Must and have toMust and have to mean the same thing that you are obliged to do something.You must read this.You have to read this.The main difference is that must is only used in the present:I must be as clear as possible.But have to can have past forms.I had to do chores when I was a child.Have to can also be used in future forms.I will have to ride home in the dark tonight.When used in a question, have to needs an auxiliary verb such as do.Do you have to make that noise?Must you make that noise?Dont have to and mustnt have different meanings.Dont have to means you are not required to do something:I dont have to wear a uniform.But mustnt (short for must not) means that something is not allowed:You mustnt smoke inside.Extend or expand?

To expand is to increase in volume or size.You blow up a balloon to make it expand.Water expands when it freezes.

Expand is also used to talk about business growth.The business expanded too quickly.

Generally, we use extend to talk about things that stretch out, or become longer.Extend your arm and hold out your hand.Id like to extend my house by adding two additional rooms.

Come acrossIf you come across something, you find it by chance.You can come across some good quality furniture in second-hand shops.

Come across can mean to give an impression.She comes across as a kind person.

Come across can also mean to communicate clearly.The anti-war message of the film comes across strongly.

Make an example sentence for each of the following:

A. Come across find by chance B. Come across to give an impressionC. Come across clearly communicated In someones good booksIf you are in someones good books you have their approval or favour. He stays back working overtime for no pay to get into the bosss good books.

You can also be in someones bad books.Hes going to get into the bosss bad books if he keeps coming in late.

Make an example sentence using in someones good books and in someones bad books and come back tomorrow and check other examplesGood thing

Too much of a good thingToo much of a good thing is said to highlight the fact that something pleasant becomes unpleasant because you have or do too much of it. This phrase is often used in jest to highlight the abundance or overindulgence of the good thing. I have put on 3kg since the start of the holidays, too much of a good thing can really be harmful for your weight.

Go you good thingGo you good thing is often used to cheer on a racehorse or participant in a race as they compete and race towards the finish line. He is in second place now and looks like he is gaining ground, go you good thing.

Good things come to those who wait Good things come to those who wait means that if you are patient and focused then you shall be rewarded by achievement of your goals. I know you want to get your drivers license now, but I dont think you have had enough practice. Remember, good things come to those who wait.Oyster

The world is your oyster If you tell someone the world is your oyster, you are saying that they have many opportunities open to them - they have the ability to do anything they choose.With so much brains and talent, the world is her oyster.

If the world is your oyster you can achieve anything. 'Ive finished my university degree. What do you think I should do next?Keep studying. If you get a postgraduate degree the world will be your oyster.'Kidding

Are you kidding?The phrase are you kidding is used to express surprise disbelief. Kidding is a synonym for joking, or teasing.

The trip to the museum is cancelled.A. Are you kidding?B. No I am serious, they just announced it.

I am only kiddingYou can say I am only kidding to tell someone that you are joking, for example if you may have tricked them into believing something. A. I think the bus has gone. B. Oh no, what a disaster. I am going to be late for work! A. Only kidding. I was just teasing you.

He/she is a kidderIf someone is a kidder they like to play jokes, or to trick people for fun.It is hard to believe anything he says, he has always been a kidder.

Make an example sentence using the above phrases:

A. Are you kidding?B. I am only kidding.C. He/she is a kidder.

Euphemism

A euphemism is when we use a mild, indirect, or vague term to replace a harsh, blunt, or offensive term.

Direct sentence: He died last year. Euphemism: He passed away last year.

Direct sentence: He is losing his hairEuphemism: He is getting thin on top.

Direct sentence: She is unemployed. Euphemism: She is out of work at the moment.

Direct sentence: He is fat. Euphemism: He is big boned.

Direct sentence:Euphemism: Ellipsis

An elliptical sentence is one in which we leave out words that would complete or clarify the sentence because they may be repeating earlier words or ideas.Ellipsis, or leaving out words, helps us avoid unnecessary language while keeping the meaning intact.

Look at these two sentences and note the difference:

[Full sentence]: I know that he can do something about the problem, but I dont know what he can do about the problem. [Elliptical sentence]: I know that he can do something about the problem, but I dont know what.

Another way of using ellipsis informally is to use three dots, or full stops, to indicate where words have been omitted:

After school I went to her house, which was a few blocks away, and then I came home.After school I went to her house and then I came home.

Make these three full sentences into elliptical sentences:

1. It seems like a really useful idea to me.

2. He was the greatest tennis player ever, and remains the greatest tennis player ever.

3. She has been an incredible support to me and always will be an incredible support to me.

Come back tomorrow and check your answers.

Pretty + much / good

Pretty much is an informal way of saying, nearly, or almost. I have pretty much finished my homework. He has pretty much spent all of his money.

Pretty good is a way of saying mostly good, or fairly good. If something is pretty good it is not excellent, but you liked most of it.The movie was pretty good. The flower garden looks pretty good. In spring it will look fantastic.

Use pretty good and pretty much in example sentences and we will tell you if you are right or wrong. Prepositions in, on and at

Grammar rule: When we talk about years we use the preposition in.Example: The football world cup was last held in 2014.

The following examples all use a preposition. Try to match them with the grammar rules below:

My birthday is in August. I love to see snow in the winter. I have some free time in the afternoon. Can you come to my house for a barbecue on Saturday? His birthday is on the 2nd of May. Can you meet me at the bus stop at 5:30? I will be able to go home at Christmas. Do you think we will be able to exit through the front doors at the end of the movie?

Which preposition do we use? Match the below grammar rules to the above examples.

1. When we talk about years we use: ____in____ [Done] 2. When we talk about religious festivals we use: _______3. When we talk about days of the week we use: _______ 4. When we talk about dates we use: _______5. When we talk about parts of the day we use: _______6. When we talk about points in time we use: _______7. When we talk about hours of the clock we use: _______8. When we talk about seasons we use: _______9. When we talk about months we use: _______Apple idioms

A bad apple refers to a person who is unreliable or corrupt. Theres an old saying one bad apple spoils the whole bunch. This means that one bad person might have a negative effect on the others in a group.They were a well behaved group of kids until Katie joined the class. Shes a bad apple.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away is a proverb that means just what it says apples are good for you!Dont forget your apple. Remember, an apple a day will keep the doctor away.

The apple of my eye is used to describe someone or something very precious, often the centre of your attention.My new puppy is the apple of my eye. I cant wait to get home to see her.

Make an example sentence using the three apple phrases:

1. A bad apple2. An apple a day keeps the doctor away3. The apple of my eye

Radar

Off the radar means to go unnoticed or be forgotten because someone's attention is on something more important. I used to take a holiday every winter, but Im so busy this year its fallen off the radar.

If something or someone is under the radar, most people dont notice it or them. I didnt expect her to get the promotion. She was under the radar.

Use off the radar or under the radar in an example sentence and come back tomorrow and check other examples. Cheese

More holes than Swiss cheeseIf something has more holes than Swiss cheese, it has a lot of problems.I have read the proposal, it has more holes than Swiss cheese.

Chalk and cheeseThe phrase chalk and cheese is used to describe two things that are completely different. They are brother and sister, but they are like chalk and cheese.

Big cheeseBig cheese refers to the boss, or the person in charge of something. Lets make sure the office is clean, the big cheese will be here on the weekend.

Try to use the following idioms:

1. More holes than Swiss cheese2. Chalk and cheese3. Big cheeseAbout

About means approximately, or nearly. I will be there in about an hour.

About can also mean in reference to or related to. He bought a book about snakes.

About to means that you are on the verge of doing something and it is almost ready to happen. I was about to leave when it began to rain.

We can also use not about to in the case of something that is not ready to happen or unlikely to happen. Im not about to give you money for a new guitar. You can pay for that yourself.

Use about in an example sentence in the following situations:

Approximately, or nearly. In reference to or related to. On the verge of doing something, or something is almost ready to happen. In the case of something that is not ready to happen and wont likely happen.As and like

We can use as when we describe what someone does in their job.Nicole works as a driver on the weekends.

We can also use as to say what something is used for. You can use plastic bottles as a float for your boat.

We can use like when we mean similar to. Mike is very attractive, he looks like a model. [He is not a model, he resembles one.] This tastes like chocolate. [It is not chocolate, but it is similar.]

Use as to describe someones job and to show what something is used for. Use like to show that something is similar.

Add your examples to the comments and come back tomorrow to see other examples. I dont like it

There are many different ways to say I dont like it:

That is not for me. I dont appreciate that.Im not into it.Im not a big fan of it. Ill pass. Im not fond of it. Im not crazy about it. I dislike it.

Can you think of any other ways to say I dont like it?

Add them to the comments and then come back to check other examples tomorrow.Live or stay?

We use live to talk about permanent situations or long periods of time. Most Australian people live in cities. Ive lived in Australia all my life.

We use the word stay for temporary situations. How long will you stay at your sisters house?Have you ever stayed at that hotel on the hill?

Make an example sentence using live and stay and come back tomorrow and check some of the other examples.Worth

We can use the word worth in a number of forms.

Worth can be a noun. It means to be of high quality or value.She is of great worth to the company, we dont want to lose her.

Worth can also mean a quantity of something of a specified value. Can I please have $5 worth of hot chips.

As a preposition worth means good or important enough to justify. If you are going to Australia, Brisbane is worth visiting.

Make an example sentence using worth as a preposition and a noun and come back tomorrow and check some of the other examples:More sleeping vocabulary

Toss and turnTo toss and turn is to have difficulty sleeping. It suggests that you are moving around in bed, trying to get to sleep.Im so tired today, for some reason I tossed and turned all night.

Sleep on it To sleep on something means that you will think about it, often overnight. I couldnt decide whether to accept the job so I said I would sleep on it.

Sleep like a log To sleep like a log is to sleep very well, usually without waking. I feel great today. I slept like a log last night.

Make an example sentence using each phrase and we will tell you whether you are right or wrong.

1. Toss and turn2. Sleep on it 3. Sleep like a logTransitive and intransitive verbs

Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. I baked a cake.

Here baked is the verb and the object is cake. Here are some more examples of transitive verbs: I rode the bicycle.I moved the television.I typed a letter.

All of the verbs in the above examples are transitive because an object is receiving the action of the verb.

Intransitive verbs are action verbs, but unlike transitive verbs they do not have an object receiving the action.

I laughed.

Here laugh is the verb and you will note that there is no object after the verb. Here are some more examples of intransitive verbs:I cried.The book fell.The horse galloped.The sun set.

A. Transitive verbB. Intransitive verbSleeping vocabulary

SnoreSnore describes the snorting or grunting sound some people make while they are asleep.If you keep snoring I will have to sleep in another room

Nap or snooze A nap or snooze is a short sleep, often during the day. I just had a nap so I am feeling great.

Deep sleep Deep sleep is used to describe a period of sleep that feels heavy and hard to wake up from.I was in such a deep sleep I didnt notice the storm.

Try to make an example sentence using each word and we will tell you whether you are right or wrong.

1. Snore2. Nap or snooze 3. Deep sleepChoose the correct order

Read the telephone conversation below. The order of speech is incorrect. Can you put it in the correct order?

A. Let me check again, you said she was the new marketing manager, correct? B. Yes, correct, it is. C. Hi, this is John speaking. Can I please speak to Amanda? D. You too. E. I thought so. It is the right number, I want to speak to Amanda Smith, the marketing manager. F. Yes, I did, Amanda Smith, marketing manager. G. Yes, I am pretty sure this is the right number. This is Allied Building company, right? H. Amanda? I am sorry, I dont think anyone by that name works here. Are you sure you have the right number? I. Oh, thats great, thanks so much. Have a good day. J. Oh, now I see her name. Yes, she has just started here. I will put you through now.

The first two are done for you:

1. Hi, this is John speaking. Can I please speak to Amanda? 2. Amanda? I am sorry, I dont think anyone by that name works here. Are you sure you have the right number?3. ?4. ?5. ?6. ?7. ?8. ?9. ?10. You too.

Telephone vocabulary

Recharge cardThis is a card that you buy to add credit to your phone.I just bought a new recharge card but havent had time to put it into my phone.

SIM cardA SIM card is a smart card inside a mobile phone. It carries an identification number unique to the owner SIM stands for subscriber identity module. You can have my old phone, but it doesnt have a SIM.

Reception Reception is a noun and refers to the ability of the phone to connect to the network. It is the technical process of a signal being received. The top of the mountain is the only place I can get reception in this area.

Can you think of five more words related to telephones? Add yours to the list. More telephone language

We can use the word phone as a verb to describe the action of returning someones call.Please phone Simon back, he called while you were at lunch.

A bad line refers to a phone connection that is interrupted by poor quality or background noise. Often when we have a bad line we hang up and call back.I cant hear you at all, I think we have a bad line. I thought she said to come at six, but the line was bad and I misunderstood.

Disconnected means that a call was unintentionally ended due to a technical fault.I am sorry about that, we were disconnected. Please continue.

Make some example sentences using:

1. Phone back2. A bad line3. Disconnected Telephone language

The line is busy / engaged When you try to call someone and you cant as they are currently on the phone talking to someone else, we say the line is busy or engaged. I have tried to call her twice, but the line is always busy. I will call back later, its engaged.

Voicemail

When you call someone and they do not answer the call will often redirect to their voicemail. Voicemail is a function that allows you to record a message that can be played later. I tried calling but it went directly to her voicemail.

Hold on When talking on the phone hold on means to please wait. Hold on, I will just find a pen to write that down.

Wrong numberIf you dial a number incorrectly you might end up talking to the wrong person. We call this a wrong number.Sorry, but there is no one here by the name of Paul. You must have the wrong number.

Make an example sentence using:

1. The line is busy / engaged2. Voicemail 3. Hold on4. Wrong numberMust be and cant be

If we are almost certain that something is true then we can use must be. You came home late tonight, you must be tired. You havent eaten since breakfast, you must be hungry.

If we are almost certain that something is not true, then we use cant be. That ring is so cheap, it cant be gold. That man looks exactly like my cousin Tom, but it cant be. Tom is in Sydney today.

Make an example sentence using:

1. Must be 2. Cant beChance collocations

A fighting chance A fighting chance is a small possibility that you might achieve success if you keep trying.If we all work hard we have a fighting chance to save the railway.

A sporting chance A sporting chance is a reasonable chance that something is going to happen.I will interview everyone as I want to give all candidates a sporting chance.

On the off chance On the off chance means just in case, even though a positive outcome is unlikely.I think the bakery is shut, but Ill drop by on the off chance they are open.

Make an example sentence using each of the above and come back tomorrow and check other examples.

1. A fighting chance2. A sporting chance3. On the off chanceMore off Write off Write off can refer to something so badly damaged that it cant be repaired. After the storm my car was written off because of hail damage.

Lay off Lay off refers to being fired, or dismissed from a job. Ten people were laid off last week, and it looks like there will be more.

Lay off can also mean to give up, or stop something. Why dont you lay off the cigarettes for a while, they are so bad for your health.

Put off To put off means to delay. I have put off cleaning my house for weeks, I cant put it off any longer.

Make an example sentence using each of these phrasal verbs. Come back tomorrow to see other examples.

1. Write off2. Lay off3. Put offOff

Off the record The phrase off the record refers to information that is confidential and not for publication.I will tell you everything I know, but it is off the record.

Off the cuffOff the cuff refers to something that is said or done without preparation. The keynote speaker was ill so I had to make a speech off the cuff.

To call off To call off means to cancel. The concert was called off after the storm.

Make an example sentence using each of the three above examples and come back tomorrow to check other examples.

1. Off the record2. Off the cuff3. Call offMore adverbs of degree

We use really, very and extremely to make adjectives and adverbs stronger:Those shoes are really beautiful. Pell was a very good football player. My new motorbike goes really fast. He worked extremely hard to pass the exam.

We can use fairly or quite' to make them weaker. That meal was quite expensive.I speak Vietnamese fairly well.

Make an example sentence for each of the adverbs below:

1. really2. very 3. extremely4. fairly5. QuiteAdverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity to which something is done.

We use very much and a lot to make verbs stronger: She loves her children very much. He complains a lot about the weather.

We use a little and a bit to make verbs weaker: I can play piano a little. It annoys me a bit.

We put these adverbs after the verb and the object:I like very much skiing. I like skiing very much.

Make an example sentence for each of the adverbs below:

1. very much2. a lot3. a little4. a bit Adverbs of frequency

We use adverbs of frequency to say how often we do something. Adverbs of frequency include: not often, sometimes, never, hardly ever, always, usually, often and rarely.

We put adverbs of frequency before present simple and past simple verbs: I never eat toast for breakfast. She hardly ever plays tennis.

We put adverbs of frequency after the verb to be:She is always late for work. We are often very busy.

We also put the adverb of frequency after an auxiliary or modal verb, for example have, can, will and must:I have never watched a football match. You can usually get tickets on the internet.

Put these adverbs of frequency in order: not often, sometimes, never, hardly ever, always, usually, often and rarely.

How often?

100% = always90% = 70% =60% =50% =40% =30% =20% =0% = neverAdverbs and word order

Adverbs of manner tell us how things are done.Examples of adverbs of manner include: well, badly, quickly, slowly, quietly, loudly, easily, happily, carefully and perfectly.We usually put adverbs of manner after the verb:He shouts loudly when his team plays.

If there is an object after the verb, the adverb follows the object:She plays football well. He cooks pasta perfectly. [subject] [verb] [object] [adverb]

Choose one or two of these adverbs of manner and see if you can make a sentence:

1. well2. badly3. quickly4. slowly5. quietly6. loudly7. easily8. happily9. carefully10. PerfectlyHowever and nevertheless

However is a way of expressing contrast in formal speech or writing. It can go at the beginning , middle or end of the sentence and is separated by a comma (or a pause in speech):We dont refund money without a receipt, however, I will make an exception today. We dont refund money without a receipt. However, I will make an exception today.

Nevertheless is a very formal way of saying however. I am not happy with the work you did in my garden. Nevertheless, I will give you one more project to do.

Make an example sentence using however and nevertheless:

1. However 2. NeverthelessCan you spot the mistake?

Identify the mistake in the following sentences.Write the sentence in its correct form.Explain the reason the sentence was incorrect.

Heres an example:

Original sentence: He tell me he wanted a refund, but I refuse. Correct sentence: He told me he wanted a refund, but I refused. Reason: In a reported speech sentence like the above we need to alter the tense to the past simple.

Reason:

Original sentence: I could has take the bus, but I chose to walk instead. Correct sentence: Reason:Could have or would have?

You use could have to talk about possibilities in the past:I could have married someone else but I chose you.We could have won the game.

Could have is always followed by the past participle: I could have written to him, but I chose to call him instead.

Would have also refers to possibilities in the past, but is more frequently used with if clauses and expresses more certainty:I would have passed the test if Id got one more question right.He would have made the team if he had trained harder.

Make an example sentence using:

1. could have 2. would haveRelative clause that

Relative clauses give extra information about a noun in the main clause.

Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun: who, which, that or whose.

That is the subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible).

The relative pronoun can refer to the subject of the clause: Thats the woman who bought my car. The woman (subject) bought my car (object).

Or the relative pronoun can refer to the object of the clause: That is the car that I used to own. I (subject) used to own the car (object).

Use the words in the below sentence to make a grammatically correct example using that:

1. football team / dont like / beat my team all the time 2. table / love / kitchen / red 3. airplane / flew / first flight / from Australia to England. .Have = have got

We can use have in the same way that we use have got. We can use have to talk about:

PossessionsRichard Branson has an island in the Caribbean. Do you have a house?

Friends and familyI have a son, he is five months old. How many children do you have?

Appearance I have dark hair and brown eyes. Have you got long hair?

IllnessI have a cold today and I feel terrible. Do you have a temperature?

When have = have got we do not use have in any continuous tenses:I am having a cold. incorrectI have a cold. correct

Make examples using have for the following situations: 1. Possessions2. Friends and family3. Appearance 4. Illness

Relative clause that

Relative clauses give extra information about a noun in the main clause.

Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun: who, which, that or whose.

That is the subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible).

The relative pronoun can refer to the subject of the clause: Thats the woman who bought my car. The woman (subject) bought my car (object).

Or the relative pronoun can refer to the object of the clause: That is the car that I used to own. I (subject) used to own the car (object).

Use the words in the below sentence to make a grammatically correct example using that:

1. football team / dont like / beat my team all the time 2. table / love / kitchen / red 3. airplane / flew / first flight / from Australia to England.Fun or funny?

Fun as an adjective means enjoyable and entertaining:Parties are fun.Fishing is fun.

Fun can also be a noun, meaning amusement or pleasure:Let the fun begin.The most fun I ever had was the ski trip last year.

The adjective funny describes something that makes you laugh or smile:His jokes are not funny.She always does something funny on the show.

Funny can also be used to mean that something is unusual or strange:Theres a funny smell in here.Theres something funny about the way she looks at me, is she angry?

Use fun in the following examples:

1. Fun adjective. 2. Fun noun. 3. Funny adjective: to describe something that makes you laugh or smile.4. Funny adjective: something is unusual or peculiar. Close or close?Close means near:You need to get close to see the detail.Close means shut:Close the door.Will or would?You use will to talk about the future:I will do it tomorrow.Would is the past form of will:I said I would do it by today, but I am too busy.You use 'would' to express a wish or a desire:I would like to visit Australia one day.Would is also used for offers and requests: Would you like some toast for breakfast?Would you pick that up please?To indicate your preference you can say I would rather or Id rather:Id rather be at home than at work.Id rather have a cat than a dog. Tolerate or permit Tolerate means to put up with something: Some sea animals can tolerate warm water.Tolerate can also mean to allow the existence, presence or practice of something: The teacher will not tolerate anyone who doesnt work hard. Permit means to allow or consent to something: The law does not permit the use of fireworks inside the city. Permit also means to give the opportunity for something to happen: We will construct the roof in a manner that permits hot air to escape

Eminent or prominent When we refer to someone as eminent we are indicating they are well-known and well-respected in their field: The breakthrough came after years of work by one of the worlds most eminent researchers. When we refer to someone as prominent we are indicating that they are well known and important:A prominent business identity, he has contributed to many of the citys sports clubs. There is a slight difference between eminent and prominent and it relates to respect. A celebrity might be considered prominent but not eminent. They might be very famous (prominent) but not necessarily well-respected (eminent):Eminent surgeon Doctor Susan Key performed the operation on prominent rock star, The Flash.

Get overGet over can mean to recover from an illness.I cant get over this terrible cold.Get over can also mean to recover or move on from an emotional crisis.You have to get over the divorce and get on with your life.Get over can also mean to accept, or deal with something.I can't get over the fact that he stole from his friends.At first and at lastAt first means initially or at the beginning. You use at first to contrast with what happened later:At first I couldnt understand what people were saying, but after a few weeks I understood a lot.At last means finally or in the end. If you say that something has happened at last you mean that it has happened after a long wait:At last the new shoes I ordered have arrived.You can emphasise this and say at long last for a very long delay:At long last I have finished my studies.Use at first and at last in example sentences. Come back tomorrow to see other examplesAt that time or at the time?At that time refers back to a time that has been previously described: He was born in 1825. At that time there were no cars.At the time refers directly to a specific time:At the time he was born there were no cars.At the time is often used to describe a specific time with the past continuous. She was watching TV at the time.beautiful birds chirping sound around!lush green campusbeautiful birds chirping sound around!lush green campus