entrance area and

the area for ceremonies. The rhythm of three

windows in the side wall is repeated in the interior in

three proportional area units. Two of these areas

make up the ceremonial area together with the

balcony over the third unit, of the separate entrance

area. This balcony „esrat naschim” is dedicated to the

women as they had to be separated from the men, so

they were hidden behind a grid partition. During the

ceremony the believers are facing „aaron-k-

kodeshu”, the place where the Tora (Holy Book) is

kept. The Rabbi and his two assistants, Kantor and

Hazan, face the same direction, towards the east.

They are on a prominent, raised platform – „bima”.

The only interior decoration is an illustrated wreath

directly under the roof and a stylised vegetative relief

under the level of the window.

The interior of the synagogue was restored during 2006

according to the project of the architect Vladi Bralić.

Izvedbena varijanta zapravo je treće rješenje inženjera

Angyala i Fabbra, koja je usprkos manjim izmjenama

zadržala idejni duh projekta. Unutrašnjost hrama

podijeljena je na predprostor i dio namijenjen

obredima. Ritam triju prozora bočne fasade ponavlja

se i unutrašnjosti u trima proporcionalnim

jedinicama prostora. Dva sačinjavaju obredni prostor

zajedno s balkonom iznad trećeg, odvojenog ulaznog

dijela. Taj je balkon – „esrat naschim” namijenjen

ženama koje su morale biti odvojene od muškaraca,

pa ih je na balkonu skrivala rešetkasta ograda. Za

vrijeme obreda vjernici su okrenuti prema „aaron-ha-

kodeshu”, mjestu na kojem se čuva Tora – Sveta

knjiga. U istom smjeru, prema istoku, okrenut je i

rabin sa svoja dva pomoćnika, kantorom i hazanom.

Njihovo je mjesto na istaknutom povišenju – „bima”.

Jedini ukras unutrašnjosti je oslikani vijenac ispod

samoga krovišta i stilizirani vegetativni reljef ispod

razine prozora.

Unutrašnjost sinagoge obnovljena je tijekom 2006.,

odnosno u cijelosti je dovršena 2008. godine prema

projektu riječkog arhitekta Vladi Bralića.

The final construction is in fact the third option of the

architects Angyal and Fabbr, which in spite of small

changes kept its ideal spirit of the project. The inside

of the temple is divided into the entrance area and

the area for ceremonies. The rhythm of three

windows in the side wall is repeated in the interior in

three proportional area units. Two of these areas

make up the ceremonial area together with the

balcony over the third unit, of the separate entrance

area. This balcony „esrat naschim” is dedicated to the

women as they had to be separated from the men, so

they were hidden behind a grid partition. During the

ceremony the believers are facing „aaron-k-

kodeshu”, the place where the Tora (Holy Book) is

kept. The Rabbi and his two assistants, Kantor and

Hazan, face the same direction, towards the east.

They are on a prominent, raised platform – „bima”.

The only interior decoration is an illustrated wreath

directly under the roof and a stylised vegetative relief

under the level of the window.

The interior of the synagogue was restored during 2006

according to the project of the architect Vladi Bralić.

Povijest Židova na riječkom području The History of Jews in Rijeka

15. stoljeće

Najstariji poznati pisani podatci o Židovima potječu

iz 15. stoljeća, kada u Rijeku pristižu Židovi s

talijanskih obala Jadrana, posebno iz grada Pesare i

pokrajine Marche.

Prema nekim izvorima prvo pisano svjedočanstvo o

Židovima u Rijeci datira iz 1436. godine Terra

Fluminis. Slijede spisi riječkog autora Antonia de

Renna iz 1436. do 1461. godine, spisi koji uključuju

potvrde o zaduživanju, ugovor o unajmljivanju radne

snage i sl.

Židovi su za vrijeme povremenih boravaka u Rijeci

stanovali u prostoru grada zvanom Zuecha ili

Zudecca, što bi odgovaralo poznatom venecijskom

izrazu Giudecca. Zudecca se nalazila u Starom gradu,

jugoistočno od Katedrale sv. Vida. Njezin se nastanak

može objasniti i praktičnim razlozima: lokalne su

riječke vlasti, radi trgovačkog probitka, dolazile tada

u doticaj s trgovcima židovske vjeroispovijesti i

nastojale su im osigurati odvojen smještaj, gradeći i

iznajmljujući im posebne zgrade gdje mogu prebivati.

th15 century

The oldest known written data about Jews dates back thto the 15 century, when the Jews arrived in Rijeka

from the Italian Adriatic coast, especially from the

town Pesara and the region Marche.

According to some sources the first documents giving

evidence about Jews in Rijeka date from the year

1436, Terra Fluminis. From 1436 to 1461 Antonio

Bahin an author from Rijeka gave evidence to this

through documents which include proof of debts,

contracts for hiring labour and other things.

During their stay in Rijeka, Jews lived in the part of

town known as Zuccha or Zudecca which is

equivalent to the Venetian expression Giudecca.

Zudecca was located in the Old town south-east of St.

Vid cathedral. Its existence can be explained through

practical reasons. The local authorities in Rijeka, due

to the growth of trade, came into contact with Jewish

merchants and tried to ensure separate

accommodation for them by building and renting

buildings set apart for them. Thus merchants from all

Tako su u Rijeku mogli dolaziti trgovci sa svih strana,

prvenstveno s talijanske jadranske obale i Dalmacije, i

mogli nesmetano obavljati vlastite obredne propise.

Možemo pretpostaviti kako su židovske nastambe

vremenom zapuštene budući da tijekom 16. i 17.

stoljeća više nemamo nikakvih vijesti o poslovnim

dolascima Židova u Rijeku, niti se pojavljuju prilikom

sklapanja bilo kakvih ugovora. To, međutim, još ne

znači da Židovi ipak nisu povremeno dolazili i

zadržavali se neko vrijeme u gradu.

Statut grada Rijeke iz 1530. godine nema posebnih

odredaba o Židovima, ali u Sveučilišnoj knjižnici u

Rijeci čuva se knjiga rabina Isaka Adarbija „Dibre

Shalom” (Riječi mira) o propovijedima na hebrejskom

jeziku tiskanim 1531. godine.

areas, mainly from the Italian Adriatic coast and

Dalmatia, could come and they were given the

possibility to practice their own religious ceremony

and ritual.

We can presume that Jewish dwellings were th th neglected over time, as during the 16 and 17

century there is no information about the arrival of

Jewish merchants to Rijeka, nor were they mentioned

in any contracts made at that time. However this does

not mean that Jews did not arrive and stay in the

town from time to time.

The Statue of Rijeka from 1530 does not have any

special regulations about Jews, but in the university

library in Rijeka there is a book called Dibre schalom

(Words of Peace) written by Rabbi Isac Adarbi,

containing sermons in Hebrew, and printed in 1531.

Povijest Židova na riječkom području The History of Jews in Rijeka

15. stoljeće

Najstariji poznati pisani podatci o Židovima potječu

iz 15. stoljeća, kada u Rijeku pristižu Židovi s

talijanskih obala Jadrana, posebno iz grada Pesare i

pokrajine Marche.

Prema nekim izvorima prvo pisano svjedočanstvo o

Židovima u Rijeci datira iz 1436. godine Terra

Fluminis. Slijede spisi riječkog autora Antonia de

Renna iz 1436. do 1461. godine, spisi koji uključuju

potvrde o zaduživanju, ugovor o unajmljivanju radne

snage i sl.

Židovi su za vrijeme povremenih boravaka u Rijeci

stanovali u prostoru grada zvanom Zuecha ili

Zudecca, što bi odgovaralo poznatom venecijskom

izrazu Giudecca. Zudecca se nalazila u Starom gradu,

jugoistočno od Katedrale sv. Vida. Njezin se nastanak

može objasniti i praktičnim razlozima: lokalne su

riječke vlasti, radi trgovačkog probitka, dolazile tada

u doticaj s trgovcima židovske vjeroispovijesti i

nastojale su im osigurati odvojen smještaj, gradeći i

iznajmljujući im posebne zgrade gdje mogu prebivati.

th15 century

The oldest known written data about Jews dates back thto the 15 century, when the Jews arrived in Rijeka

from the Italian Adriatic coast, especially from the

town Pesara and the region Marche.

According to some sources the first documents giving

evidence about Jews in Rijeka date from the year

1436, Terra Fluminis. From 1436 to 1461 Antonio

Bahin an author from Rijeka gave evidence to this

through documents which include proof of debts,

contracts for hiring labour and other things.

During their stay in Rijeka, Jews lived in the part of

town known as Zuccha or Zudecca which is

equivalent to the Venetian expression Giudecca.

Zudecca was located in the Old town south-east of St.

Vid cathedral. Its existence can be explained through

practical reasons. The local authorities in Rijeka, due

to the growth of trade, came into contact with Jewish

merchants and tried to ensure separate

accommodation for them by building and renting

buildings set apart for them. Thus merchants from all

Tako su u Rijeku mogli dolaziti trgovci sa svih strana,

prvenstveno s talijanske jadranske obale i Dalmacije, i

mogli nesmetano obavljati vlastite obredne propise.

Možemo pretpostaviti kako su židovske nastambe

vremenom zapuštene budući da tijekom 16. i 17.

stoljeća više nemamo nikakvih vijesti o poslovnim

dolascima Židova u Rijeku, niti se pojavljuju prilikom

sklapanja bilo kakvih ugovora. To, međutim, još ne

znači da Židovi ipak nisu povremeno dolazili i

zadržavali se neko vrijeme u gradu.

Statut grada Rijeke iz 1530. godine nema posebnih

odredaba o Židovima, ali u Sveučilišnoj knjižnici u

Rijeci čuva se knjiga rabina Isaka Adarbija „Dibre

Shalom” (Riječi mira) o propovijedima na hebrejskom

jeziku tiskanim 1531. godine.

areas, mainly from the Italian Adriatic coast and

Dalmatia, could come and they were given the

possibility to practice their own religious ceremony

and ritual.

We can presume that Jewish dwellings were th th neglected over time, as during the 16 and 17

century there is no information about the arrival of

Jewish merchants to Rijeka, nor were they mentioned

in any contracts made at that time. However this does

not mean that Jews did not arrive and stay in the

town from time to time.

The Statue of Rijeka from 1530 does not have any

special regulations about Jews, but in the university

library in Rijeka there is a book called Dibre schalom

(Words of Peace) written by Rabbi Isac Adarbi,

containing sermons in Hebrew, and printed in 1531.

18. stoljeće

Izvjesno je da samostalna Židovska općina u Rijeci

nije postojala do početka osamdesetih godina 18.

stoljeća kada su i stvoreni svi potrebni preduvjeti za

osnivanje jedne takve konfesionalne i etničke

zajednice, izdvojene iz općevažećih pravnih i

društvenih normi.

Tada je, naime, ustanovljena stalna trgovačka

kolonija, odnosno, nacionalno-vjerska zajednica.

Krajem sedamdesetih godina 18. stoljeća u Rijeci se

trajno nastanjuje nekoliko židovskih obitelji koje su

mahom doselile iz Splita. Jedan od osnovnih razloga

njihova preseljenja svakako je iznimno težak položaj

ondašnjih Židova na području Dalmacije koja je tada

bila pod vlašću Mletačke Republike.

Krajem rujna 1779. godine Isak Mihael Penso zajedno

s braćom Josipom i Leonom Venturom (Ebrei

Spalatini), u svojstvu zastupnika svoje male

zajednice, upućuju gradskim oblastima službeni

zahtjev u kojem traže dozvolu za podizanje groblja

nedaleko od gradskih zidina i osnivanje vlastite

sinagoge – scole.

th 18 century

It is certain that an independent Jewish community in

Rijeka did not exist until the beginning of 1780s,

when all the pre-conditions for the formation of such

a confessional and ethnic community were created,

which was separate from all legal and social norms.

At that time a permanent trade colony was

established, that is, a national religious community.

By the end of 1770s, several Jewish families, mainly

from Split, had settled permanently in Rijeka. One of

the main reasons they had moved was certainly the

exceptionally difficult position of Jews in Dalmatia,

which was under Venetian rule at the time.

By the end of September 1779, Isaac Mihael Penso

together with the brothers Joseph and Leon Ventura

(Jews from Split) as representatives of their small

community made an official request for permission to

build a graveyard near the city walls and to establish

their own synagogue – school.

If the requests were granted, then many families from

Split and other Italian towns would move to Rijeka.

18. stoljeće

Izvjesno je da samostalna Židovska općina u Rijeci

nije postojala do početka osamdesetih godina 18.

stoljeća kada su i stvoreni svi potrebni preduvjeti za

osnivanje jedne takve konfesionalne i etničke

zajednice, izdvojene iz općevažećih pravnih i

društvenih normi.

Tada je, naime, ustanovljena stalna trgovačka

kolonija, odnosno, nacionalno-vjerska zajednica.

Krajem sedamdesetih godina 18. stoljeća u Rijeci se

trajno nastanjuje nekoliko židovskih obitelji koje su

mahom doselile iz Splita. Jedan od osnovnih razloga

njihova preseljenja svakako je iznimno težak položaj

ondašnjih Židova na području Dalmacije koja je tada

bila pod vlašću Mletačke Republike.

Krajem rujna 1779. godine Isak Mihael Penso zajedno

s braćom Josipom i Leonom Venturom (Ebrei

Spalatini), u svojstvu zastupnika svoje male

zajednice, upućuju gradskim oblastima službeni

zahtjev u kojem traže dozvolu za podizanje groblja

nedaleko od gradskih zidina i osnivanje vlastite

sinagoge – scole.

th 18 century

It is certain that an independent Jewish community in

Rijeka did not exist until the beginning of 1780s,

when all the pre-conditions for the formation of such

a confessional and ethnic community were created,

which was separate from all legal and social norms.

At that time a permanent trade colony was

established, that is, a national religious community.

By the end of 1770s, several Jewish families, mainly

from Split, had settled permanently in Rijeka. One of

the main reasons they had moved was certainly the

exceptionally difficult position of Jews in Dalmatia,

which was under Venetian rule at the time.

By the end of September 1779, Isaac Mihael Penso

together with the brothers Joseph and Leon Ventura

(Jews from Split) as representatives of their small

community made an official request for permission to

build a graveyard near the city walls and to establish

their own synagogue – school.

If the requests were granted, then many families from

Split and other Italian towns would move to Rijeka.

Ako bi se udovoljilo spomenutim zahtjevima, tvrde

oni, u Rijeku bi zasigurno doselile još mnoge

židovske obitelji iz Splita i nekih talijanskih gradova.

Čini se da su gradske vlasti ovu obvezu zaštite

židovske zajednice od početka shvatile ozbiljno te su

poduzimale rigorozne mjere protiv svakoga

izgrednika koji bi na bilo koji način ometao odvijanje

njihovih vjerskih obreda.

Gubernij je 27. rujna 1779. godine Dekretom dopustio

Židovima da ustanove vlastitu bogomolju, „kehile”,

pa je odlučeno da se ona otvori u privatnoj kući

obitelji Penso. Obitelj Ventura tomu se protivila.

Stoga je odlučeno da sinagoga ne bude više smještena

u privatnoj kući, već u namjenskoj zgradi koju treba

uzeti u godišnji najam. Zajedničke troškove za to

ravnopravno su dijelili braća Ventura, Isak Mihael

Pensa i Isak Levi.

Postoji podatak da su 1783. godine u Rijeci živjele

četiri židovske obitelji (Ventura, Pensa, Levi i Piazza),

sve podrijetlom iz Splita i bavile su se trgovinom,

prodajom duhana, kože, tkanina te žitarica, rakije,

meda i drugih poljoprivrednih proizvoda.

It seems that the town authorities took their

obligation to protect the Jewish community seriously

from the very beginning, taking rigorous measures

against anyone who hindered their religious

ceremonies in any way.

thOn the 27 of September 1779 the Governor by decree

permitted the Jews to form their own place of prayer

– „kehile” and it was decided to open it temporarily

in the private house of family Penso. The family

Ventura was against it. Therefore the decision was

made to open the synagogue in a specified rented

building and not in a private house. The brothers

Ventura, Isac, Mihael and Pensa and Isac Levi, shared

equally the rental expenses.

There is evidence that in 1783 there were 4 Jewish

families from Split living in Rijeka (Ventura, Pensa,

Levi and Piazzo). They were trading and selling

tobacco, leather, fabric, grain, brandy, honey and

other agricultural products.

Isak Levi was the first head and administrator of the

Jewish community, son of Kaliman, a trader living in

Trieste.

Ako bi se udovoljilo spomenutim zahtjevima, tvrde

oni, u Rijeku bi zasigurno doselile još mnoge

židovske obitelji iz Splita i nekih talijanskih gradova.

Čini se da su gradske vlasti ovu obvezu zaštite

židovske zajednice od početka shvatile ozbiljno te su

poduzimale rigorozne mjere protiv svakoga

izgrednika koji bi na bilo koji način ometao odvijanje

njihovih vjerskih obreda.

Gubernij je 27. rujna 1779. godine Dekretom dopustio

Židovima da ustanove vlastitu bogomolju, „kehile”,

pa je odlučeno da se ona otvori u privatnoj kući

obitelji Penso. Obitelj Ventura tomu se protivila.

Stoga je odlučeno da sinagoga ne bude više smještena

u privatnoj kući, već u namjenskoj zgradi koju treba

uzeti u godišnji najam. Zajedničke troškove za to

ravnopravno su dijelili braća Ventura, Isak Mihael

Pensa i Isak Levi.

Postoji podatak da su 1783. godine u Rijeci živjele

četiri židovske obitelji (Ventura, Pensa, Levi i Piazza),

sve podrijetlom iz Splita i bavile su se trgovinom,

prodajom duhana, kože, tkanina te žitarica, rakije,

meda i drugih poljoprivrednih proizvoda.

It seems that the town authorities took their

obligation to protect the Jewish community seriously

from the very beginning, taking rigorous measures

against anyone who hindered their religious

ceremonies in any way.

thOn the 27 of September 1779 the Governor by decree

permitted the Jews to form their own place of prayer

– „kehile” and it was decided to open it temporarily

in the private house of family Penso. The family

Ventura was against it. Therefore the decision was

made to open the synagogue in a specified rented

building and not in a private house. The brothers

Ventura, Isac, Mihael and Pensa and Isac Levi, shared

equally the rental expenses.

There is evidence that in 1783 there were 4 Jewish

families from Split living in Rijeka (Ventura, Pensa,

Levi and Piazzo). They were trading and selling

tobacco, leather, fabric, grain, brandy, honey and

other agricultural products.

Isak Levi was the first head and administrator of the

Jewish community, son of Kaliman, a trader living in

Trieste.

Za prvog poglavara i upravitelja riječke Židovske

zajednice bio je izabran Isak Levi, sin Kalimanov,

trgovac nastanjen u Trstu. Trgovačka važnost Rijeke

postojala je sve veća što je pridonijelo doseljavanju

novih obitelji.

Jozefinsko zakonodavstvo nastojalo je emancipirati

židovsko stanovništvo i uklopiti ga u građansko

društvo.

Protocollum, kao opći pravilnik u cilju stvaranja

samostalne Židovske zajednice koji je riječkim

Židovima omogućio ostvarivanje njihovih temeljnih

građanskih prava zajamčenih tadašnjim austrijskim

državnim zakonima, stupio je na snagu 26.

studenoga 1781. godine, a bio je pisan po uzoru na

tršćanski Regulamentum Judaeorum iz 1771. godine

koji su dobili tadašnji Židovi „pod zaštitom zasebne

milosti i blagosti” carice Marije Terezije.

Postojanje organizirane Židovske općine tijekom 19.

stoljeća u Rijeci s posebnim hramom i grobljem za

pogreb pokojnika po vlastitim ritualnim propisima

otvaralo je mogućnost razvijanja drugih institucija

The trading importance in Rijeka was growing which

resulted in the settling of new families.

Joseph's legislation aimed to integrate the Jewish

people into the local town community.

thOn 26 of November 1781 the protocol was enforced

as a general regulation with the aim to create an

independent Jewish community, which had assured

fundamental civil rights for the Jews in Rijeka,

guarded by the Austrian state acts of the time. This

was written according to Regulamentum Judaeorum

of Trieste from 1771, which the Jews in Trieste had

been given under the protection of the mercy and

blessing of Empress Marie Theresa.

The existence of the organised Jewish community in thRijeka during the 19 century with a special temple

and graveyard for burial of the dead, according to

their own ritual regulations, opened up the

possibility to develop other institutions according to

traditions of Judaism – traditional, philanthropic,

humanitarian organisations, voluntary, religious and

cultural associations.

prema tradicijama judaizma – tradicionalnih

filantropskih humanitarnih organizacija,

dobrotvornih, vjerskih i kulturno-prosvjetnih

udruženja. Tako 1885. godine M. Adolfo Gerloszi,

rabin riječke Židovske zajednice, zajedno s Antoniom

Matersdorferom i Giuseppeom Treuschem, osniva

karitativnu udrugu „Chevra Kadischa” – Sveto

društvo, Sveto bratstvo.

To je najstarije riječko dobrotvorno društvo koje je

brinulo o pogrebima i uzdržavanju općinskog

groblja, društvo koje je svojim članovima pružalo

pomoć i usluge u svakodnevnom društvenom i

vjerskom životu te materijalnim potrebama. Svi su,

uglavnom, bili članovi zajednice i zato se plaćao

redoviti doprinos prema imovinskim mogućnostima.

Prikupljeni je novac bio korišten za materijalnu

pomoć siromašnima i oboljelima, za vjersku

izobrazbu i općenito unapređenje vjerske službe, kao

i za pogreb siromašnih po vjerskim propisima.

In 1885 M. Adolfo Gerloszi, Rabbi of Rijeka's Jewish

community, together with Antonio Matersdorfer, and

Giuseppe Treusch founded a charity organisation

„Chevra Kadischa” (Hebrew holy society, holy

brotherhood).

This is the oldest charity association in Rijeka which

took care of burials and upkeep of council

graveyards, „a society which rendered help and

service to its members in everyday social and

religious life and material needs”. The members were

all also part of the society and therefore paid a

regular contribution according to their financial

standing. The collected funds were used to help those

in need and the ill, for religious education and for

general improvement of religious service as well as

for burial of the poor in accordance with religious

regulations.

Za prvog poglavara i upravitelja riječke Židovske

zajednice bio je izabran Isak Levi, sin Kalimanov,

trgovac nastanjen u Trstu. Trgovačka važnost Rijeke

postojala je sve veća što je pridonijelo doseljavanju

novih obitelji.

Jozefinsko zakonodavstvo nastojalo je emancipirati

židovsko stanovništvo i uklopiti ga u građansko

društvo.

Protocollum, kao opći pravilnik u cilju stvaranja

samostalne Židovske zajednice koji je riječkim

Židovima omogućio ostvarivanje njihovih temeljnih

građanskih prava zajamčenih tadašnjim austrijskim

državnim zakonima, stupio je na snagu 26.

studenoga 1781. godine, a bio je pisan po uzoru na

tršćanski Regulamentum Judaeorum iz 1771. godine

koji su dobili tadašnji Židovi „pod zaštitom zasebne

milosti i blagosti” carice Marije Terezije.

Postojanje organizirane Židovske općine tijekom 19.

stoljeća u Rijeci s posebnim hramom i grobljem za

pogreb pokojnika po vlastitim ritualnim propisima

otvaralo je mogućnost razvijanja drugih institucija

The trading importance in Rijeka was growing which

resulted in the settling of new families.

Joseph's legislation aimed to integrate the Jewish

people into the local town community.

thOn 26 of November 1781 the protocol was enforced

as a general regulation with the aim to create an

independent Jewish community, which had assured

fundamental civil rights for the Jews in Rijeka,

guarded by the Austrian state acts of the time. This

was written according to Regulamentum Judaeorum

of Trieste from 1771, which the Jews in Trieste had

been given under the protection of the mercy and

blessing of Empress Marie Theresa.

The existence of the organised Jewish community in thRijeka during the 19 century with a special temple

and graveyard for burial of the dead, according to

their own ritual regulations, opened up the

possibility to develop other institutions according to

traditions of Judaism – traditional, philanthropic,

humanitarian organisations, voluntary, religious and

cultural associations.

prema tradicijama judaizma – tradicionalnih

filantropskih humanitarnih organizacija,

dobrotvornih, vjerskih i kulturno-prosvjetnih

udruženja. Tako 1885. godine M. Adolfo Gerloszi,

rabin riječke Židovske zajednice, zajedno s Antoniom

Matersdorferom i Giuseppeom Treuschem, osniva

karitativnu udrugu „Chevra Kadischa” – Sveto

društvo, Sveto bratstvo.

To je najstarije riječko dobrotvorno društvo koje je

brinulo o pogrebima i uzdržavanju općinskog

groblja, društvo koje je svojim članovima pružalo

pomoć i usluge u svakodnevnom društvenom i

vjerskom životu te materijalnim potrebama. Svi su,

uglavnom, bili članovi zajednice i zato se plaćao

redoviti doprinos prema imovinskim mogućnostima.

Prikupljeni je novac bio korišten za materijalnu

pomoć siromašnima i oboljelima, za vjersku

izobrazbu i općenito unapređenje vjerske službe, kao

i za pogreb siromašnih po vjerskim propisima.

In 1885 M. Adolfo Gerloszi, Rabbi of Rijeka's Jewish

community, together with Antonio Matersdorfer, and

Giuseppe Treusch founded a charity organisation

„Chevra Kadischa” (Hebrew holy society, holy

brotherhood).

This is the oldest charity association in Rijeka which

took care of burials and upkeep of council

graveyards, „a society which rendered help and

service to its members in everyday social and

religious life and material needs”. The members were

all also part of the society and therefore paid a

regular contribution according to their financial

standing. The collected funds were used to help those

in need and the ill, for religious education and for

general improvement of religious service as well as

for burial of the poor in accordance with religious

regulations.

19. stoljeće

Početkom 19. stoljeća Židovima su bila priznata sva

građanska prava i slobode, kao i ravnopravnost sa

svim ostalim konfesijama. Nakon kratkotrajne

francuske civilne vladavine uspostavljene u Rijeci i

ponovne uspostave austrijske uprave i njezina

carskog centralizma, ponovno je uvedena strogo

konzervativna regulativa koja je ograničavala

građanska prava Židovima.

Još 1837. na temelju darovnog ugovora između

Mozesa Saula Levija iz Trsta i Židovske općine

Rijeka, Rijeka dobiva prvu sinagogu smještenu u

jednoj trokatnoj kući na Trgu sv. Tri kralja – Contrada

de Tre Rei – kasnije Via del Tempio.

Godine 1882. Zajednica bira novog rabina i učitelja

vjeronauka, M. Adolfa Gerlozija. Sabato Levi

Mandolfo punih 37 godina vodio je poslove u ulozi

predsjednika Zajednice. Nakon njegove smrti 1895.

godine Zajednica za novog predsjednika izabire

Arminia Neubergera de Hlinika.

Godine 1895. riječka Židovska zajednica je imala 250 -

260 članova s ukupno 1600 duša. U početku su se

th19 century

thBy the beginning of the 19 century the Jews were

given all civil rights and freedom and equality with

all other religions. During the short period of the

French civil government established in Rijeka,

trading companies were founded. After the re-

installment of the Austrian authority and its Imperial

regime, strict conservative regulations were again

imposed which restricted Jewish civil rights.

Already in 1837 on the basis of a donation contract

between Moses Saul Levi from Trieste and the Jewish

Organization of Rijeka, Rijeka gets its first synagog,

located in a three storey house in the Street of the

Three Kings later called Via del Tempio.

In the year 1882 the society chose a new Rabbi and

religious teacher, M. Adolfo Gerlozi. For 37 years

Sabato Levi Mandolfo was the president of the

society. After his death in 1895 the society chose a

new president, Armini Neuberger de Hlinik.

In the year 1895 the Rijeka Jewish community had

250 – 260 members with a total of 1600 souls. At first

the ceremonies and services were held according to

19. stoljeće

Početkom 19. stoljeća Židovima su bila priznata sva

građanska prava i slobode, kao i ravnopravnost sa

svim ostalim konfesijama. Nakon kratkotrajne

francuske civilne vladavine uspostavljene u Rijeci i

ponovne uspostave austrijske uprave i njezina

carskog centralizma, ponovno je uvedena strogo

konzervativna regulativa koja je ograničavala

građanska prava Židovima.

Još 1837. na temelju darovnog ugovora između

Mozesa Saula Levija iz Trsta i Židovske općine

Rijeka, Rijeka dobiva prvu sinagogu smještenu u

jednoj trokatnoj kući na Trgu sv. Tri kralja – Contrada

de Tre Rei – kasnije Via del Tempio.

Godine 1882. Zajednica bira novog rabina i učitelja

vjeronauka, M. Adolfa Gerlozija. Sabato Levi

Mandolfo punih 37 godina vodio je poslove u ulozi

predsjednika Zajednice. Nakon njegove smrti 1895.

godine Zajednica za novog predsjednika izabire

Arminia Neubergera de Hlinika.

Godine 1895. riječka Židovska zajednica je imala 250 -

260 članova s ukupno 1600 duša. U početku su se

th19 century

thBy the beginning of the 19 century the Jews were

given all civil rights and freedom and equality with

all other religions. During the short period of the

French civil government established in Rijeka,

trading companies were founded. After the re-

installment of the Austrian authority and its Imperial

regime, strict conservative regulations were again

imposed which restricted Jewish civil rights.

Already in 1837 on the basis of a donation contract

between Moses Saul Levi from Trieste and the Jewish

Organization of Rijeka, Rijeka gets its first synagog,

located in a three storey house in the Street of the

Three Kings later called Via del Tempio.

In the year 1882 the society chose a new Rabbi and

religious teacher, M. Adolfo Gerlozi. For 37 years

Sabato Levi Mandolfo was the president of the

society. After his death in 1895 the society chose a

new president, Armini Neuberger de Hlinik.

In the year 1895 the Rijeka Jewish community had

250 – 260 members with a total of 1600 souls. At first

the ceremonies and services were held according to

obredi i služba održavali prema španjolskim

običajima (Sefardi), no u jednom trenutku, razvojem i

širenjem Zajednice, prešlo se na običaje Aškenazi

Židova koji su se održali do 1940. godine.

Daljnja naseljavanja Židova dio su općih migracija što

će zahvatiti hrvatske krajeve tijekom 19. stoljeća.

Među njima pojavljuje se znatan broj školovanih ljudi,

ponajviše liječnika, odvjetnika, novinara i publicista.

S druge pak strane, tu su i trgovački poduzetnici,

novčari, tvorničari i obrtnici koji pridonose razvoju

gospodarskih odnosa, unapređujući proizvodnju i

akumulaciju industrijskog kapitala.

Područje Sušaka

Sudeći po suvremenim statističkim izvještajima,

Židovi se na Sušak počinju trajno nastanjivati krajem

osamdesetih godina 19. stoljeća. Od tada njihov broj

polagano, ali pouzdano raste.

U teritorijalnom su pogledu pripadali karlovačkoj

vjeroispovjednoj općini, a kako nisu posjedovali

vlastitu bogomolju, služili su se riječkom sinagogom i

pokapali mrtve na tamošnjem židovskom groblju.

Spanish traditions sefardi , but as the Society grew

they conformed to the traditions of Ashkenazi Jews

which remained till 1940.

Further settlement of Jews is part of the general

migration which was taking part in Croatia regions thduring the 19 century. Among them were a

considerable number of educated people known as

free professions; mainly physicians, lawyers,

journalists and publishers. On the other hand there

were also businessmen, bankers, entrepreneurs and

tradesmen who improved industrial relations,

developing production and the accumulation of

industrial capital.

Sušak area

Judging by the modern, statistic reports, Jews began

to settle permanently on Sušak at the end of 1880s.

Since then their number has been growing slowly but

steadily.

They belonged to the Karlovac diocese territory, and as

they did not have their own place of worship, they used

the Rijeka synagogue and the Jewish burial grounds.

Tijesna se povezanost riječkih i sušačkih Židova

ogledala i na drugim planovima. Uobičajeno je bilo

da trgovci nastanjeni u Rijeci otvaraju vlastite

podružnice na Sušaku ili obrnuto. Mnoge su

trgovačke tvrtke, poslovnice, skladišta, tvornice ili

radionice bile registrirane u riječkom i sušačkom

katastarskom sudu, ostvarujući dobit s obje strane

tadašnje državne granice.

Čini se kako je među prvima na Sušak doselila

mnogočlana obitelj Wortmann, podrijetlom iz

zapadnougarskog gradića Gradišća, koja je osnovala

tvornicu finih likera Braća Wortmann. Vlasnici i

osnivači poduzeća za uvoz prekomorske robe Pfau &

Co. bila su braća Pfau, podrijetlom iz Galicije.

Veletrgovine vinom posjedovali su Francesco Herzel

te braća Ružička. Od 1896. do 1900. na Sušaku je

postojala tvornica metala i četki Ivana Friedricha i

Otta Fursta.

There is a strong connection between the Rijeka and

Sušak Jews on all levels. It was common for

tradesmen who lived in Rijeka to open their branches

in Sušak and vice versa. Many trading companies,

warehouses, factories and workshops were registered

in the Rijeka and Sušak land registry, making a profit

on both sides of the border at that time.

It seems that one of the first families that settled in

Sušak was the large family Wortmann, originally

from the west Hungarian town Güsing. They

founded the factory of excellent liqueurs „Wortmann

Brothers”. The owners and founders of the import

companies for overseas goods Pfau and co, were the

brothers Pfau, originally from Galicia. Wholesale

wine trade was owned by Francesco Herzel and

brothers Ružička. From 1896 to 1900 in Sušak, there

was a factory for metal and brushes owned by Ivan

Friedrich and Otto Furst.

obredi i služba održavali prema španjolskim

običajima (Sefardi), no u jednom trenutku, razvojem i

širenjem Zajednice, prešlo se na običaje Aškenazi

Židova koji su se održali do 1940. godine.

Daljnja naseljavanja Židova dio su općih migracija što

će zahvatiti hrvatske krajeve tijekom 19. stoljeća.

Među njima pojavljuje se znatan broj školovanih ljudi,

ponajviše liječnika, odvjetnika, novinara i publicista.

S druge pak strane, tu su i trgovački poduzetnici,

novčari, tvorničari i obrtnici koji pridonose razvoju

gospodarskih odnosa, unapređujući proizvodnju i

akumulaciju industrijskog kapitala.

Područje Sušaka

Sudeći po suvremenim statističkim izvještajima,

Židovi se na Sušak počinju trajno nastanjivati krajem

osamdesetih godina 19. stoljeća. Od tada njihov broj

polagano, ali pouzdano raste.

U teritorijalnom su pogledu pripadali karlovačkoj

vjeroispovjednoj općini, a kako nisu posjedovali

vlastitu bogomolju, služili su se riječkom sinagogom i

pokapali mrtve na tamošnjem židovskom groblju.

Spanish traditions sefardi , but as the Society grew

they conformed to the traditions of Ashkenazi Jews

which remained till 1940.

Further settlement of Jews is part of the general

migration which was taking part in Croatia regions thduring the 19 century. Among them were a

considerable number of educated people known as

free professions; mainly physicians, lawyers,

journalists and publishers. On the other hand there

were also businessmen, bankers, entrepreneurs and

tradesmen who improved industrial relations,

developing production and the accumulation of

industrial capital.

Sušak area

Judging by the modern, statistic reports, Jews began

to settle permanently on Sušak at the end of 1880s.

Since then their number has been growing slowly but

steadily.

They belonged to the Karlovac diocese territory, and as

they did not have their own place of worship, they used

the Rijeka synagogue and the Jewish burial grounds.

Tijesna se povezanost riječkih i sušačkih Židova

ogledala i na drugim planovima. Uobičajeno je bilo

da trgovci nastanjeni u Rijeci otvaraju vlastite

podružnice na Sušaku ili obrnuto. Mnoge su

trgovačke tvrtke, poslovnice, skladišta, tvornice ili

radionice bile registrirane u riječkom i sušačkom

katastarskom sudu, ostvarujući dobit s obje strane

tadašnje državne granice.

Čini se kako je među prvima na Sušak doselila

mnogočlana obitelj Wortmann, podrijetlom iz

zapadnougarskog gradića Gradišća, koja je osnovala

tvornicu finih likera Braća Wortmann. Vlasnici i

osnivači poduzeća za uvoz prekomorske robe Pfau &

Co. bila su braća Pfau, podrijetlom iz Galicije.

Veletrgovine vinom posjedovali su Francesco Herzel

te braća Ružička. Od 1896. do 1900. na Sušaku je

postojala tvornica metala i četki Ivana Friedricha i

Otta Fursta.

There is a strong connection between the Rijeka and

Sušak Jews on all levels. It was common for

tradesmen who lived in Rijeka to open their branches

in Sušak and vice versa. Many trading companies,

warehouses, factories and workshops were registered

in the Rijeka and Sušak land registry, making a profit

on both sides of the border at that time.

It seems that one of the first families that settled in

Sušak was the large family Wortmann, originally

from the west Hungarian town Güsing. They

founded the factory of excellent liqueurs „Wortmann

Brothers”. The owners and founders of the import

companies for overseas goods Pfau and co, were the

brothers Pfau, originally from Galicia. Wholesale

wine trade was owned by Francesco Herzel and

brothers Ružička. From 1896 to 1900 in Sušak, there

was a factory for metal and brushes owned by Ivan

Friedrich and Otto Furst.

20. stoljeće

Na Kraljevskoj velikoj gimnaziji i Trgovačkoj školi na

Sušaku uveden je i poseban predmet „za nauk

izraelske vjere” koji je od 1913. do 1918. kao eksterni

učitelj vodio tadašnji riječki rabin dr. Josip (Giuseppe)

Frank.

U svibnju 1921. otvara se veletrgovina žitom,

brašnom i prekomorskom robom Ignaca Pennera u

sušačkom Kortilu.

U studenom 1935. godine osnovana je samostalna

vjeroispovjedna općina pod koju su potpali gradovi

Sušak, Bakar i Senj. Prvim predsjednikom imenovan

je Velimir Švarc, dok je svećeničke funkcije obavljao

zamjenik rabina (kasnije i rabin), Otto Deutsch.

Prostorije sinagoge nalazile su se u Strossmayerovoj

ulici 6/I u kući Oktavijana Šepića.

Na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće u Rijeci evidentno

postoji velika i razvijena Židovska zajednica koja ima

približno dvije tisuće članova.

th20 century

The Royal Grammar and Business School in Sušak a

special subject was introduced for learning the Israeli

faith, which from 1913 to 1918 was lead by a part

time teacher, the Rabbi of Rijeka, Dr Joseph

(Giuseppe) Frank.

In May 1921, Ignac Penner opened a wholesale trade

for wheat, flour and overseas goods in the Sušak

Cortil.

In November 1935 an independent, religious council

was founded for Sušak, Bakar, and Senj. The first

president was Velimir Schvartz, while the functions

of the priest were carried out by the deputy rabbi,

(later rabbi) Otto Deutsch. The rooms of the

Synagogue were in Strossmayer Street 6/I in the

house of Oktavie Šepić.

th thAt the turn of the 19 to the 20 century Rijeka

already had quite a large Jewish community with

approximately 2000 members.

20. stoljeće

Na Kraljevskoj velikoj gimnaziji i Trgovačkoj školi na

Sušaku uveden je i poseban predmet „za nauk

izraelske vjere” koji je od 1913. do 1918. kao eksterni

učitelj vodio tadašnji riječki rabin dr. Josip (Giuseppe)

Frank.

U svibnju 1921. otvara se veletrgovina žitom,

brašnom i prekomorskom robom Ignaca Pennera u

sušačkom Kortilu.

U studenom 1935. godine osnovana je samostalna

vjeroispovjedna općina pod koju su potpali gradovi

Sušak, Bakar i Senj. Prvim predsjednikom imenovan

je Velimir Švarc, dok je svećeničke funkcije obavljao

zamjenik rabina (kasnije i rabin), Otto Deutsch.

Prostorije sinagoge nalazile su se u Strossmayerovoj

ulici 6/I u kući Oktavijana Šepića.

Na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće u Rijeci evidentno

postoji velika i razvijena Židovska zajednica koja ima

približno dvije tisuće članova.

th20 century

The Royal Grammar and Business School in Sušak a

special subject was introduced for learning the Israeli

faith, which from 1913 to 1918 was lead by a part

time teacher, the Rabbi of Rijeka, Dr Joseph

(Giuseppe) Frank.

In May 1921, Ignac Penner opened a wholesale trade

for wheat, flour and overseas goods in the Sušak

Cortil.

In November 1935 an independent, religious council

was founded for Sušak, Bakar, and Senj. The first

president was Velimir Schvartz, while the functions

of the priest were carried out by the deputy rabbi,

(later rabbi) Otto Deutsch. The rooms of the

Synagogue were in Strossmayer Street 6/I in the

house of Oktavie Šepić.

th thAt the turn of the 19 to the 20 century Rijeka

already had quite a large Jewish community with

approximately 2000 members.

Upravo zbog toga stara sinagoga u Starom gradu

(Via del Tempio) postala je pretijesna i neprikladna za

korištenje, tako se 1903. godine gradi novi raskošniji i

prostraniji hram u Via del Pomerio.

Za podizanje sinagoge osnovan je poseban Odbor

Židovske vjerske zajednice, koji je 1890. godine

raspisao dobrovoljan doprinos za izgradnju. Akcija se

odužila – trajala je deset godina. Nakon što je riječka

općina izdala građevinsku dozvolu, započeli su

radovi za izgradnju sinagoge na Pomeriu. U

cjelokupnom nastojanju i organizaciji skupljanja

doprinosa za izgradnju te luksuzne građevine isticao

se odvjetnik dr. Enrico Sachs koji je zastupao pred

riječkom općinom Židovsku vjersku zajednicu i

vodio korespondenciju.

Iz molbe magistratu za dozvolu gradnje hrama

doznajemo kako je u „riječkoj Židovskoj zajednici

1901. godine bilo 2.500 duša, pa je za potrebe tolikog

broja vjernika nedvojbeno trebao doličan hram.”

Građevina je veoma brzo napredovala tako da je

Zajednica 18. rujna 1903. godine obavijestila riječku

općinu da je izgrađen novi hram i molila je dozvolu

za korištenje.

Therefore the old synagogue in the Old town (Via del

Tempio) had become too small and inadequate for

use, so in 1903 a new, larger and more luxurious

temple was built in Via del Pomerio.

For the building of the synagogue a special

committee of the Jewish society was established,

which in 1890 had taken up a voluntary contribution

for its building. The project was prolonged and lasted

for 10 years. After the council of Rijeka had issued a

building permit, the construction of the synagogue

began in Pomerio street. Dr. Enrico Sacks, a

prominent lawyer in Rijeka, was greatly responsible

for the organization and collection of the voluntary

contribution for this luxurious construction. He

represented the Jewish religious society of Rijeka at

the council, and conducted all the correspondence.

From the appeal to the municipal authorities, it is

clear that „in 1901 the Jewish community in Rijeka

had 2500 souls thus a more suitable temple was

required to fulfill the needs of so many believers.”

The construction proceeded fairly quickly, so that on th18 of September 1903 the Community informed the

council of Rijeka that the temple was completed and

Hram, glavno nacionalno, vjersko i društveno

središte Židova u Rijeci, otvoren je 22. listopada 1903.

godine.

Budući da je Židovska vjerska zajednica u Rijeci,

kako navodi dr. E. Sachs, bila tada jedna od

najsiromašnijih u Austro-Ugarskoj, unutrašnjost

sinagoge bila je bogato ukrašena i oslikana tek

kasnije. To je učinjeno 1907. godine.

Sinagogu je opustošio i srušio njemački okupator 25.

siječnja 1944. godine, ostatci su razneseni i poslije

sloma Trećeg Reicha (1945. godine) podignuta je

stambeno-uredska zgrada koja postoji i danas.

Službene odredbe protiv Židova počele su se u Italiji

primjenjivati 1937. godine, odnosno nakon 10.

studenog 1938. kada je donesena zakonska odredba

za obranu talijanske rase kojom je bilo zabranjeno

sklapanje mješovitih brakova. Ovu odredbu donosi

Ministarski savez i njome je „osobama židovske rase

bilo zabranjeno obnašati vojničke dužnosti u miru i

ratu, upravljati poduzećima važnim za obranu

they requested a utility permit from the council of

Rijeka for the beginning of the Jewish New Year, on ndthe 22 of October. This Temple, the main national,

religious and social center for Jews in Rijeka was ndopened on the 22 of October 1903.

Since the Jewish religious community in Rijeka, as dr.

Enrico Sachs mentioned, was at that time one of the

poorest in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the

interior of the synagogue was richly decorated and

painted only much later, in 1907.

The synagogue was devastated and destroyed by the thGerman occupation on 25 of January 1944, the

remains were stolen. After the break-down of the

Third Reich, in 1945, a new office building was

constructed which still stands today.

In the year 1937 official regulations against Jews were

put into affect in Italy. Especially after the 10th of

November 1938 when the law was passed for the

„protection of the Italian race” by which mixed

marriages were forbidden. This regulation was

Upravo zbog toga stara sinagoga u Starom gradu

(Via del Tempio) postala je pretijesna i neprikladna za

korištenje, tako se 1903. godine gradi novi raskošniji i

prostraniji hram u Via del Pomerio.

Za podizanje sinagoge osnovan je poseban Odbor

Židovske vjerske zajednice, koji je 1890. godine

raspisao dobrovoljan doprinos za izgradnju. Akcija se

odužila – trajala je deset godina. Nakon što je riječka

općina izdala građevinsku dozvolu, započeli su

radovi za izgradnju sinagoge na Pomeriu. U

cjelokupnom nastojanju i organizaciji skupljanja

doprinosa za izgradnju te luksuzne građevine isticao

se odvjetnik dr. Enrico Sachs koji je zastupao pred

riječkom općinom Židovsku vjersku zajednicu i

vodio korespondenciju.

Iz molbe magistratu za dozvolu gradnje hrama

doznajemo kako je u „riječkoj Židovskoj zajednici

1901. godine bilo 2.500 duša, pa je za potrebe tolikog

broja vjernika nedvojbeno trebao doličan hram.”

Građevina je veoma brzo napredovala tako da je

Zajednica 18. rujna 1903. godine obavijestila riječku

općinu da je izgrađen novi hram i molila je dozvolu

za korištenje.

Therefore the old synagogue in the Old town (Via del

Tempio) had become too small and inadequate for

use, so in 1903 a new, larger and more luxurious

temple was built in Via del Pomerio.

For the building of the synagogue a special

committee of the Jewish society was established,

which in 1890 had taken up a voluntary contribution

for its building. The project was prolonged and lasted

for 10 years. After the council of Rijeka had issued a

building permit, the construction of the synagogue

began in Pomerio street. Dr. Enrico Sacks, a

prominent lawyer in Rijeka, was greatly responsible

for the organization and collection of the voluntary

contribution for this luxurious construction. He

represented the Jewish religious society of Rijeka at

the council, and conducted all the correspondence.

From the appeal to the municipal authorities, it is

clear that „in 1901 the Jewish community in Rijeka

had 2500 souls thus a more suitable temple was

required to fulfill the needs of so many believers.”

The construction proceeded fairly quickly, so that on th18 of September 1903 the Community informed the

council of Rijeka that the temple was completed and

Hram, glavno nacionalno, vjersko i društveno

središte Židova u Rijeci, otvoren je 22. listopada 1903.

godine.

Budući da je Židovska vjerska zajednica u Rijeci,

kako navodi dr. E. Sachs, bila tada jedna od

najsiromašnijih u Austro-Ugarskoj, unutrašnjost

sinagoge bila je bogato ukrašena i oslikana tek

kasnije. To je učinjeno 1907. godine.

Sinagogu je opustošio i srušio njemački okupator 25.

siječnja 1944. godine, ostatci su razneseni i poslije

sloma Trećeg Reicha (1945. godine) podignuta je

stambeno-uredska zgrada koja postoji i danas.

Službene odredbe protiv Židova počele su se u Italiji

primjenjivati 1937. godine, odnosno nakon 10.

studenog 1938. kada je donesena zakonska odredba

za obranu talijanske rase kojom je bilo zabranjeno

sklapanje mješovitih brakova. Ovu odredbu donosi

Ministarski savez i njome je „osobama židovske rase

bilo zabranjeno obnašati vojničke dužnosti u miru i

ratu, upravljati poduzećima važnim za obranu

they requested a utility permit from the council of

Rijeka for the beginning of the Jewish New Year, on ndthe 22 of October. This Temple, the main national,

religious and social center for Jews in Rijeka was ndopened on the 22 of October 1903.

Since the Jewish religious community in Rijeka, as dr.

Enrico Sachs mentioned, was at that time one of the

poorest in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the

interior of the synagogue was richly decorated and

painted only much later, in 1907.

The synagogue was devastated and destroyed by the thGerman occupation on 25 of January 1944, the

remains were stolen. After the break-down of the

Third Reich, in 1945, a new office building was

constructed which still stands today.

In the year 1937 official regulations against Jews were

put into affect in Italy. Especially after the 10th of

November 1938 when the law was passed for the

„protection of the Italian race” by which mixed

marriages were forbidden. This regulation was

naroda, kao i onima sa stotinu i više zaposlenika...

nadalje... obavljati rad u školama i odgojnim

ustanovama koje su pohađala talijanska djeca.”

Prema ovoj odredbi Židovi nisu mogli biti članovi

akademija, zavoda te znanstvenih, literarnih i

umjetničkih udruženja... nisu mogli biti skrbnici

malodobnim osobama koje nisu bile židovske rase...

Židovima koji su se bavili samostalnim obrtničkim i

intelektualnim djelatnostima rad je bio ograničen

isključivo na židovsku klijentelu, što znači da su bez

zanimanja mogle ostati i one osobe koje su takav rad

obnašale decenijima još prije donošenja rasnih

zakona.

Rasni zakoni i praksa ustaškog režima provodila se i

na području novoosnovane NDH…

Počinje Drugi svjetski rat... iseljavanje... stradavanje...

logori smrti.

1945... počinje nova povijest.

brought about by the federal Ministry where people of

the Jewish race were prohibited to take part in military

activities in war and peace time, lead businesses

important for the defense of the people, and which had

more than 100 employees... They were also forbidden

to work in schools or in educational institutions

attended by Italian children. Furthermore, according

to these regulations, Jews could not be guardians to

under-aged persons who were not of Jewish race. They

could not even be members of the academies,

institutions or scientific, literary or art associations.

Those Jews who had small independent businesses or

intellectual activities were limited to dealing only

with Jewish clients. This meant that many people who

had had businesses or activities for decades before the

racial laws were passed, could lose their jobs.

Racial laws and practice under the Ustasha regime

were implemented in the area of the newly

established government of NDH.

The Second World War begins... deportations...

sufferings... concentration camps of death.

Year 1945... A new history begins.

2008. godina

U cijelosti izvršena je obnova Židovske općine Rijeka

i riječke sinagoge.

Danas Židovska općina ima više od stotinjak članova,

većinu čine članovi treće životne dobi.

Cilj Židovske općine danas je sačuvati povijest

postojanja, tradiciju i kulturu Židova Rijeke i riječkog

područja čije korijene na ovom području bilježimo

punih šest stoljeća...

The Rijeka synagogue and the Jewish community in

Rijeka have been completely renewed.

Today the Jewish community has over 100 members,

most of them are older generation.

The aim of the Jewish community is to preserve the

history, culture and tradition of Jews in Rijeka and its

surroundings whose roots can be traced back over 600

years...

naroda, kao i onima sa stotinu i više zaposlenika...

nadalje... obavljati rad u školama i odgojnim

ustanovama koje su pohađala talijanska djeca.”

Prema ovoj odredbi Židovi nisu mogli biti članovi

akademija, zavoda te znanstvenih, literarnih i

umjetničkih udruženja... nisu mogli biti skrbnici

malodobnim osobama koje nisu bile židovske rase...

Židovima koji su se bavili samostalnim obrtničkim i

intelektualnim djelatnostima rad je bio ograničen

isključivo na židovsku klijentelu, što znači da su bez

zanimanja mogle ostati i one osobe koje su takav rad

obnašale decenijima još prije donošenja rasnih

zakona.

Rasni zakoni i praksa ustaškog režima provodila se i

na području novoosnovane NDH…

Počinje Drugi svjetski rat... iseljavanje... stradavanje...

logori smrti.

1945... počinje nova povijest.

brought about by the federal Ministry where people of

the Jewish race were prohibited to take part in military

activities in war and peace time, lead businesses

important for the defense of the people, and which had

more than 100 employees... They were also forbidden

to work in schools or in educational institutions

attended by Italian children. Furthermore, according

to these regulations, Jews could not be guardians to

under-aged persons who were not of Jewish race. They

could not even be members of the academies,

institutions or scientific, literary or art associations.

Those Jews who had small independent businesses or

intellectual activities were limited to dealing only

with Jewish clients. This meant that many people who

had had businesses or activities for decades before the

racial laws were passed, could lose their jobs.

Racial laws and practice under the Ustasha regime

were implemented in the area of the newly

established government of NDH.

The Second World War begins... deportations...

sufferings... concentration camps of death.

Year 1945... A new history begins.

2008. godina

U cijelosti izvršena je obnova Židovske općine Rijeka

i riječke sinagoge.

Danas Židovska općina ima više od stotinjak članova,

većinu čine članovi treće životne dobi.

Cilj Židovske općine danas je sačuvati povijest

postojanja, tradiciju i kulturu Židova Rijeke i riječkog

područja čije korijene na ovom području bilježimo

punih šest stoljeća...

The Rijeka synagogue and the Jewish community in

Rijeka have been completely renewed.

Today the Jewish community has over 100 members,

most of them are older generation.

The aim of the Jewish community is to preserve the

history, culture and tradition of Jews in Rijeka and its

surroundings whose roots can be traced back over 600

years...

We should take note that, besides the synagogue, an

important monument to the existence of Jews in

Rijeka is the Jewish graveyard.

The Jews community in Rijeka buried their dead in

their own graveyard situated near the road leading to

Belveder, North-west of the Old town. Due to the

merciless growth of the city, the old Jewish graveyard

disappeared forever, along with other graveyards,

which from 1619 to 1845, had existed outside the city

walls.

According to the resolution of the City council in

1840, it was stipulated that the Jewish community

bury their dead on the new public graveyard, Kozala.

Consequently, this has been in function since 1875 on

two graveyard sites with a total area of 6033 square

meters.

Židovsko grobljeThe Jewish graveyard

Bitno je naglasiti da uz postojeću sinagogu značajan

spomenik postojanja Židova na riječkom području je i

Židovsko groblje.

Židovska zajednica u Rijeci pokapala je svoje mrtve

na vlastitom groblju koje se nalazilo blizu ceste što je

vodila na Belveder, sjeverozapadno od Starog grada.

Zbog neumoljivog razvitka grada, staro Židovsko

groblje zauvijek je iščezlo, kao i ostala groblja koja su

u vremenu od 1619. do 1845. postojala izvan gradskih

zidina.

Zaključkom Gradskog poglavarstva iz 1840. godine,

zajednici Židova određuje se pokapanje mrtvih na

novom groblju Kozala, što je i uslijedilo od 1875.

godine na dva grobna polja ukupne površine od 26.033 m .

We should take note that, besides the synagogue, an

important monument to the existence of Jews in

Rijeka is the Jewish graveyard.

The Jews community in Rijeka buried their dead in

their own graveyard situated near the road leading to

Belveder, North-west of the Old town. Due to the

merciless growth of the city, the old Jewish graveyard

disappeared forever, along with other graveyards,

which from 1619 to 1845, had existed outside the city

walls.

According to the resolution of the City council in

1840, it was stipulated that the Jewish community

bury their dead on the new public graveyard, Kozala.

Consequently, this has been in function since 1875 on

two graveyard sites with a total area of 6033 square

meters.

Židovsko grobljeThe Jewish graveyard

Bitno je naglasiti da uz postojeću sinagogu značajan

spomenik postojanja Židova na riječkom području je i

Židovsko groblje.

Židovska zajednica u Rijeci pokapala je svoje mrtve

na vlastitom groblju koje se nalazilo blizu ceste što je

vodila na Belveder, sjeverozapadno od Starog grada.

Zbog neumoljivog razvitka grada, staro Židovsko

groblje zauvijek je iščezlo, kao i ostala groblja koja su

u vremenu od 1619. do 1845. postojala izvan gradskih

zidina.

Zaključkom Gradskog poglavarstva iz 1840. godine,

zajednici Židova određuje se pokapanje mrtvih na

novom groblju Kozala, što je i uslijedilo od 1875.

godine na dva grobna polja ukupne površine od 26.033 m .

In 1976 the expropriation of graveyards began.

Theodor Morgani from Genova, with 117 former

citizens of Rijeka (from 8 countries and 3 continents)

and support of the Jewish community, initiated an

agreement for paying fees for burial places on this

graveyard for the following 30 years. With the aim to

protect the graveyard as a historical and cultural unit.

On the first of March in 1993 the Jewish graveyard

with its mortuary, as part of graveyard Kozala

became a protected monumental area. It testifies to

the heritage of the existence of the Jewish community

for several centuries, a community of unusual,

versatile and partly tragic history, but with a renewed

life in Rijeka today.

Kada je 1976. godine uslijedila eksproprijacija groblja,

književnik Teodoro Morgani iz Genove, uz još 117

nekadašnjih građana Rijeke iz osam zemalja i tri

kontinenta te potporu Židovske općine Rijeka,

pokreće sklapanje nagodbe o plaćanju naknade za

grobna mjesta na izdvojenom grobnom polju za

sljedećih 30 godina, a radi zaštite groblja kao

povijesne i kulturološke cjeline.

Kao sastavni dio gradskog groblja Kozala, Židovsko

groblje uz mrtvačnicu postaje zaštićeno spomeničko

područje 1. ožujka 1993. godine i svjedoči o ostavštini

i višestoljetnom postojanju zajednice Židova u gradu

Rijeci.

Izdavač: Židovska općina Rijeka · Pripremila: Irena Deže StarčevićLektura: Martina Piškor, Lobel · Prijevod na engleski: Ivana VežnarFotografije: Dean Miculinić, Kristina Rena · Dizajn: Kristina Rena, Dragon · Tisak: ZambelliRijeka, lipanj 2011.