writing interpretive, narrative, expository, and persuasive

65
Writing Interp retive, Narrative, Expository, and Persu asive

Upload: osborne-sims

Post on 11-Jan-2016

235 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

WritingInterpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Page 2: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Table of Contents§

§ Interpretive writing gives different perspectives or explanations on a piece of literature§

§ Narrative nonfiction writing tells a true-life story or a person or persons§

§ Narrative fiction writing presents characters in a conflict that is first developed and then resolved

§ § Expository writing examines a topic in detail in order to

better understand it§ § Persuasive writing present’s a writer’s idea or position

and then provides evidence to support or prove it

Interpretive

Narrative Nonfiction

Narrative Fiction

Expository

Persuasive

Page 3: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

WritingInterpretive

Page 4: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Five Easy Steps§ Prewriting

§ Brainstorming possible topics§ Choosing topics§ Gathering details§ Organizing§ Drafting

§ Introduction, body, and conclusion§ Revising§ Coherence§ Development of ideas§ Word choice§ Point of view§ Literary elements§ Editing§ Conventions§ Sentence structure§ Publish

Page 5: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Writing Traits 2. Organize

1. Focus and Coherence A. Clear purpose or thesis B Connecting ideas throughout sentences and paragraphs

3. Development of Ideas A. Effective supporting details for thesis or purpose of the essay

4. Voice

A. Evident

writer’s

personality

B. Appropriate

language and

tone for

audience

5. Conventions A. Rules of grammar, sentence structure,

capitalization, punctuation, and spelling

A.

Distinctive

beginning,

middle,

and end

Page 6: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Interpretive Writing

§ When someone wants to explain an

aspect or idea of a literary text, they

use interpreting writing

§ Interpretive writing gives different

perspectives or explanations on a piece

of literature

Why do you think there could be different interpretations of a literary work? Why might this be important?

Page 7: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Subject v. Theme§ To write an effective interpretive essay, you must

distinguish between the subject and theme of the literary work.

§ The subject describes what the story is about:§ In the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, the

subject is a story about a young boy who discovers he is a famous wizard born into an infamous destiny.

§ The theme is the message about life the story suggests:§ The theme in the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s

Stone is that though desire is not necessarily wrong or bad, it can be dangerous when overblown desire makes people lose perspective on life.

Listen to Ray Bradbury’s There

Will Come Soft Rains on page

1000 of your textbook. Pay

close attention to possible

messages the author is trying

present to the audience.

Review your subject and theme. Find four specific examples from the text that support your theme. Include a quote and page numbers.

Page 8: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Identifying a Theme§ To help you find an important and meaningful theme of your novel, use these

strategies and questions to help guide you§ Strategies

§ Look for clues in the title§ What clues does the title offer about a main theme? Explain.

§ Look in the novel for the author’s statement about life

§ Identify a life lesson that emerges in the novel§ What lessons about life do the main character’s actions

reveal?§ Are there any symbols that play a significant role in the

novel? How do they relate to the main character’s actions?

Try identifying the theme of

the following short stories.

Be sure to identify a

message from the author or

a life lesson learned from

the story.

Identify the subject (what the novel is

about) and three possible themes

(messages about life) from your

literature circle novel with your group

and write them in a three column chart.

Remember, a novel usually contains

multiple themes.

Your Turn!

Novel Subject

Theme

Page 9: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Interpretive Paragraph

Analysis§ When writing an interpretive paragraph

analysis, include some of the following

guidelines:

§ In the opening sentence, include the title, author,

and subject of the novel.

§ In the body sentences, briefly describe the

elements (characters, plot, setting, symbols) of the

novel and stylistic devices that reveal the theme in

a thorough explanation with direct quotations

§ In the closing sentence, state the theme of the

novel§ Helpful Hint: Use rhetorical

devices in your writing to engage

the audience!

Page 10: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Example Paragraph Analysis Scrooge’s Awakening In Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol, the main

character, Ebenezer Scrooge, is a hard-hearted man who sees

no meaning in Christmas. reveal that he has become more and more focused on his business, shunning contact with friends and relatives. Scrooge is a living in a cocoon of selfishness, blinded to the world beyond

his counting house. One Christmas Eve Scrooge follows his

usual holiday pattern – refusing requests for charity, berating

his employee for wanting to take Christmas Day off, and rejecting the holiday dinner invitation of his only nephew. But

as darkness falls, the shifts to mysterious images of deceased acquaintances, lost youth, and a prophecy of Scrooge’s own cold and lonely death. What he sees horrifies

him and ironically brings him to his senses. Scrooge learns

that Christmas is a yearly reminder about the importance of

love and the rewards of generosity and kindness toward one’s

fellow humans.

Flashbacks

character

setting

Your turn! Use the

story There Will

Come Soft Rains to

write an interpretive

paragraph analysis.

Be sure to include

elements that

reveal the

theme.

Page 11: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Embedding Quotes§ To include an essay with well-developed quotations,

keep in mind these following guidelines:§ Introduce the quote with reference of the author

§ Sir Winston Churchill once said "A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty."

§ In Shakespeare’s play As You Like It, Touchstone says to Audrey in the Forest of Arden "The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.“

§ Include the quote as part of a larger idea in a sentence§ The idea of the world void of the novel would not be “because it has

exhausted its powers but because it exists in a world grown alien to it” is the basis of an uncreative population.

§ Though including quotes helps build your case with evidence, quote as infrequently as possible to prevent your essay from becoming a parroting of someone else’s ideas

Example Embedded Quotes Excerpt from Monsters Are Made, Not Born Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein traces the plight of Victor Frankenstein, a scientist tortured by the thought that he is responsible for bringing into the world a hideously deformed, vicious creature. Through Frankenstein, Shelley expresses her fears that science left unchecked could be dangerous. However, in the end that theme is not nearly as moving as the monster’s message –– mistreating others is risky. This theme becomes clear when he states “There was none among the myriads of men that existed who would pity or assist me; and should I feel kindness toward my enemies?” It is the monster’s plight that haunts the reader as the monster recalls that he sought shelter from the weather, but “still more from the barbarity of man,” and no shelter was given.

Use your interpretive

analysis paragraph of

There Will Come Soft

Rains to practice

incorporating direct

quotes. Include one of

the quotes and embed

it in the rewritten

p

aragraph.

Page 12: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Interpretive Essay Guidelines

§ Write an interpretive essay over a given topic concerning your literature circle novel§ Introduction with clearly defined thesis, body

with topic sentences and supporting details, and conclusion paragraph summarizing ideas

§ Typed, double-spaced, Times New Roman, 12” font. 1” margins

§ 1 ½ - 2 pages in length§ Citations for three direct quotes from the

novel supporting the thesis

Read the interpretive

analysis example essays

Land Values, Sharing

Control, and For as Long

as We Both Shall Live...

Page 13: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Prewriting 2. Choose

the theme

you will write

about

1. Brainstorm several possible themes that fit the novel A. Use the title B. Find the author’s statement about life

C. Identify a life lesson

3. Gather details from the story that reveal the theme A. Literary Elements B. Significant events C. Character thoughts

4. Identify direct

quotes from the

novel that

support the

theme

A. Make sure

they make sense

in context with

the theme

5. Create your thesis statement A. Combine the element, character, or action with the theme to create the thesis

Gather details from the

novel that support your

theme by listing literary

elements, significant

events, and character

thoughts and feelings that

reveal the theme.

Page 14: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Selecting Direct Quotes

§ Use direct quotations from your novel

to emphasize important points of the

theme

§ Things to keep in mind when choosing

quotes:

§ Purpose (theme) of the essay

§ Does the quote not only relate to the theme, but

does it also develop your evidence?

§ Context (presented evidence) of the essay

§ Does the quote make sense within the context, or

the presented evidence of the essay, that you are

trying to make?

Your turn! Identify and list 6-8 important quotes that relate to and develop the theme of your essay. Be sure to include the page number!

Page 15: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Creating Your Thesis§ Now that you’ve gathered details, you

are ready to write your thesis statement§ The thesis statement should connect your

focus of the novel (elements, characters, or actions) to the theme

§ In this example, the focus was a character and the theme was tradition vs. change. Together, the thesis statement above was formed to connect the ideas.

Okonkwo

Character

becomes ensnared in the clash of two cultures

Theme

Okonkwo becomes

ensnared in the clash of

two cultures.Thesis

Page 16: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Organize§ When it comes to organizing your essay, there

are four main types to consider:§ Description – explain a topic by listing

characteristics, examples, or features by focusing on one thing and its components

§ Chronological – listing items or events in a sequential order

§ Compare and Contrast – explains how two or more things are alike and how they are different

§ Cause and Effect – listing one or more causes or events and the resulting consequences by explaining how or why something happened, exists, or works

§ Your organization is determined primarily by your thesis

Your turn! Now that

you’ve decided upon a

thesis, you will need

to organize your

details. Choose your

text structure and

organize your details

in a graphic organizer.

Page 17: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Drafting 2. Narrow

the start

of your

essay to your

focus.

1. Begin your essay with an introduction A. Make sure you clearly identify your focus that includes the main ideas of your essay B Make sure you establish a unique voice

3. Begin the body of your essay with your first main idea A. Make sure you follow the text structure for your main ideas

4. Explain the

supporting

details for each

of the main ideas

A. Make sure to

create a new

paragraph for

each new main

idea

5. Close your essay with a conclusion A. Make sure you summarize the main ideas and focus of your essay

Create the introduction

for your interpretive

analysis essay. Be sure to

include the title, author,

and subject of the book,

as well as the thesis.

Page 18: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Introduction and Body

§ When you write your introduction, be sure

to keep in the mind the following things:

§ Title and author

§ Background plot or character information

§ Thesis statement

§ When working on your body, be sure to

address the major points or examples that

reveal the theme

§ Use your example events, characterization, or

literary elements to create your topic sentences

§ Be sure to use transition words and phrases to

help connect ideas for coherence

Create your topic sentences for your essay. Make sure these are IMPORTANT examples that help reveal the theme. Be ready to explain these points.

Page 19: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Conclusion§ Conclusions are a summarization of the

main points and thesis of your essay. Think about the following things as you write:§ Restatement of the theme from the introduction§ Review of the main examples or points

§ Remember that themes can be shown through characters or conflict. Theme is a perception about life or human nature that the writer shares with the reader.

Create the ending

paragraph for your

essay. Be sure to

review the points and

the theme of the novel.

Page 20: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Citations§ Before you begin revising and editing your

rough draft, you need to include proper citation of your quotes:§ For each quote, you need to identify the page number:

§ When Deuce asks Fade how he got his name, he replied, “’It came off an old bottle…’” (p. 135).

§ Stalker and Tegan never got along, but after eight days of traveling “they were careful to keep the animosity silent and simmering” (p. 211).

§ The bibliography citation for everyone will be in MLA format:

§ Author’s last name, first name. Title. Publishing City: Publishing Company, Publishing Date

EXAMPLE CITATION for BIBLIOGRAPHY

Meyer, Stephanie. Twilight. New York: Hachette Book Group, 2005.

Nix, Garth. Abhorsen. New York: HarperCollins Pub., 2003

Page 21: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

WritingNarrative Nonfiction

Page 22: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Five Easy Steps§ Prewriting

§ Brainstorming possible topics§ Choosing topics§ Gathering details§ Organizing§ Drafting

§ Introduction, body, and conclusion§ Revising§ Coherence§ Development of ideas§ Word choice§ Point of view§ Literary elements§ Editing§ Conventions§ Sentence structure§ Publish

Page 23: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Writing Traits 2. Organize

1. Focus and Coherence A. Clear purpose or thesis B Connecting ideas throughout sentences and paragraphs

3. Development of Ideas A. Effective supporting details for thesis or purpose of the essay

4. Voice

A. Evident

writer’s

personality

B. Appropriate

language and

tone for

audience

5. Conventions A. Rules of grammar, sentence structure,

capitalization, punctuation, and spelling

A.

Distinctive

beginning,

middle,

and end

Page 24: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Prewriting 2. Choose

the topic

you will write

about

1. Brainstorm several possible topics that are important to you A. Make sure they will answer the prompt B Make sure you know a lot about the topic

3. List main ideas that help explain your topic A. Make sure the ideas are clearly related to the topic and help support your answer

4. List details

that help explain

your main idea

A. Make sure

they make sense

B. Make sure

they are

important to the

main idea

5. Organize your details with a text structure A. Make sure you put your information into a logical order for your text structure

Write about a time in your life when

you changed.

Page 25: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Selecting a Topic

§ Before selecting a topic, you need to

write down several possible options

that will answer the prompt

§ Examples:

§ Was hospitalized with an appendicitis attack

§ Took a train trip with my grandmother

§ Went canoeing with the youth group

§ Participated in the school’s spelling bee

§ Joined the Junior Drum and Bugle Corp

§ Volunteered at the local nursing home

§ Helped my neighbor take care of her dog

Your turn! List a number of important experiences in your life. Circle the experience you want to use as the topic of your

personal narrative.

Page 26: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Focusing Your Topic§ When focusing your topic, you need to be able

to explain what you will be writing about in your essay

§ Weak topics:§ One Saturday night a year ago, I learned that my

friends are not always right.§ The last month of track meets really taught me

something.

§ Strong topic:§ The last month of track meets taught me that

champions are made from discipline, determination, and sweat.

Carefully read the following sentences. Then

identify the ones you feel you make a good focus

for your personal narrative.

§ Christian and I had played in tennis tournaments

all summer, but we learned more about

friendship than tennis.

§ I met my grandfather for the first time at my

cousin’s wedding.§ I surprised my mother by making supper.

§ I lived with my grandparents for a semester while

my parents were busy starting a new business.

§ When my little sister was born, my life changed

completely.

Your Turn!

Page 27: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Gathering Details

§ The next step in the prewriting step is to

gather details for your topic with main

ideas and supporting details

§ A main idea is what the paragraph is

primarily about and it helps describe the

topic

§ A supporting detail are smaller facts in the

paragraph that help explain the main idea

§ Using a chart to organize your

main ideas and supporting details

will help you in the next step.

Page 28: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Key Events Details Change

First day of practice

hot summer daysore feetMr. D. – very strict

doing new things can be uncomfortable

Daily practices

intense practicesbumping into peoplequickly improved

wanted to quit, but was determined to get better

Parades and competitions

teamworkperformed in all kinds of weather

could face difficult challenges even though overwhelmed

Your turn! Record

your key events in a

chart like this one

with details and

resulting changes

from the event.

Page 29: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Organizing Text Structure§ In order to accurately write a logical essay, you must decide in what order you present your information

§ Choosing a text structure will allow you to do this§ Chronological – Step by step§ Cause and Effect – Something happened as a result

of something else§ Compare and Contrast – Similarities and differences § Helpful hint: Use the text structure handout to help you when you are writing - - especially for TRANSITIONS!

Page 30: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Drafting 2. Narrow

the start

of your

essay to your

focus.

1. Begin your essay with an introduction A. Make sure you clearly identify your focus that includes the main ideas of your essay B Make sure you establish a unique voice

3. Begin each body paragraph with a main idea (topic sentence) A. Create new paragraphs for each new main idea B. Follow text structure

4. Explain the

supporting details

for each main

idea

A. Maintain

personal voice

and tone

B. Include

dialogue

5. Close your essay with a conclusion A. Make sure you summarize the main ideas and focus of your essay

Page 31: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Introduction

§ When writing an introduction for a

personal narrative, you need to think

about the following things:

§ Engage the reader

§ Establish a clear focus that includes your

experience and how it changed you

§ Establish a unique voice

§ The following paragraph introduces the

example topic of the summer during the Drum

and Bugle Corps:I was never interested in joining any

group or sport during the summer. I liked

hanging out with my friends and doing odd jobs

to make extra cash. But then last summer I

decided to do something different. I joined the

Warrentown Junior Drum and Bugle Corps. It

was the best decision I’ve ever made, because it

helped me make a confident and outgoing

person who enjoys working with others.

Introduction Example

Page 32: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Body Paragraphs§ Now that you have the reader’s attention

and established your focus, it’s time to add details.

§ Use your graphic organizer with your main ideas and supporting details to start writing your body, but as you do, keep in mind the following things:§ Choose words that maintain your voice and

create an appropriate tone§ Use dialogue to help engage the reader

Establishing Tone

§ In the examples below, note how the writer

changes neutral words to words that illustrate

attitude, or tone

§ Neutral – Mr. D. walked before us and spoke loudly.

§ Strong – Mr. D. paced before us and barked loudly.

§ For each of the sentences, determine which

word in parentheses helps enhance, or

strengthen, the tone

§ The tough schedule (affected, shook) my confidence.

§ Mr. D. told me my playing added (spark, something)

to the trumpet section.

§ Before the competition, Mr. D. (huddled, met) with

us like (leader, football coach).

Body ExampleI will never forget my first day of practice with the

drum and bugle corps. The direction, Mr. DeRusha, stepped

onto the football field and ordered us all to sit along the 50-

yard line. I nervously tapped the keys of my trumpet. I’d

heard that Mr. D. had a reputation for being tough. He

looked like one of those army drill sergeants on TV. He was

tall and had a fresh crew cut, and when his voice exploded

through the bullhorn, I shivered, even though it was almost

70 degrees outside.“Listen up, people!” he barked. “Welcome to the

Warrentown Junior Drum and Bugle Corps. Being in a drum

and bugle corps means you are alert and prepared at all

times. Is that understood?Ӥ Helpful hint: Make sure you refer back to your focus

statement and consider the consequences of your own and

other’s decisions and actions to show what you’ve learned!

Page 33: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Conclusion

§ The ending paragraph of your essay is

called the conclusion; it should be a

reflection on the decisions or actions you

made and the significance of the event of

experience

§ A conclusion should:

§ Review the main ideas and focus

§ Add new insight or lesson that is learned from

the event or experience

§ The personal change does not have to be a

major turning point in the writer’s life;

the change can simply be that the writer

sees things in a different light.

§ Make sure you explain your change and how

it came about through a reflection back on

the event or experienceI still get goose bumps when I think about

the band. Mr. DeRusha is a great director who

taught me about discipline and respect. After

last summer I am not the same Jon Bowers

anymore. Today I feel good about my ability to

play the trumpet, and I actually enjoy

performing in front of people. When I look back

on my decision to join the band, I realize it was

one smart move!

Conclusion ExampleBegin the rough draft of your essay. Be sure to keep in mind your focus statement and your text structure as you write.

Page 34: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Revising &

Editing D. Essay

about one

experience/event

E. Evident

personal voice

and point of view

1. Check for internal and external coherenceA. Clearly stated focus and changeB. Paragraphs relate and explain focusC. Follow text

structure

2. Check for development of ideas and voice A. Use precise nouns, verbs, and adjectives B. Consistent point of view

3. Check for subject-

verb agreement and

sentence structure

A. Single and plural

subjects match

verb tense

B. Varied simple,

compound, and

complex

sentences

4. Check for mechanics and spellingA. Capitalization and punctuationB. Spelling and

homonyms

Page 35: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

STAAR Practice

§ Personal Narrative (non-fiction story about

a real event that affected you in some way)

§ Each personal narrative prompt will

appear with a picture, an explanation of

the picture,

and the prompt.

§ Sometimes it’s hard to make a decision

because there are so many choices.

§ Write a personal narrative about a time

when you had to make a decision. Be

sure to write in detail about the choice

you made and describe what happened

as a result of your decision.

Strategies§ When writing a persona narrative, keep in

mind the following writing strategies:

§ Start by brainstorming possible experiences

answering the prompt§ Create a thesis statement that answers ‘what’ and

‘how’§ Create a graphic organizer with the main ideas

and supporting details and organize with a text

structure§ Write the rough draft with the intro, body, and

conclusion§ Revise for organization, idea development,

transitions, and length§ Edit for grammatical conventions§ Rewrite the final essay in the test booklet

Your turn! Write a personal narrative about a time when you accomplished something important through hard work. Be sure to describe what you were trying to accomplish, and how your hard work paid off.

Page 36: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

WritingExpository

Page 37: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Five Easy Steps§ Prewriting

§ Brainstorming possible topics§ Choosing topics§ Gathering details§ Organizing§ Drafting

§ Introduction, body, and conclusion§ Revising§ Coherence§ Development of ideas§ Word choice§ Point of view§ Literary elements§ Editing§ Conventions§ Sentence structure§ Publish

Page 38: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Writing Traits 2. Organize

1. Focus and Coherence A. Clear purpose or thesis B Connecting ideas throughout sentences and paragraphs

3. Development of Ideas A. Effective supporting details for thesis or purpose of the essay

4. Voice

A. Evident

writer’s

personality

B. Appropriate

language and

tone for

audience

5. Conventions A. Rules of grammar, sentence structure,

capitalization, punctuation, and spelling

A.

Distinctive

beginning,

middle,

and end

Page 39: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Expository Writing

§ When someone wants to separate

something into types or parts, you are

classifying it

§ Expository writing explains a concept

or idea by presenting information with

supporting evidence

§ Expository writing

§ Topic sentence begins each paragraph

§ Body sentences present the categories and

specific supporting details in the paragraph

§ Closing sentences wraps up the paragraphs

When might you use expository writing? Why would it be important to correctly write an expository essay?

Page 40: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Prewriting 2. Choose

the topic

you will write

about

1. Diagram several possible topics that you know a lot aboutA. List different categories under each topicB. Check topic for being too narrow or broad

3. Gather and sort details A. List details for each of the categories for the topic

4. Write the

topic sentences

A. Topic

sentences

should name

the topic and

mention its

categories

5. Organize your details with a text structure A. Make sure you put your information into a logical order for your text structure

Susan B. Anthony once said, “Modern invention has banished the spinning wheel, and the same law of progress makes the woman of today a different woman from her grandmother.” Some inventions have had a huge impact on the way we live our lives. An invention may make our jobs easier, or it could change the way we communicate, or it might provide us with great entertainment. Write an expository essay describing an invention that has influence your life.

Page 41: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Selecting and Gathering

§ Whenever you are trying to decide between

two things, you are comparing and

contrasting them.

§ Look at how these things are similar/positive,

and how they are different/negative. Then using

this information, make a decision about the topic

§ For the topic, list as many details as

possible for both subgroups

§ Organize your details in a graphic organizer,

such as a two-column graph to help keep your

ideas straight

§ The viewpoint that the details best support is the

best choice for a topic

Page 42: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Forming a Thesis Statement

§ When writing an expository text, the focus statement (the guiding statement explaining what the essay is about) is called the thesis statement

§ A thesis statement should contain the topic to be addressed and the specific viewpoint to explain§ Madison and Seattle may seem different, but they have

much in common in terms of entertainment.§ Hunger persists in certain countries because jobs are

scarce and farming in the infertile soil is rarely profitable.

Creating Your Thesis

§ Now that you’ve gathered details, you

are ready to write your thesis

statement

§ Remember, the thesis should include the

topic being addressed and the viewpoints

being explained

School

uniforms

Topic

provide

benefits

Viewpoin

t

School

uniforms

provide

benefits to

students,

parents, and

educators.Thesis

§ In this example, the topic is addressing the

benefits of school uniforms. The author then

chose to say who they were benefiting, thus

producing the thesis.

Brainstorm about your

prompt, identify the

topics, gather details, and

create a thesis statement

about your topic.

Page 43: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Topic Sentences§ Topic sentences begin the body paragraphs and should help support your thesis statement

§ Strategies:§ Keep in mind your thesis statement § Make sure each topic sentence supports the

viewpoint addressed in the thesis statement§ Include a transition to introduce the next

supporting evidence smoothly§ Examples:§ One common way animals protect themselves is

by changing color to blend in with their environment.

Your turn! Create the topic sentences

for each of your body paragraphs and organize them in a logical order for

your rough draft.

Page 44: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Drafting,

Revising, Editing,

and Publish

C. Use only

details that

support your

thesis

D. End essay with

conclusion

reviewing

your viewpoint

1. Create your rough draft using your graphic organizerA. Start your essay with an introduction that includes the thesis

B. Start each body paragraph with topic sentences

2. Revise your rough draft A. Check for focus and coherence B. Check for text structure and the development of your ideas C. Check for voice and tone

3. Edit your rough

draft

A. Check for

spelling,

punctuation,

sentence

structure,

capitalization, and

grammar errors

4. Rewrite your essay after making your changes A. Be sure to write clearly and legibly

Page 45: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

STAAR Practice

§ Expository (non-fiction essay explaining your

opinion about something: NOT PERSUASIVE!)

§ Each expository text will have three parts: a

quote, a statement explaining the idea, and

the prompt

§ READ the following quotation.

Even if you’re on the right track, you’ll get run over

if you just sit there. ~ Will Rogers

§ THINK carefully about the following statement.

Success comes from hard work. If you are not

willing to work for what you want, then you will

probably never achieve it.

§ WRITE an essay explaining why hard work is

necessary to be successful.

Strategies§ When writing an expository essay, keep in

mind the following writing strategies:

§ Start by listing main ideas and supporting

details that support your opinion in an

organizer§ Arrange your ideas in a logical text structure

§ Create a thesis statement identifying the

‘what’ and ‘why’§ Write the rough draft including the intro, body,

and conclusion§ Revise for idea development, transitions,

personal conclusion, and length§ Edit for grammatical conventions§ Rewrite final essay in test booklet

Your turn!THINK carefully about the following statement.It has often been said that nobody can do everything, but everyone can do something. Every act of goodness and charity, not matter how small, makes the world a better place.WRITE an essay describing something that you can do to make the world a better place.

Page 46: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

WritingPersuasive

Page 47: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Five Easy Steps§ Prewriting

§ Brainstorming possible topics§ Choosing topics§ Gathering details§ Organizing§ Drafting

§ Introduction, body, and conclusion§ Revising§ Coherence§ Development of ideas§ Word choice§ Point of view§ Literary elements§ Editing§ Conventions§ Sentence structure§ Publish

Page 48: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Writing Traits 2. Organize

1. Focus and Coherence A. Clear purpose or thesis B Connecting ideas throughout sentences and paragraphs

3. Development of Ideas A. Effective supporting details for thesis or purpose of the essay

4. Voice

A. Evident

writer’s

personality

B. Appropriate

language and

tone for

audience

5. Conventions A. Rules of grammar, sentence structure,

capitalization, punctuation, and spelling

A.

Distinctive

beginning,

middle,

and end

Page 49: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Persuasive Writing

§ Persuasive writing helps you address a

difference of opinion. By clearly stating a

position and defending it with facts and

logical reasons, you can convince others

to agree with you

§ When writing a persuasive essay, it is

important to include a variety of effective

supporting details:

§ Facts

§ Statistics

§ Case studies

§ Anecdotes

Page 50: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Prewriting and

Drafting2. Identify

a strong

opposition

statement

to rebut

1. Create a reasons chart to support your positionA. Include various logical reasons B. Explain with

supporting evidence using precise, factual data

3. Counter an objection A. List several logical reasons to the important, objectionable statement that support your viewpoint

4. Organize

your logical

reasons

A. Rank your

reasons by order

of importance

and relative

value

5. Outline A. Create an outline of your logical reasons to support your viewpoint

Every issue has two sides. Write an essay

explaining your issue’s point of view and give

logical reasons for your position.

Page 51: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Logical Reasons Supporting Evidence

Food banks do a great job of getting food to the people who need it

- 36 million served in 2011- food banks know local

situation

Food banks help businesses and the environment

- keep food out of waste stream- accept food from restaurants,

grocery stores, etc.

Food banks are economically efficient

- don’t require fancy offices or tons of paperwork

§ After you have chosen your topic and stated your opinion, you need to use a range of appeals – facts, data, case studies, and anecdotes to convince your audience

Reasons ChartCounter Arguments and

Rebuttals

§ When you include a counter argument, it shows

that you’ve thought and understood what

someone may say against your argument

§ A rebuttal is a statement that shifts the argument

back to your viewpoint and offers a possible

solution to the counter argument

§ Examples:

§ Counter Argument:

§ Government programs like food stamps provide all the help

people need

§ Rebuttals:

§ Even with food stamps, the hunger problem has grown

§ Despite government help, millions of people still visit food

banks

§ Applying for food stamps takes time and some people need

food right away

Identify your position, read the

research information, create a

list of logical reasons supporting

your point of view, two counter

arguments, and rebuttals. Then, organize the information in

order of importance

Page 52: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Drafting B. Start eachbody

paragraph

with a topic

sentence that

identifies

a new

reason

1. Create your rough draft using your graphic organizer and outlineA. Start your essay with an

introduction that engages the reader and states your issue and position 2. Provide background information, specific logical reasons, and supporting evidence in the body paragraphs A. Include precise information supports your viewpoint

3. Address an

important

objection

A. List several

rebuttals to the

objection that

support your

viewpoint

4. End your essay with the conclusion A. Reemphasize your position by summarizing your main points

Page 53: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Persuasive Techniques

§ The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the

means of persuasion (the use of appeals)

into three categories:

§ Ethos – credibility of the author’s argument

§ Logos – logical supporting examples and

evidence

§ Pathos – emotional element to reach the

audience

§ These three appeals are core in answering

the question: What does the author

(speaker, cartoonist, advertiser, filmmaker,

etc.) want the audience (reader, listener, or

viewer) to feel, think, or do?

Page 54: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

§ How well an author/speaker presents

him/herself

§ Questions for considering a writer’s

ethos:§ Does he or she seem knowledgeable?

Reasonable? Trustworthy?

§ Does he or she treat their opponents with

fairness and respect, or do they take cheap

shots?

§ Does he or she try to establish common

ground with the reader/audience?

Ethos: Ethical Appealsthe source’s credibility: the author’s authority

over the content

What Ethos Looks Like:

§ When an author/speaker:

§ appeals to a perso

n’s conscience,

morals, standards, v

alues, or

principles

§ tries to

convince the reader/audience

that he/she is of good character

§ is qualified to make his/h

er claims

§ cites relevant authoriti

es

§ quotes others accurately and fairly

Ethos Example"If, in my low moments, in word, deed or

attitude, through some error of temper,

taste, or tone, I have caused anyone discomfort, created pain, or revived someone's fears, that was not my truest self.

If there were occasions when my grape

turned into a raisin and my joy bell lost its

resonance, please forgive me. Charge it to

my head and not to my heart. My head--so

limited in its finitude; my heart, which is

boundless in its love for the human family. I

am not a perfect servant. I am a public

servant doing my best against the odds."

(Jesse Jackson, Democratic National Convention

Keynote Address, 1984)

Page 55: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

§ How well an author/speaker uses well-organized textual evidence to support his/her claim

§ Questions for considering a writer’s logos:§ What is the author’s thesis?§ What points does the author offer to support

his/her thesis?§ Are ideas presented in a logical order?§ Does the author introduce counter arguments

and rebuttals to help support his/her claim?

Logos: Logical Appealslogic used to explain claim: facts and statistics

used to support argument

What Logos Looks Like:

§ When an author/speaker:

§ involves facts or figures

§ uses reputable research

§ quotes authorities on the topic

§ uses cause and effect information

§ makes comparisons through analogies

§ presents information as common

sense§ reviews precedents

Logos Example

“Rational choice theory in political

science has made much of the fact

that it is seemingly irra

tional to

vote in a large-scale election. This

is because the probability that your

single vote will determine the

outcome is generally very close to

zero, while the act of voting entails

some small, but real, costs. Even in

a close election, like Florida in

2000, an individual’s vote would

really “count” only if the margin of

victory was exactly one vote. ”

Page 56: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

§ How well an author/speaker taps into the audiences emotions§ Questions for considering a writer’s pathos:§ Does the topic matter to the audience?§ Does the writer include anecdotes (memorable stories)?

§ Does the writer appeal to the audience’s emotions, personal memories, fears, etc.?§ Is the emotional appeal effective or overwhelming?§ Is the writing overloaded with facts and figures?

Pathos: Emotional Appealsemotional or motivational: use of vivid or emotional language and sensory details

What Pathos Looks Like:

§ When an author/speaker:

§ appeals to the heart

§ expresses emotions

§ shows sympathy

§ uses imagery or figurative language

§ carefully constructs sentences to

pick out emotional language

Pathos Example

“Hilary Clinton used a moment

of brilliantly staged emotion to

win the New Hampshire

Democratic primary… As she

answered questions in a diner

on the morning before the

election, Mrs. Clinton’s voice

began to waver and crack

when she said, ‘It’s not easy…

This is very personal for me.’"

Your turn! For each

of the following examples, identify the appeal in your group. Then, use text evidence to support your answer.

Page 57: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Rough Draft§ The introduction should capture the reader’s attention,

address the topic with background information, and state your position

§ The body paragraphs should include your logical reasons, ordered from your most important and relative to the least, finishing your evidence with the counter argument and rebuttal in the final body paragraph§ Use transition words and phrases to smooth the flow of evidence in

the essay§ Example: One reason ---- Another reason ---- Most importantly

§ The conclusion should restate your position and summarize the main reasons, as well as leave the reader with an important final insight to the topic

Your turn! Create your topic sentences

and then write your

rough draft, including the introduction, body, and conclusion paragraphs.

Page 58: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Revising &

Editing 2. Transitions

are used to

promote a

unified and

logical order to

the argument

1. Check for coherence and focus of the positionA. Topic sentences focus on the thesis statement

B. Position is consistent throughout the essay

3. Check for development of ideas A. Facts and statistics clearly show the problem B. Explain how the problem affects people C. Convincing argument

4. Check for an

authoritative and

respectful voice and

tone

A. Formal,

knowledgeable

language that is

respectful to

other viewpoints

5. Check for grammatical conventionsA. Capitalization and punctuationB. Spelling, mechanics, and sentence structure

Page 59: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

WritingNarrative Fiction

Page 60: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Five Easy Steps§ Prewriting

§ Brainstorming possible topics§ Choosing topics§ Gathering details§ Organizing§ Drafting

§ Introduction, body, and conclusion§ Revising§ Coherence§ Development of ideas§ Word choice§ Point of view§ Literary elements§ Editing§ Conventions§ Sentence structure§ Publish

Page 61: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Writing Traits 2. Organize

1. Focus and Coherence A. Clear purpose or thesis B Connecting ideas throughout sentences and paragraphs

3. Development of Ideas A. Effective supporting details for thesis or purpose of the essay

4. Voice

A. Evident

writer’s

personality

B. Appropriate

language and

tone for

audience

5. Conventions A. Rules of grammar, sentence structure,

capitalization, punctuation, and spelling

A.

Distinctive

beginning,

middle,

and end

Page 62: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Prewriting &

Drafting2. Narrow

down your

topic and

choose the

topic you

will write

about

1. Brainstorm several possible topics that are interesting to you A. Make sure they are appropriate for your audience B Make sure you use your imagination

3. Develop engaging story plot A. Use sensory details to create a believable setting & interesting characters B. Include conflict for well-paced action

4. List sensory

details and literary

devices

A. Sight, sound,

smell, taste, and

feel

B. Flashbacks,

foreshadowing,

suspense,

dialogue, etc.

5. Organize your details with plot structure A. Begin with the exposition, build suspense through conflict to the climax in the middle, and end with the resolution

Choose one of the listed prompts from the Writing Activities slide and begin

your prewriting and drafting!

Page 63: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Drafting Checklist

§ While writing, aim at writing your ideas and describing,

not making your writing perfect. Keep in my the

following things as you write:

§ Create a plot web with descriptions of setting and

characters – be sure to include sensory details and motivations

§ Determine a conflict and describe/hint at it

§ Use vivid words and descriptions to help the readers

experience what the characters experience

§ Develop characters who respond to each situation based on

their individual personalities

§ Keep the action moving and focused on the conflict – be

sure to describe the events chronologically, building to the

climax

§ Use literary elements and rhetorical devices to create a

specific mood to show how the characters feel

§ Finish by describing the resolution of the conflict, or

additional details on how the resolution came about, and

how the character’s ideas/feelings have changed as a result

of the experience

Page 64: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Revising &

Editing 2. Check

the setting

is believable &

identifiable

as specific

type of

fiction

1. Check for engaged audienceA. Opening introduces interesting main character and creates specific setting

B. Conflict is evident and well-developed

3. Check plot development A. Chronological events lead to buildup of suspense and climax B. Dialogue helps develop the story C. Literary elements to enhance story

4. Check for

loose

plot ends

A. Answer ‘What

happened next?’

and ‘How’d

characters react

after the climax?’

B. Sum up the theme

5. Check for grammatical conventionsA. Capitalization and punctuationB. Spelling, mechanics, and sentence structure

Page 65: Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

STAAR Practice

§ Literary (fictional story that is NOT

about personal experiences)

§ Each literary text will come with a

picture and a prompt.

§ Look at the photograph.

§ Write a story about significant loss.

Be sure that your story is focused

and complete and that it has an

interesting plot and engaging

characters.

Strategies§ When writing a literary essay, keep in

mind the following writing strategies:

§ Start by creating the plot diagram§ Fill in the plot diagram with characters,

setting, conflict, climax, and resolution

§ Begin structuring the story using the

seven-sentence story technique§ Revise the story by adding details through

adjectives/adverbs, figurative language,

and dialogue§ Go back and edit for conventions§ Rewrite final essay in test booklet

Your turn! Write a literary essay about achieving goals. Be sure that your story is focused and complete and that it has an interesting plot and engaging characters.