wright gts2005
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(c) Lloyd Wright, GTZ Senior AdvisorTRANSCRIPT
Sustainable urban transport
Lloyd Wright
Lloyd Wright, GTZ Senior Advisor
The transport paradox
“Transport is unique as the
only development sector that
worsens as incomes rise.
While sanitation, health,
education and employment
tend to improve through
economic development,
traffic congestion tends to
worsen.”
Lloyd Wright
What type of city do we want?
Alex MacLean Lloyd Wright
Car-free area in Tokyo (Japan)Parking lots in central Houston (USA)
Land use and transport decisions say much about what type of city we want
GTZ’s Sustainable Urban Transport Project
GTZ’s SUTP web pagewww.sutp.org
GTZ’s Sustainable Transport Sourcebook
Part I: The trendsVehicle ownership and usage
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Milli
ons
of p
asse
nger
ve
hicl
es Non-OECDOECD
Source: IEA/SMP, 2004
Today, there are 982 million motorised vehicles in the world.
By 2050, there will be 2.6 billion.
The race is on towards motorisation
Air contaminantsSeven of the world’s ten most polluted cities are in Asia:
BangkokBeijingDelhi
JakartaKatmandu
ManilaMumbai
Swiss Contact
Source: WRI/WHO
Residents risk lung infections, heart disease, and premature death
Obesity and health in Asia
The WHO estimates that Asian countries are about 1 decade between North America in terms of obesity
Study of Beijing residents
32% suffer from coronary heart disease, hypertension, or obesity
47% rarely or never undertook exercise
18% of secondary school students qualify as “obese”
Source: Beijing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
Induced traffic
Expanding roadways to accommodate traffic is a bit like combatting obesity by buying larger pants
Jakarta: Budget priorities
Swiss Contact
From 1990 through 1998 the city of Jakarta directed 88% of its urban transport budget to roads even though only 12% of the
population had access to private motorised vehicles.
Source: Cervero, 2002
Bangkok developed an extensive roadway network, but road construction could not keep up with demand. Road building is
an expensive way of dealing with travel demand.
Karl Fjellstrom
Density and urban form
Amount of land required for the same population size
Source: Sievert 1997, p. 25
Efficient use of urban space
The amount of space required to transport the 60 persons by different modes
Developing-city footpaths
Mexico City Johannesburg Bangkok
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Buenos AiresLloyd Wright Lloyd Wright Lloyd Wright
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Michael King
Bucharest Jaipur VientianeKuala Lumpur
Pedestrian conditions
Karl Fjellstrom
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Obstructed footbridges
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Motorcycles driving on footpaths Lack of crossings
Part II. Sustainable solutions
All of these successes featured an integrated and packaged approach:
1. High-quality public transport2. Improved conditions for walking and bicycling
3. Effective integration of modes4. Supportive land-use policies
5. Car-restriction measures
Bogotá
Curitiba
Copenhagen
Freiburg
Portland
Seoul
Singapore
Bus Rapid Transit
Bus Rapid TransitUS$ 0.5 - 10 million / km
TramsUS$ 5 – 15 million / km
Light railUS$ 12 – 30 million / km
Urban railUS$ 25 – 50 million / km
MetroUS$ 50 million – 320 million / km
Lloyd Wright
BRT is an attempt to achieve a metro-level of transit quality using
bus technology
Systems at the same cost
How much transit does Bt 43 billion
(US$ 1 billion) buy?
426 kilometres of BRT
14 kilometres of elevated rail (BTS) 7 kilometres of subway (MRTA)
Bus rapid transit (BRT)
Kangming Xu
Taipei, Taiwan Beijing, China Nagoya, Japan
Seoul, South Korea Rouen, France Brisbane, Australia
Bogota, Colombia
Bogotá’s TransMilenio BRT system provides high-
quality transit in a mega-city
TransMilenio SA
A single corridor on TransMilenio moves over 42,000 passengers per
hour per direction
Jakarta, Indonesia
ITDP
ITDP
Initial corridor of 12.9 km completed in
January 2004
Other corridors under construction
Bangkok’s BRT vision
What do customers want?
Low costRapid journeyConvenienceComfortFrequent serviceSafety SecurityCustomer servicePublic transport should be
designed around the customer and not around a technology
Quality public space
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Loose chairs, benches, pavement tiles, signage, water, art, lighting, and vegetation
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High-quality pedestrian infrastructure
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Osaka’s Dotomburi Singapore’s Boat Quay
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Hong KongTokyo’s Shinjuku
Covered walkways / grade-separated walkways
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Bicycle infrastructure
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Cycle ways, parking facilities, signage, dedicated traffic signals
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High-technology bicycle taxisThe zero emission option for public transport
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Berlin Nagoya New York
Tokyo
ITDPVelo Taxi
Paris Tokyo Agra
Reclaiming public space1
Cities that have destroyed roadways San Francisco
Milwaukee
New York
Portland
Toronto
Seoul
Seoul, South Korea
Before AfterSDI SDI
Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon restoration project
Part III. Conclusions
Lloyd Wright
Transport is not a technical problem,
It is not an infrastructure problem
It is not even a financial problem,
Most often, it is a political problem.
Paying for mistakesCities in OECD nations are often spending large amounts of money to
achieve what most Asian cities already have:
Higher mode shares of walking, bicycling, and/or public transport
Lloyd Wright
“And the end of all our exploring, Will be to arrive where we started,And know the place for the first time” - TS Eliot, Poet
Divergent pathsMany developing Asian cities are trying to replicate what OECD
nations are trying to correct:
Rampant motorisation and expensive road networks
“Experience is the ability to recognise a mistake when you make it again”
Leadership
World’s best systems were developed with
high levels of political support
With strong political will, anything is
possible
Enrique PenalosaFormer mayor of Bogota
Jaime LernerFormer mayor of Curitiba
Lee Myung-bakMayor of Seoul
