worldwide brt systems: applicability of brt systems in turkey

W ld id BRT S A li biliWorldwide BRT Systems Applicability of BRT Systems in Turkey

Dario Hidalgo, PhDDirector Research and Practice

EMBARQ, The World Resources Institute Center forSustainable Transport

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION 2011Kocaeli, Turkey, April 6-8 2011

Growing cities increased congestion, pollution, accidents, and reduced physical activity

Sao Paulo, Brasil

Problems

Possible Trajectories

Problems

Global Footprint

If everyone in the world lived like an average North American we wouldaverage North American, we would need five planets to live on…

Source: WWF, Living Planet Report, 2006

Cars and Light Duty Vehicles per Thousand Population

Not all the countriesreach the same levelof auto ownership

Source: Lee Schipper, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, 2009

Sustainable Transport Paradigm

Avoid Shift Improve

Reduce need to travel and TechnologiesReduce need to travel and number and length of the

trips

Use more efficient transport modes

Technologies, operations and management

• Dense and mixed land useW lki Biki

• Efficient vehicles, alternative clean

• Travel demand management

• Information and communications technologies

• Walking, Biking

• Transit and cool fuels

• Improved efficiencyy

See: Dalkmann and Sakamoto Transport in the GreenSee: Dalkmann and Sakamoto, Transport in the Green Economy Report, UNEP, 2011http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/GER_10_Transport.pdf

World Trend in Advanced CitiesAdvanced Cities

Pedestrian and BicyclesPublic TransportationTransit Oriented Development Disincentives to CarDisincentives to Car UseCleaner and Cooler Fuels and Vehicles

http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/images/sidewalks/ps_rendering01.JPG

1. Non motorised transport CARRERA 15, BOGOTAPhotos: IDUPhotos: IDU

ALAMEDA EL PORVENIR, BOGOTAPhotos: FPPQQ

2. Disincentives to indiscriminate car useC ti h iCongestion charging: Singapore, London, Sweden, SantiagoAdministrative measuresAdministrative measures (plate restrictions)Parking controlsTaxes (fuel property)Taxes (fuel, property)Citizens’ culture

London

Bogota Sunday Ciclovía

Bogota, no car day

Bogota, Sunday Ciclovía

3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)Local scale:

Nodes around stationsJoint development: residental + commercial + education + entertainmentDense Housing (3-4 floors) withDense Housing (3 4 floors) with generous public space

Helsinki Photo J. Kenworthy

Vancouver ZurichPhoto J. KenworthyPhoto J. Kenworthy

3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)

Urban and regional scale: General principles

Copenhagen map

Limits to urban expansion and generation of protected areas (zones that cannot be developed - ecological structure)structure)Obligatory consistency between local detailed plans and transport planProvision of public space in every new p p ydevelopment and renovationOccupation indexes favorable to public transport useI i d b f d lIncentives and bonuses for development of desired uses (instruments)Obligation to balance growth of employment and housingemployment and housing

3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)3 a s t o e ted de e op e t ( O )

Source: IPUCC Curitiba, Brazil

3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)Curitiba BrazilCuritiba, Brazil

Source: http://www.curitiba-parana.com/arquitetura-urbanismo.htm

4. Bus Systems

4. Bus Systems

High qualityUser orientedFastReliableLow cost

Leeds, UK

Sao PauloCuritiba Sao PauloCuritiba

BRT key components

Centralized

Stations with prepayment and level access

Centralized control

Distinctive and level accessimage

Exclusive bus lanes

Large buses with gmultiple doors

16

BRT key components

CentralizedCentralized control

Distinctive

Stations with prepayment and level access

image

and level access

Large buses with multiple doors

Exclusive bus lanes

multiple doors

17

Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors

100

125

20

25

Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang ‐ChinaJaipur ‐ India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata ‐ Indonesia



13

1716

75

100

15

20 Bangkok ‐ Thailand; East London Transit ‐ UKJoão Pessoa ‐ Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga ‐ ColombiaEstado México ‐México; Lima ‐ Perú; Brampton ‐ Canada

Bangkok ‐ Thailand; East London Transit ‐ UKJoão Pessoa ‐ Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga ‐ ColombiaEstado México ‐México; Lima ‐ Perú; Brampton ‐ Canada

Bangkok ‐ Thailand; East London Transit ‐ UKJoão Pessoa ‐ Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga ‐ ColombiaEstado México ‐México; Lima ‐ Perú; Brampton ‐ Canada

878 8 8

13

5010

Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles MetrorapidBogotá TransMilenio

Los Angeles MetrorapidBogotá TransMilenio

Los Angeles Metrorapid

1 12

1 1 1 12

1 121 1

5

1 12

54

7

255

CuritibaCuritibaCuritiba

1 1 10

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

00

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

About 120 cities with BRT or bus corridors 4,335 km - 6,683 stations – 30,000 buses

114

, , ,26.8 million passengers per weekday

14

3

13

91

1116

5

1

131

411

51 11

4

16

1

2

1

1

11

1

1

830 km 6 km

Source: CTS Brasil EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database January 2011Source: CTS Brasil, EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

Curitiba, RIT, 72 km median busways2.3 million pax/dayInitial Corridor 1972

Curitiba – 35 years with a coordinated land use and transport plan with a BRT backboneand transport plan with a BRT backbone

Fuente: Arq. Antonio Juarez Nakamura, Presentación en IV Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura – Universidad Piloto de Colombia, Bogotá, Agosto de 2002

Amzaing Results in Urban Form in Externalities

Fuente: http://www.curitiba-parana.com/arquitetura-urbanismo.htm

Curitiba new BRT Corridor (2009-2010)Linha Verde “Now”

Rodovia BR116 “Before”Photo: URBS

Linha Verde NowPhoto: CTS Brasil

Linha Verde “Future”Image: URBSg

Quito, Metrobús-Q, 37 Km median busways, 440,000 pax/day

Initial corridor in 1995

Bogotá, TransMilenio, 84 Km median busways, 1,7 million pax/dayInitial Corridor 2000

Pho

toIT

DP

Bogotá TransMilenioEje Ambiental Avenida Jiménez

Expressway LanesExpressway LanesTransMilenio, Bogota

Main mode of transport 1998-2009co

m; Total Public

Transport

?” w

ww

.elti

empo

.c pTraditional Public TransportTransMilenio

tá ¿

Cóm

oV

amos

? TransMilenioBRTS

Private (Car,

esta

Anu

al“B

ogot Private (Car,

Two Wheeler)

Active

Fuen

tes:

Enc

ue

Transport (Walking, Bicycle)

Fatalities in Bogotá Over TimeFatalities in Bogotá Over Time

14001299

11651106

1200

1400

11061014

923

788

1171

800

1000

698 665

551511

564600

4001995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Source: Anuario Estadístico Ministerio de Transporte ColombiaSource: Anuario Estadístico, Ministerio de Transporte, Colombia

Fatalities Reduced (Baseline vs. Project)Av. Caracas BRT Corridor, TransMilenio, BogotáAv. Caracas BRT Corridor, TransMilenio, Bogotá

62 6060

70

60

47

40

50

60

es

38

29

23

30

40

Fata

lidad

e

18 18

10 96

14

26

25

1 3 14

10

20

2 2 1 3 101996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020

Total Corredor Asociadas a TransMilenioTendencia con Proyecto Tendencia Sin ProyectoTendencia con Proyecto Tendencia Sin Proyecto

Data: TRANSMILENIO S.A.

Sao Paulo, 104 Km median busways + preferential buslanes, 5,761,000 pax/day

Initial busways 1980, Reconstructed in 2003

León de Guanajuato, México, Optibús, 31 Km median busways (60% segregated)

Initial corridor 2003

México City, Metrobús, 66 Km median busways, 570,000 pax/day

Initial Corridor 2005

Pereira, Colombia, Megabús, 27 Km Busways, 155,000 pax/day

Initial Operation in 2006

Pereira, Colombiae e a, Co o b a

Photos courtesy of Megabus, P i C l biPereira, Colombia

Guayaquil, Ecuador, Metrovía,

16 Km Busways, 96,000 pax/day

Initial Corridor 2006

Photos by D. Hidalgo

Santiago, Chile, 19 Km busways + 63 Km of road improvements, Integrated Network for 5 Million Trips/day


Pesu

la)

Sapf

an(J

an P

Pho

to: S

Guatemala City, February 2007

Met

roca

liP

hoto

: M

Cali, Colombia 27 Km busways130,000 pax/day


Macrobús, Guadalajara, México

Rapid growth of BRT Systems and Bus C id i 2010 i ll i d l i itiCorridors in 2010, specially in developing cities

16 cities started operations in 2010 (13% growth)China (4), Indonesia (3), Colombia (2), India, Thailand, Brazil, México, Perú, UK, Canada

21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2 047 buses21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2,047 buses

1.4 million passengers per weekday (5% growth)

7 cities expanded corridors in 2010 125 km7 cities expanded corridors in 2010, 125 km49 new cities with corridors under construction16 iti di th i id16 cities expanding their corridors31 new cities in planning stages

Guahazhou BRT, China

•Opened February 10, 2010•22.5 km dedicated busway•26 stations (prepayment, level boarding – some buses passing lane up tobuses, passing lane, up to six platforms)•Peak supply: 340 buses/hr/direction•40 routes (in and out the system, no transfers)•Peak demand: 26,900 passengers/hr/direction•Daily demand: 800,000 pax/per weekday

Photo by Benjamin

Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/guangzhou.aspx#p g g g p

Hefei BRT, China• Operations started 18 Jan 2010

• 2 Corridors• 2 Corridors• 12.7 km busway (15 km total)

• 14 stations14 stations• Peak supply: 60 buses/hr

• Commerical Speed 16 pkm/h

• Fleet: 65 buses (estimated, conventionalbuses 12 m)

• Ridership: 65,250 pax/day (estimated)

Photo: Karl Fjlestrom, ITDPSource: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/hefei.aspx#

Yancheng BRT, Chinag ,

• Operations startedMay 1 2010May 1, 2010

• 1 corridor• 8 km dedicated

busway (15 km total)busway (15 km total)• 21 stations• 20 BRT buses (12 m)• 30 feeder buses• Estimated ridership

20,000 pax/day

Photos and Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/yancheng.aspx#

Zaozhuang BRT, China

•Started Operations August1 2010 (Commercial1, 2010 (Commercialoperation September 1, 2010)

•1 Corridor 33 km•1 Corridor, 33 km•24 stations•2 terminals•20 buses (estimated)•27 buses/hour•700 pax/hour/direction•20,000 pax/day•30 km/h commercial speed

Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/zaozhuang.aspx#

Jaipur Bus, Jaipur, India• Operations started 31 July 2010• Route reorganization• Route reorganization• 10 routes• 352 line-km• 497 bus stops• 497 bus stops• 200 buses • 150,000 pax/day

•Busway•Busway• Length 7.1 km • 10 stations• 20 buses• 20 buses• 2,000 pax/day

• Busways plan 42 km

Photos: http://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69Info: EMBARQ India and http://www.jaipurbus.com/route_map.html

Bangkok BRT, ThailandBangkok BRT, Thailand

• Free operations startedMay 15, 2010y

• Commercial operationsstarted September 1, 2010

• 15.9 km median busway(Sathorn-Ratchaphruek)(Sathorn-Ratchaphruek)

• 12 stations• 20 buses, conventionalhigh floor, 1 wide door

• Peak ridership 1,000 pax/hr• Peak buses 14/hour• Daily ridership 10,000 pax/daypax/day

• Fare 10 baht (USD 0.33)Photo and information source: http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/bangkok-brt.htmlAdditional source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/bangkok.aspx#

East London Transit, UKFebruary 2010. Two Routes (EL1, EL2)12 buses per hour47 min trip timepApproximate 20 Km, 40 stops, About 18 buses, 9,000 pax/day

http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/2123.aspx

http://www.flickr.com/photos/wirewiping/4382063978/sizes/m/in/photostream/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Transit

Corredor de Ônibus de João Pessoa, Brasil

•Started operations in 20102010

•1 corridor•2.5 km•5 stations5 stations•111 buses•100,000 passengers per weekdayy

htt // f t ti i b / i h ? 3&idhttp://www.afonteenoticia.com.br/pagina.php?pg=3&id_noticia=1278

Transmetro, Barranquilla, Colombia

• Opened 10 July 2010• 13.4 km dedicated busway13.4 km dedicated busway• 15 Stations (prepayment,

level boarding)• 1 intermediate station, • 1 terminal 32.7 km

auxiliary corridors (62 km planned)

• Buses:• 92 articulated (18m)• 85 large conventional (15m)• 107 conventional feeder (12m)

• Daily demandDaily demand• 32,000 pax (305,000 expected

when fully implemented) Photo via transmetro.gov.co

Sources: http://transmetro.gov.co/web2010/Ministry of Transport, Mass Transit Group, Oct 2010

Metrolínea Bucaramanga ColombiaMetrolínea, Bucaramanga, Colombia•Opened 21 December 2009•Commercial operation 22Commercial operation 22 January 2010•8.9 km trunk corridor•7.7 auxiliary corridors (25.2 km plan )km plan.)• 24 stations (level boarding, prepayment)•80.1 km feeder lines•Buses• 15 Articulated• 47 Large Conventional 15m

(203 plan.)(203 plan.)• 69 Conventional feeder (150

plan.)• Ridership: 75,000 pax/day

Photo: http://www.metrolinea.gov.co/

Source: Ministry of Transport, Mass Transit G O t 2010Group, Oct 2010

Mexibús, Estado México, MéxicoMexibús, Estado México, México

• Initial operation Nov 30, 20102010

• 16 km exclusive busway(Ciudad Azteca-Tecamac)

• 21 stations• 3 terminals• 130,000 pax/day

(expected)• Proyected expansions

201121 k (L h í L• 21 km (Lechería-Las Américas)

• 14 km (Chinalhucán-Pantitlán)

Photo: http://transeunte.org/tag/mexibus/

Source: http://transporteinformativo.com/pasaje/inicia-operaciones-mexibus-con-63-autobuses-articulados-volvo

Metropolitano, Lima, Perup , ,

• Initial Operation, May 2010• First high capacity bus• First high capacity bus

system with CNG only• 27 km busways, 80% with

overtaking at stationsg• 35 stations, one large

central underground station, two terminals

• 308 articulated buses• 319 feeder buses• 82,000 pax/day south

ti (854 000 /dsection (854,000 pax/day expected)

• 21 km/hour commercial speed

Photo: Protransporte, Lima, May 2010

Source: Menckhoff, G., Ochoa, C., Ardila, A. “El Metropolitanode Lima: Implementación y Primeros Resultados de un Nuevo speed Sistema BRT” CLATPU, Octubre 2010

Züm Brampton Ontario CanadaZüm, Brampton, Ontario, Canada•Operations StartedSeptember 20, 2010September 20, 2010

•28.5 km busway•17 stations•25 buses, low floor, 25 m25 buses, low floor, 25 m• Two additional corridorsplanned for 2011-2012

Sources: http://www brampton ca/en/residents/transit/zum/Pages/welcome aspx

Photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brampton_Zum_1074b.JPG

http://www.brampton.ca/en/residents/transit/zum/Pages/welcome.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCm

Systems expansions 2010Systems expansions 2010Name City Expansion (growth)Transjakarta Jakarta Indonesia +48 km (34%)Transjakarta Jakarta, Indonesia +48 km (34%)BRT Teheran Teheran, Iran +21km (31%)Janmarg Ahmedabad, India +20 km (105%)Select Bus New York City +14 km (121%)Xiamen BRT Xiamen, China +11 km (28%)Hangzhou BRT Hangzhou China +6 km (46%)Hangzhou BRT Hangzhou, China +6 km (46%)Optibús León, México +5 km (19%)

125 km 3% increase over existing km in 2009 Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

http://www.embarq.org/en/modernizing-public-transportation

Varied throughput(2009)

Commercial speed (2009)

Capital Cost(2009)

What Went WrongCommon problemsWhat Went Wrong• Rushed implementation

• Very tight financial planning• Very tight financial planning

• Very high occupancy levels

• Early deterioration of infrastructure

• Issues with technological components

• Insufficient user education

Filename/RPS Number

Latin American Association of Integrated Bus Systems and

BRT AgenciesBRT Agencies

BRT: Lessons for TurkeyBRT: Lessons for Turkey

Good performanceGood performance High capacityL tLow costRapid implementationHigh positive impact

Travel time, emissions, accidentsTravel time, emissions, accidents

BRT is a feature or an aspiration of most cities

¡Muchas Gracias!

Volvo Research andVolvo Research and Educational Foundations

Cities with the most used BRT/Bus Corridors Networks 2010Networks 2010

Name Corridors Km Pax/day Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 10 301.3 6,843,664 p , , , ,Rede Integrada de Transporte, Curitiba, Brazil 6 72.0 2,260,000 TransMilenio, Bogota, Colombia 7 84.0 1,700,000 Busways, Taipei, China Taiwan 10 30.3 1,680,000 Tehran BRT, Iran 5 91.0 1,440,000 Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Porto Alegre, Brazil 10 57.2 1,170,000 Guangzhou BRT, China 1 22.5 800,000 Optibus, Leon, Mexico 4 31.0 700,000 Metrobus, Istanbul, Turkey 2 43.0 700,000 Metrobus, Mexico City, Mexico 2 66.0 570,000

d lMetrorapid, Los Angeles, USA 21 390.2 464,600 Metrobus‐Q, Quito, Ecuador 3 42.2 440,000 Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

2 23.7 435,000 Brazil

Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011Dark color strong segregation, stations with prepayment

Cities with the Longest BRT/Bus Corridors Networks 2010Networks 2010

Name Corridors KmMetrorapid, Los Angeles, California 21 390.2Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 10 301.3SmartBus, Melbourne, Australia 4 233.0MIO, Cali, Colombia 6 179.0Trans Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia 10 172.2LINK, Phoenix, USA 4 128.0Metrobus, Monterrey, Mexico 3 101.0T h BRT I 5 91 0Tehran BRT, Iran 5 91.0Trans Hulonthanlangi, Indonesia 3 90.0Trans Jogja, Indonesia 3 90.0TransMilenio Bogota Colombia 7 84 0TransMilenio, Bogota, Colombia 7 84.0TransMetro, Pekanbaru, Indonesia 2 74.0Rede Integrada de Transporte, Curitiba, Brazil 6 72.0

Dark color strong segregation stations with prepaymentSource: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

Dark color strong segregation, stations with prepayment

Region Country 49 Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors under Construction Dec 2010Africa(3)

Ghana (1) Accra (Ghana),

South Africa (2) Cape Town, Nelson Mandela Bay( )

Asia(12)

India (6) Surat, Indore, Bhopal, Vishakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Rajkot

Jordan (1) Amman

Korea, Republic (1) Changwon

Turkey (1) Kocaeli (Izmit)

Europe(23)

France (20) Annenasse, Antibes-Sophia Antipolis, Cannes, La Rochelle, Lille, Lyon, Metz, Nancy, Nice, Nimes, Perpignan, Rennes, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Etienne, Saint-Nazaire, Saint-Pierre-de la-Reunion, Sait-Paul-de-la-Reunion, Toulouse Tours ValenciennesToulouse, Tours, Valenciennes

Italy (1) Bologna,

UK (2) Cambridge, Leigh-Salford-Manchester

Latin Argentina (1) Buenos AiresLatin America and the Caribbean(10)

Argentina (1)

Colombia (3) Cartagena, Medellín, Soacha

México (1) Monterrey

Panamá (1) Panamá City

Paraguay (1) Asunción

Perú (1) Arequipa

Puerto Rico (1) San Juan

Venezuela (1) Barquisimeto

USA and Canada (9)

USA (9) Albany (NY), Austin (TX), Berkeley (CA), Fort Collins (CO), Grand Rapids (MI), Roaring Forks Valley (CO), San Bernardino (CA), San Francisco (CA), Seattle (WA)


Region Country 16 Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors under ExpansionDecember 2010

Africa (1) South Africa (1) JohannesburgAsia(4)

India (3) Ahmedabad, Jaipur, PuneIran (1) Teheran

Latin Brasil (5) Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Recife, SalvadorAmerica and the Caribbean(10)

( ) gColombia (2) Bogotá, CaliGuatemala (1) Guatemala CityMéxico (2) León, México City( ) , y

USA and Canada (1)

USA (1) New York City (NY)

Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

Region Country 31 Cities Planning BRT/Bus CorridorsDecember 2010

Africa(11)

Ethiopia (1) Addis AbebaKenia (1) NairobiSouth Africa (7) Tshwane (Pretoria), Bloemfontein, Durban (eThekwini),

E L d Ek h l i P l k R bEast London, Ekurhuleni, Polokwane, RustemburgTanzania (1) Dar es SalaamUganda (1) Kampala

Asia(4)

China (5) Shanghai, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Wuxi, Xi'anMongolia (1) Ulan Bator

Europe (2) UK (2) Bath-Sommerset, GlasgowLatin America and the Caribbean

Brasil (3) Fortaleza, Rio de Janeiro, UberlandiaColombia (1) CúcutaEcuador (1) Cuenca

(12) El Salvador (1) San SalvadorMéxico (6) Chihuahua, Chimalhuacan, Guadalajara, Mexicali,

Oaxaca, TijuanaOceania Australia Brisbane (expansion)USA and Canada (2)

USA (2) Chicago, IL; Santa Clara, CA


worldwide brt systems: applicability of brt systems in turkey

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