You, Whoever You AreYou, whoever you are!...All you continentals of Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, indifferent of place!All you on the numberless islands of the archipelagoes of the sea!All you of centuries hence when you listen to me!All you each and everywhere whom I specify not, but include just the same!Health to you! good will to you all, from me and America sent!Each of us is inevitable,Each of us is limitless—each of us with his or her right upon the earth,Each of us allow'd the eternal purports of the earth,Each of us here as divinely as any is here.

Walt Whitman

Sir Francis Drake’s map

Published by the noted Dutch cartographer, Jodocus Hondius (1563-1611), this double hemisphere world map records Sir Francis Drake's (ca. 1540-1596) hugely profitable circumnavigation of the globe, between 1577 and 1580. It also traces the route of his countryman, Thomas Cavendish (1560-1592), who duplicated the feat a few years later. Drake's ship, the Golden Hind, is shown at the bottom of the map; the illustration at the upper left is Drake's landing at New Albion in present-day California.

JOHN SMITH - ENGLAND

Captain John Smith (c.1580-1631) was governor of the Virginia colony from 1608 to1609. He saved the floundering venture with his energy and decisiveness. In 1624 Smith published a history of his exploits in Virginia, illustrated by this series of engravings. They show him encountering and overcoming various perils, including being rescued at the last minute from King Powhatan's executioners by the monarch's daughter, Pocahontas.

Shown here is Sir Francis Drake's (ca. 1540-1596), 1586 attack on St. Augustine, Florida. The six-sided fort and the town are depicted as under simultaneous assault. Victorious, Drake looted and burned the settlement and sailed northward, stopping at Raleigh's Roanoke Island settlement on the way to England.

Many of the earliest immigrants to Virginia died within a year of arrival. This trend hurt the colony's reputation and prompted the promoters to issue, in 1622, a list of "provisions" necessary to survive in the New World. Despite the differences in climate, this list was copied in abbreviated form in 1630 by promoters of settlement in New England.

In 1660 Charles II (1630-1685) granted the Royal African Company a charter securing a monopoly of trade in West Africa, from which the Company began supplying slaves to England's American colonies. This broadside describes the company's thirteen forts and five factories in West Africa. The broadside was apparently produced as part of the Company's unsuccessful effort to prevent legislation, passed in 1698, dissolving its monopoly.

Africa

THE BEGINNING OF SLAVERYThe first Africans in America arrived as Indentured Servants via Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. From 1619 to about 1640, Africans could earn their freedom working as laborers and artisans for the European settlers. Africans could become free people and enjoy some of the liberties like other new settlers. By 1640, Maryland became the first colony to institutionalize slavery. In 1641, Massachusetts, in its written legislative Body of Liberties, stated that "bondage was legal" servitude, at that moment changing the conditions of the African workers - they became chattel slaves who could be bought and solely owned by their masters.

Triangular Trade

African reactions

Economic factors• Sugar cane • Dwindling native population• Demand for slaves in

– Middle East– Americas– Europe (domestic servants)

Economic effects• Depopulation• Increased warfare• African leaders selling tribe

members or captives• Disease• Easier to buy new slaves

(discouraged families)• Expansion of outside

religions

In Fray Diego Durán. La Historia antigua de la Nueva España. 1585 [Manuscript facsimile, ca. nineteenth century]. The fierce confrontation between the Spaniards under Cortés and the followers of Moctezuma received full treatment in Father's Durán's illustrated history of Mexico, compiled shortly after the early sixteenth-century conquest. The Mexica (Aztec) peoples confronted a powerful Spanish force supplemented by a sizable number of allies from the area surrounding Tenochtitlán [later named Mexico City] during the 1519-1521 campaigns. Durán's informants have skillfully distinguished Indian peoples from the European invaders, with a ghostly white image representing the Spanish. The Library of Congress acquired this extremely rare facsimile manuscript in the Peter Force Collection purchase in 1867. (Peter Force Collection, Manuscript Division) I

An Amazing Race

• Teams of 4 (drawn by random)• 5 activity stations• Teams will compete to make it to the

“Pit Stop” first and win the prize.• A team can skip a stop if a member of their

group completes a “quiz” (no notes or book). If he/she scores a 100 – team can fast-forward onto next destination.

An Amazing Race…

• Destinations will include:– Map identification– Explorer knowledge– Definitions – vocabulary– Chapter knowledge– SURPRISE STATION

*preparing ahead of time is allowed and encouraged.