Developing a Research Plan

• Develop a research plan which includes:

–Purpose

–Audience

–Tone

Purpose• What do you want to accomplish?• Dual purpose:

– Discover information for yourself– Share new information with an audience

• Create a synthesis of information – a bringing together of the pieces of

information you uncover into a whole.

Audience

• Write for the audience who will read your paper.• Who is your audience?• What is your audience looking for?

– Information– Better understanding of the topic– Going beyond what they already know

• Don’t forget to interest your audience.– Look for surprising details or an unusual twist to old

information.

Tone

• Serious – not stuffy• Think of yourself as an authority who wants to

communicate to others.• Sound objective• DO NOT USE FIRST-PERSON PRONOUNS IN

FORMAL RESEARCH

IMeMy

NO!

• DO NOT USE FIRST-PERSON PRONOUNS IN FORMAL RESEARCH

NO!! NO!!!

I

Me

My

Developing Research Questions

• Generate research questions by brainstorming or by using the following questions:

Who

What

When

WhereWhy How

Getting an OverviewResearch begins with an overview of

your topic.

You may want to start with an encyclopedia article or two to gain basic knowledge about your topic.

Remember to explore both print and nonprint sources in your library and community.

Sources of Information

Source What To Look For

Card catalog or on-line catalog Books, recordings, audiotapes, and videotapes (Print and audiovisual listings are in separate catalogs in some libraries)

Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature or an on-line index

Magazine and journal articles, indexed by subject and author

Indexes to newspapers, essays, and articles

Articles from major newspapers, such as The New York Times; possibly local newspapers (Newspapers are frequently on microfilm).

Sources of InformationSpecialized Reference Books Encyclopedias of special subjects,

such as the Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian; almanacs; atlases; biographical references like Current Biography.

Vertical file Pamphlets and clippings, often on subjects of local interest, arranged by subject.

Microfilm or microfiche Indexes to major newspapers, back issues of some newspapers and magazines

Sources of Information

Colleges, historical societies, museums

Libraries, exhibits, experts, special collections, records

Local, state, and federal offices Statistics, politicians’ voting records, recent or pending legislation, surveys, reports, pamphlets, experts

Newspaper Offices Clippings, files on local events and history (Call to see if research is permitted

Evaluating Sources of Information

• You can tell whether a source will be useful or not by applying the “4R” test.

Relevant

RecentReliable

Representative

Relevant

• The source must contain information directly related to your topic.

Recent• Always use sources that are as current as

possible.

• Even for a topic that doesn’t rely on data

and experiments, you should read the most

recent publications about it because they

will often show you which older sources of

information are still important.

Reliable

The source must be accurate.

If in doubt about a source, consult:A librarian An expertLook for the authors most

quoted on the topic or listed in the

bibliographies of other sources.

Representative• If there are two

opposing viewpoints on your topic, you need to look at sources with information and opinions on both sides of the issue.

•As a researcher, you must examine and

present all relevant information, even if you

finally draw a conclusion that one side’s

position is stronger.

Using Primary and Secondary Sources

• A primary source is firsthand, original information.

May be:LetterSpeechLiterary workEyewitness testimonyPersonal remembranceAutobiographyHistorical documentInformation gathered from firsthand interviews Surveys

Using Primary and Secondary Sources

• A secondary source contains secondhand or indirect information, but that does not mean such sources are unimportant.

Secondary Sources:

Encyclopedia entriesExpert’s opinionMagazine articleBiography

Listing Sources of Information

• In the Works Cited list at the end of your report, you will provide full information about every source you used

• Always carefully record information about

sources

•– in a very precise format.

as you use them.

Source Cards (10)

• 3” x 5” cards are – Easy to handle– Easy to add to– Easy to sort into alphabetical order for the

Works Cited list– Time saving at the end of the paper when you

must type the Works Cited list.

1

Smith, Michael. Monkeys. New

York: Wesson, 1999.

WMHS839.5 Sm

Guidelines for Source Cards

• Number your sources.– To save time during note taking, assign a

number to each source. Then you can write the number, rather than author and title, when you are taking notes.

Guidelines for Source Cards• Record all publishing information.

– Take down everything you might need:• Title and subtitle• Editor or translator• Volume number• Original publication year• Revised edition year

• You may end up with more than you need, but you won’t have to backtrack for a tiny piece of missing information.

Guidelines for Source Cards

• Note the call number or location.– This information will save you time if you must

go back to a source later.

485.26

Sm

Sample Source Card

#

Author: Last Name, First Name. Title (underlined). City:

Publisher, Date.

Call

Number

• Create a list of questions to guide your research

• Gain a quick overview of your topic from general reference sources

• Find specific information sources in the library or community

• Use the “4R” test to evaluate the sources• Record all publishing information about

your sources on index cards

Prewriting

Taking Notes

• The diligent search for specific information is often the major part of a research project.

•The time you spend finding the facts, examples, opinions, and quotations you need to produce a strong and convincing report will be time well spent – provided you take good notes.

Taking Notes

• Careful note taking is vital to a good paper.• Take notes thoughtfully, but sparingly – you

can’t write down everything.• Referring to your research questions will keep

you focused on needed information.• Use 3” x 5” or 4” x 6” cards so that you have

ample space but can also easily sort information later.

• You’ll take two main kinds of notes:– Summaries or paraphrases– Direct quotations

Summaries

A summary is a very brief statement,

in your own words,

of a source’s main ideas.

Paraphrases

• A paraphrase is a restatement that retains more details.

• Often you’ll want to note important details

such as names, places, dates, and

statistics; they’re necessary and effective in

a good report.

Summaries and Paraphrases

• For note-taking purposes, summaries and paraphrases don’t have to be written in complete sentences.

•You save space and time by using abbreviations, phrases, lists, and sentence fragments.

Direct Quotations

• Use a direct quotation only when an idea is particularly well phrased or intriguing, or when you want to be sure of technical accuracy.

• When writing write down a direct quotation, copy each word and punctuation mark carefully.

• Always enclose direct quotes in quotation marks on your note card (even if you expect to paraphrase them later) so that when you write your report, you’ll remember that these words are the author’s, not your own.

CITE CITE

CITE

Guidelines for Note Cards

• Use a separate note card for each source and for each main idea.

– If a card has information from two sources or unconnected items, you will have trouble sorting and grouping the notes later.

Guidelines for Note Cards

• Write the source number in the upper right-hand corner and the page numbers(s) at the bottom of the note.– Both numbers are essential for correct

documentation. – The number you have assigned to the source is your

key to all publication data on the source card.– And if you use the note’s information, you will have to

supply the page number(s) in your paper.

Guidelines for Note Cards• Write a label showing the main idea at the

top of the card.– The labels will let you see content at a glance– Number the note card by the source card

number

GANGS IN OLIVER TWIST 4

Guidelines for Note Cards

• Reread the note to make sure you understand it.

– Abbreviations and other shortcuts are fine, but be sure you can “translate” them.

– Check for clarity now - not later, when you’re trying to draft.

Writing a Thesis Statement

• Your thesis statement is a sentence or two telling the main idea of your paper.

• Writing a thesis statement is an act of synthesis, reviewing and pulling together all your information to say what the paper is about.

• A thesis statement guides you as you write by helping you focus on information that should directly support or develop the thesis.

• A thesis statement at the beginning of your writing is preliminary: It may change as you draft and revise the paper.

Making an Outline

• Note cards actually help accomplish your main tasks of grouping and ordering.

• The labels on your note cards allow you to sort notes into stacks by main ideas.

• You can go through each stack, deciding which ideas to use or set aside, whether “substacks” are possible, and what order will present the information clearly.

• Cards make arranging and rearranging information easier.

I.

A.

1.

a.

i.

Making an Outline

• It also helps to make an outline on paper so that you have an overview of your writing plan.

• You can make an informal outline for planning; but after your paper is complete, you must make a final outline.

• This final formal outline must follow the standard outline format.

Formal Outline Formal Outline contains the final content of the report

Title The title of the report, sometimes on a separate page, can be interesting but should also communicate the topic.

Introduction The introduction captures the reader’s attention and curiosity.

Thesis Statement A statement of the main idea appears early in the report, usually in the introduction. Its wording may not be the same as the preliminary thesis statement.

Body The body paragraphs develop the main ideas supporting the thesis statement.

Conclusion The conclusion brings the paper to a convincing end, usually by restating or summarizing the main idea.

Works Cited List This list appears on a separate page (or pages) at the end of the report. It provides complete publication information for each source in the report.

Guidelines for Using Quotations

Quote one or more whole sentences, introducing them in your own words:

EXAMPLE: Chief Lyons commented, “But America got it from the Indians. America got the ideas of democracy and freedom and peace here.”

Guidelines for Using Quotations

Quote part of a sentence within a sentence of your own.

EXAMPLE: Bruce E. Johansen explains

that the Great Law spelled out a

“complex system of checks and

balances” (Forgotten 24).

Guidelines for Using Quotations

Quote only a few words (or even just one word) within a sentence of your own.

EXAMPLE: These historians do not believe

the writers of the Constitution

tried to “copy” the Great Law

(Johansen, Letter).

Guidelines for Using Quotations

Use ellipsis points (three spaced periods) to show you’ve omitted words from a quotation. You may want to alter a quotation to shorten it or make it fit grammatically into your text. If so, you must use ellipsis points for words deleted within a sentence or for any deletion that makes a partial sentence from the source appear to be a complete sentence.

EXAMPLE: Johansen explains that “The

retention of internal sovereignty

within the individual

colonies…closely resembled

the Iroquoian system”

(Forgotten 71-72).

Guidelines for Using Quotations

Set off longer quotations as “blocks.” For quotations of four lines or more, start a new line, indent the entire quotation ten spaces from the left margin, continue to double-space

Documenting Sources

• Do credit the source of each quotation (unless it’s very widely known, such as George Bush’s “Read my lips”).

• Do credit the source of information from scientific studies, surveys, and polls and other sources of unique or little-known information. (Doing so also lends credibility to sources of information unfamiliar to your audience. You want your audience to accept the information you present.)

Documenting Sources

• Do credit any original theory, opinion, or conclusion. You must not present another person’s ideas as your own, even if you are paraphrasing them (That’s plagiarism).

• Don’t credit facts that appear in standard reference works or several sources. For example, the names of the nations in the Iroquois League are given in most encyclopedias and do not need documentation.

Documenting Sources

• Don’t credit common, or general, knowledge. For example, you don’t have to document the fact that oil spills damage the environment or that Washington, D.C., does not have Congressional representatives.

DO NOT PLAGIARIZE – that means a zero!!!

• If you use someone else’s words or ideas without giving proper credit, you’re guilty of

plagiarism. • Plagiarism is a serious offense and you will fail this

paper and receive all the consequences that go with plagiarizing.

• Be scrupulous about crediting not only direct quotations but also restatements of the original ideas of others. Don’t use another person’s phrases or exact sentence structure unless you enclose the material in quotation marks.

• When in doubt about plagiarism, give credit.

Parenthetical Citations

• The purpose of a parenthetical citation is to give the reader just enough information to find the full source listing on the Works Cited page.

• Often the author’s last name and the page numbers are all that is needed, but here are some exceptions to the rule.

These examples assume that the author or work has not been named in introducing the source information.

Works by one author – Author’s last name and a page reference

(Farb 97)

Works by more than one author – All author’s last names (or first author and et al. if over three) and a page reference

(Richter and Merrill 78)

(Spencer et al. 384)

Multivolume works – Author’s last name plus volume and page(s)

(Prucha 2: 115-116)

Works with a title only – Full title (if short) or a shortened version and a page reference

(World Almanac 394)

(“Iroquois League” 5)

Literary works published in many editions – author and title above, but with other identifying information, such as act, scene, and line numbers

(Shakespeare, Tempest III. 2. 51-52)

Indirect sources – Qtd. In (“quoted in”) before the source and a page reference

(qtd. in Newman 17)

More than one work – citations, with page numbers, separated by semicolons

(Bjorklunc 57; Moquin 20)

These examples assume that the author or work has not been named in introducing the source information.

Placement of Citations

• Put the citation close to the information it documents, but try not to interrupt sentences. Place it at the end of a sentence or at another point of punctuation.

Placement of Citations• Place the citation before the punctuation mark of

the sentence, clause, or phrase you’re documenting.

• EXAMPLE: The League was a strong

confederation of nations that

were related by language

and culture but had a history

of being separate and

quarrelsome (Jennings 362-63).

Placement of Citations

• For a direct quotation that ends a sentence, place the citation after the quotation mark but before the end punctuation mark.

• EXAMPLE: The Onondagas were the

“firekeepers” (Johansen 24).

Placement of Citations

• For an indented quotation, place the citation two spaces after the final punctuation mark.

• EXAMPLE: …Iroquois Confederacy as

were many of the

democratic principles

which were incorporated

into the Constitution itself.

(United States)

Listing Works Cited

• The list of Works Cited contains all the sources that you cite in your paper.

• Works Cited is a broader term than Bibliography, which refers only to printed information.

• Don’t include in the list sources that you looked at but did not refer to.

• Center the heading Works Cited on a separate page from your report.

• Begin each entry on a separate line. Start the first line of the entry at the left margin. Then indent the second and subsequent lines five spaces. Single space entries and use double-spacing between entries.

• Alphabetize the sources by the authors’ last names. If a source has no author, alphabetize it by the first word of the title, ignoring an initial A, An, or The.

• If you list two or more sources by the same author, put the author’s name only in the first entry. For subsequent entries, put three hyphens where the author’s name would be, followed by a period (---.).

Sample Entries for List of Works Cited

• These sample entries, which use MLA style, are a reference for preparing your Works Cited list. Notice that you include page numbers only for articles in periodicals or for other works that are part of a whole work, such as one essay in a book of essays.

Sample Entries for List of Works Cited

• ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLESmith, Whitney. “Great Seal of the United

States.” Encyclopedia Amaericana. 1990 ed.

“Iroquois League.” New Encyclopedia Britannica: Micropedia. 1990 ed.

• ARTICLE IN A BIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE BOOK

Amacher, Richard E. “Benjamin Franklin.” Dictionary of Literary Biography. Ed. Emory Elliott. Vol. 24. Detroit: Gale, 1984. 125-47.

BOOKS – Use shortened forms of publishers’ names. For the words University and Press use U and P.

• ONE AUTHOR

Graymont, Barbara. The Iroquois in the American Revolution. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1972.

• TWO AUTHORS

Deloria, Vine, Jr., and Clifford M. Lytle. The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian Sovereinty. New York: Pantheon, 1984.

• THREE AUTHORS

Gosnell, Cullen B., Lane W. Lancaster, and Robert S. Rankin. Fundamentals of American Government: National, State, and Local. New York: McGraw, 1957.

FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS

Spencer, Robert F., et al. The Native Americans. New York: Harper, 1977.

• NO AUTHOR SHOWN

Report on Indian Education. Washington: American Indian Policy Review Commission, Task Force Five, 1976.

• EDITOR OF A COLLECTION OF WRITINGS

Tooker, Elisabeth, ed. An Iroquois Sourcebook: Political and Social Organization. New York: Garland, 1985.

• TWO OR THREE EDITORS

Foster, Michael, Jack Campisi, and Marianne Mithun, eds. Extending the Rafters: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Iroquoian Studies. Albany: State U of New York P, 1984.

• TRANSLATOR

Chateaubriand, Francois Rene de. Travels in America. Richard Switzer. Lexington: U of Kentucky P, 1969.

Selections Within Books

• FROM A BOOK OF WORKS BY ONE AUTHOR

Wilson, Edmund. “The Seneca Republic.” Apologies to the Iroquois. New york: Vintage, 1959. 169-97.

• FROM A BOOK OF WORKS BY SEVERAL AUTHORS

Hallowell, A. Irving. “The Backwash of the Frontier: The Impact of the American Indian on American Culture.” The Frontier in Perspective. Ed. Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1967. 231-58.

• FROM A COLLECTION OF LONGER WORKS (NOVELS, PLAYS)

Duberman, Martin. The Colonial Dudes. The Best Short Plays 1973. Ed. Stanley Richards. Radnor: Chilton, 1973, 291-317.

(The Colonial Dudes is a play included in The Best Short Plays 1973.)

Articles from Magazines, Newspapers, and Journals

• FROM A WEEKLY MAGAZINE

Adler, Jerry. “The Genius of the People.” Newsweek 25 May 1987: 46-47.

• FROM A MONTHLY OR QUARTERLY MAGAZINE

Zobel, Hiller B. “How History Made the Constitution.” American Heritage Mar. 1988: 54+.

(The + sign means the article isn’t on consecutive pages.)

• NO AUTHOR SHOWN

“Revenge of the Senecas.” Time 2 July 1990: 27.

• FROM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL

Day, Gordon M. “Iroquois: An Etymology.” Ethnohistory 16 (1968): 389-402.

• FROM A DAILY NEWSPAPER, WITH A BYLINE (LINE IDENTIFYING THE WRITER)

Grimes, William. “The Indian Museum’s Last Stand.” New York Times 27 Nov. 1988, sec. 6: 46+

• FROM A DAILY NEWSPAPER, WITHOUT A BYLINE

“Iroquois Constitution: A Forerunner to Colonists’ Democratic Principles.” New York Times 28 June 1987, sec 1:40.

• UNSIGNED EDITORIAL FROM A DAILY NEWSPAPER, NO CITY IN PAPER’S TITLE

“Supreme Injustice.” Editorial. Star-Ledger (Neward, NJ) 6 Oct. 1991: 17.

OTHER SOURCES

• PERSONAL INTERVIEW

Whitecrow,Gloria. Personal interview. 15 Aug. 1991.

• TELEPHONE INTERVIEW

Hauptman, Laurence M. Telephone interview. 5 Oct. 1991.

• PUBLISHED INTERVIEW WITH TITLE

Johnson, Elias. K “Origin of the Five Nations.” Cry of the Thunderbird: The American Indian’s Own Story. Ed. Charles Hamilton. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1972

• RADIO OR TELEVISION INTERVIEW WITH TITLE

Lyons, Oren. Oren Lyons: The Faithkeeper. By Bill Moyers. Public Affairs Television. WNET, Newark. 3 July 1991.

• UNPUBLISHED LETTER

Franklin, Benjamin. Letter to Court de Bouffon. 19 Nov. 1787. Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington.

• UNPUBLISHED THESIS OR DISSERTATION

Richards, Cara E. “The Role of Iroquois Women: A Study of the Onondaga Reservation.” Diss. Cornell U, 1957.

• CARTOON

Wilson, Gahan. Cartoon. Gahan Wilson’s America. New ork: Simon and Schuster, 1985. 32.

• SPEECH OR LECTURE

Prucha, Francis Paul. “The Indians in American Society: Self-Determination.” Thomas I. Gasson Lecture. Boston College, 13 Mar. 1985.

• RECORDING

Sainte-Marie, Buffy. “Native North American Child.” Native North American Child: An Odyssey. Vanguard, VSD 29340, 1974.

• FILM, FILMSTRIP, OR VIDEOTAPE

Drums Along the Mohawk. Dir. John Ford. With Claudette Cobert, Henry Fonda, Edna May Oliver, and John Carradine. Twentieth Century Fox, 1939.

(The title, director, distributor, and year are standard information. You may add other information, such as performers.)

• TELEVISION OR RADIO PROGRAM

Benjamin Franklin Alive. With Bill Meikle. PBS. WGBH, Boston. 19 Sept. 1988.

• A web site• Author(s). Name of Page. Date of Posting/Revision. Name of

institution/organization affiliated with the site. Date of Access <electronic address>.

• It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and information available at one date may no longer be available later. Be sure to include the complete address for the site. Also, note the use of angled brackets around the electronic address; MLA requires them for clarity.

• Web site examples• Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide

to Literary Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue University. 15 Nov. 2000 <http://omni.cc.purdue.edu%7Efelluga/theory2.html>. Purdue Online Writing Lab. 2003. Purdue University. 10 Feb. 2003 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu>.

• An article on a web site• It is necessary to list your date of access

because web postings are often updated, and information available at one date may no longer be available later. Be sure to include the complete address for the site. Also, note the use of angled brackets around the electronic address; MLA requires them for clarity.

• Author(s)."Article Title." Name of web site. Date of posting/revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with site. Date of access <electronic address>.

• Article on a web site• Poland, Dave. "The Hot Button." Roughcut. 26

Oct. 1998. Turner Network Television. 28 Oct. 1998 <http://www.roughcut.com>.

• "Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format." Purdue Online Writing Lab. 2003. Purdue University. 6 Feb. 2003 <http://owl.english.purdue.eduhandouts/research/r_mla.html>.

• An article in an online journal or magazine• Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal

Volume. Issue (Year): Pages/Paragraphs. Date of Access <electronic address>.

• Some electronic journals and magazines provide paragraph or page numbers; include them if available. This format is also appropriate to online magazines; as with a print version, you should provide a complete publication date rather than volume and issue number.

• Online journal article• Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease

Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases 6.6 (2000): 33 pars. 5 Dec. 2000 <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no6/wheelis.htm>.

• An Online Image or Series of Images• Artist if available. "Description or title of

image." Date of image. Online image. Title of larger site. Date of download. <electronic address>.

• Smith, Greg. "Rhesus Monkeys in the Zoo." No date. Online image. Monkey Picture Gallery. 3 May 2003. <http://monkeys.online.org/rhesus.jpg>.

• E-mail (or other personal communications)• Author. "Title of the message (if any)" E-mail to

person's name. Date of the message. • This same format may be used for personal

interviews or personal letters. These do not have titles, and the description should be appropriate. Instead of "Email to John Smith," you would have "Personal interview."

• E-mail to you• Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." E-mail to the author. 15 Nov. 2000.

• Email communication between two parties, not including the author

• Neyhart, David. "Re: Online Tutoring." E-mail to Joe Barbato. 1 Dec. 2000.

• A listserv posting• Author. "Title of Posting."

Online posting. Date when material was posted (for example: 18 Mar. 1998). Name of listserv. Date of access <electronic address for retrieval>.

• Online Posting• Karper, Erin. "Welcome!"

Online posting. 23 Oct. 2000. Professional Writing Bulletin Board. 12 Nov. 2000 <http://linnell.english.purdue.edu/ubb/Forum2/HTML/000001.html>.

• An article or publication retrieved from an electronic database• If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in

print form but that you retrieved from an online database that your library subscribes to, you should provide enough information so that the reader can locate the article either in its original print form or retrieve it from the online database (if they have access).

• Provide the following information in your citation:• Author's name (if not available, use the article title as the first part of

the citation)• Article Title• Publication Name• Publication Date• Page Number/Range• Database Name• Service Name

• Name of the library where service was accessed• Name of the town/city where service was accessed• Date of Access• URL of the service (but not the whole URL for the article, since

those are very long and won't be able to be re-used by someone trying to retrieve the information)

• The generic citation form would look like this:• Author. "Title of Article." Publication Name Volume Number (if

necessary) Publication Date: page number-page number. Database name. Service name. Library Name, City, State. Date of access <electronic address of the database>.

• Here's an example:

• Smith, Martin. "World Domination for Dummies." Journal of Despotry Feb. 2000: 66-72. Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale Group Databases. Purdue University Libraries, West Lafayette, IN. 19 February 2003 <http://www.infotrac.galegroup.com>.

• Article in a reference database on CD-ROM

• "World War II." Encarta. CD-ROM. Seattle: Microsoft, 1999.

• Article from a periodically published database on CD-ROM

• Reed, William. "Whites and the Entertainment Industry." Tennessee Tribune 25 Dec. 1996: 28. Ethnic NewsWatch. CD-ROM. Data Technologies. Feb. 1997.

• Does a thesis statement appear early in the report?• Is the report developed with sufficient sources that are

relevant, reliable, recent, and representative?• Is the report clear, interesting, and suitable for its

audience?• Is the tone of the report appropriate?• Are ideas and information stated mainly in the writer’s

own words?• Does all the information relate directly to the topic and

thesis?• Has proper credit been given for each source of

information?• Does documentation follow the MLA style?

Evaluating and Revising Research Reports

• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html#other

• Elements of Writing.