world religions hinduism buddhism confucianism legalism daoism judaism christianity islam

90
WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Upload: eustace-lamb

Post on 25-Dec-2015

234 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

WORLD RELIGIONS

HinduismBuddhismConfucianismLegalismDaoismJudaismChristianityIslam

Page 2: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Religions of

South Asia

Religions of

South Asia

Page 3: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Religion in the Subcontinent

Religion in the Subcontinent

Page 4: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Hinduism

Page 5: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

What is Hinduism? • One of the oldest religions

– About 1500 B.C.E. – Began in India

• Gave birth to Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism

• Tolerance and diversity– "Truth is one, paths are many“– “There is only one God, but endless are his

aspects and endless are his names”– “We are not human beings having spiritual

experiences;We are spiritual beings having a human experience!”

Page 6: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

What do Hindus believe?• Hinduism has no formal theology that

defines God• It is henotheistic (acknowledging many but

worshiping only one)• Brahman—One impersonal Ultimate Reality

– Manifest as many personal deities

• Atman—The soul, Brahma trapped in matter • Samsara—Reincarnation – atman is

continually born into this world lifetime after lifetime

• Karma—Spiritual impurity due to actions keeps us bound to this world (good and bad)

• Moksha—Ultimate goal of life – to release Atman and reunite with the divine, becoming as one with Brahman

• Vedas—Truth: myths, rituals, chants

Page 7: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Major gods of the Hindu Pantheon

Brahma, the creator god

Vishnu, the preserver god

Shiva, god of constructive destruction(the transformer)

Page 8: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

What are the spiritualpractices of Hinduism?• Yoga—seeking union with the divine:• Guru—a spiritual teacher, especially

helpful for Jnana and Raja yoga• Bhakti Yoga—worship, seeking union

with the divine through loving devotion to manifest deities

•In the home (household shrines)•In the temples (priests officiate)

Page 9: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

How does Hinduism direct

life in this world?• Respect for all life – vegetarian• Human life as supreme:

– Four “stations” of life (Caste) - priests & teachers, nobles & warriors, merchant class, servant class

– Four stages of life – student, householder, retired, wandering philosopher

– Four duties of life – pleasure, success, social responsibilities, religious responsibilities (moksha)

Page 10: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Buddhism

Page 11: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

The essence of Buddhism

The essence of Buddhism

The “middle way of The “middle way of wisdom and wisdom and compassion.”compassion.”

The 3 jewels of The 3 jewels of Buddhism:Buddhism:

BuddhaBuddha, the teacher., the teacher. DharmaDharma, the , the

teachings.teachings. SanghaSangha, the , the

communitycommunity..

Page 12: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE)

Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE) Born as prince in NE India Born as prince in NE India

(Nepal)(Nepal) At 29 rejected luxurious At 29 rejected luxurious

life to seek enlightenmentlife to seek enlightenmentand source of sufferingand source of suffering

Lived a strict, ascetic Lived a strict, ascetic life for 6 yrslife for 6 yrs

Rejecting this extreme, sat in Rejecting this extreme, sat in meditation and found meditation and found nirvananirvana

Became Became “The Enlightened “The Enlightened One,”One,” at 35 at 35

Page 14: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths1.1. There is suffering in the world. There is suffering in the world.

To live is to suffer. To live is to suffer.

2.2. The cause of suffering is self-The cause of suffering is self-centered desire and centered desire and attachments.attachments.

3.3. The solution is to eliminate The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments.desire and attachments.

4.4. To reach nirvana, one must To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold Path.follow the Eightfold Path.

Page 18: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Types of BuddhismTypes of

Buddhism Therevada Therevada BuddhismBuddhismThe oldest school of Buddhism.The oldest school of Buddhism.Found in southern Asia.Found in southern Asia.Focus on wisdom and meditation.Focus on wisdom and meditation.Goal: is to become a Goal: is to become a “Buddha“Buddha,” or ,” or “Enlightened One.”“Enlightened One.”

Mahayana Mahayana BuddhismBuddhismFounded in northern Asia (China, Japan).Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan).Buddhism “for the masses.”Buddhism “for the masses.”GoalGoal: Not just individual escape from the : Not just individual escape from the wheel, but the salvation of all humanity wheel, but the salvation of all humanity through self-sacrifice of those enlightened through self-sacrifice of those enlightened few.few.

Page 19: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Types of BuddhismTypes of

Buddhism Zen BuddhismZen BuddhismSeeks sudden enlightenment through Seeks sudden enlightenment through meditation, arriving at emptinessmeditation, arriving at emptinessUse of meditation mastersUse of meditation mastersBeauty, art, and aesthetics, such as gardens & Beauty, art, and aesthetics, such as gardens & calligraphycalligraphy

Tibetan BuddhismTibetan BuddhismDeveloped in Tibet in the 7c CE.Developed in Tibet in the 7c CE.A mix of Theravada and MahayanaA mix of Theravada and MahayanaInclude Lamas, like the Include Lamas, like the Dalai LamaDalai Lama

Page 21: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Both

Reincarnation

Cyclical view of history

Belief in a state of enlightenment (Hindu

moksha, Buddhist nirvana)

Caste system The Middle Way (Eightfold Path)

Four Noble Truths

Hinduismonly

Buddhismonly

Page 22: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Confucianism

Page 23: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

* 551 – 479 B.C.E.

* Born in the feudal state of Liu

* Became a teacher and editor of books

Page 24: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Li --> Rite, rules, ritual decorum (Binding force of an enduring stable society)

Ren --> humaneness, benevolence, humanity

Shu --> Reciprocity, empathy

Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you.

Yi --> Righteousness

Xiao --> Filial Piety (Respect your elders!)

Page 25: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

1. Ruler

Subject

2. Father

Son

3. Husband

Wife

4. Older Brother

YoungerBrother

5. Older Friend

YoungerFriend

* Status

* Age

* Gender

Page 26: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam
Page 27: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

* The single most important Confucian work.

*Knowing what he knows and knowing what he doesn’t know, are characteristics of

the person who knows.

*Making a mistake and not correcting it, is making another mistake.

*The superior man blames himself; the inferior man blames others.

*To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.

Page 28: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

* The emperor is the example of proper behavior --> “big daddy”

* Social relationships are based on “rites” or “rituals”

* Even religious rituals are important for SOCIAL, not religious reasons

Page 29: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

INDIA 1. Brahmin

CHINA 1. Scholar-

Gentry 2. Kshatriyas

2. Peasants 3. Vaishyas

4. Shudras

3. Artisans 4.

Merchants Untouchab

les Domestic

Slaves

Page 30: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Legalism

Page 31: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

* 280? - 233 B.C.E.

* Late Warring States period

* Legalism became political philosophy of Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty

Page 32: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

1. Human nature is naturally selfish.

2. Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged.

3. Law is the supreme authority and replaces morality.

4. The ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand.

5. War is the means of strengthening a ruler’s power.

Page 33: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

One who favors the principle that individuals should obey a powerful authority rather than exercise individual freedom.

Page 34: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Daoism

Page 35: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

*604 B.C.E. - ?

* His name means “Old Master”

* Was he Confucius’ teacher?

Page 36: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

1. Dao [Tao] is the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that flows through all life.

2. A believer’s goal is to become one with Dao; one with nature.

3. Wu wei --> “Let nature take its course.” --> “The art of doing nothing.” --> “Go with the flow!”

4. Man is unhappy because he lives according to man-made laws, customs & traditions that are contrary to the ways of nature.

Page 37: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

1. Rejecting formal knowledge and learning.

2. Relying on the senses and instincts.

3. Discovering the nature and “rhythm” of the universe.

4. Ignoring political and social laws.

To escape the “social, political, & cultural traps” of life, one must escape by:

Page 38: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

* Masculine

* Active

* Light

* Warmth

* Strong

* Heaven; Sun

* Feminine

* Passive

* Darkness

* Cold

* Weak

* Earth; Moon

Page 39: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

How is a man to live in a world dominated by chaos, suffering, and absurdity??

Confucianism --> Moral order in society

Legalism --> Rule by harsh law & order

Daoism --> Freedom for individuals and less government to avoid uniformity and conformity

Page 40: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Judaism

Page 41: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

JudaismMonotheistic, believing in one true God

Omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent Unity and singularity of God as He is revealed though Torah

Sh’ma–cornerstone of all Jewish belief.Deuteronomy 6:4 – “Hear, O Israel: The Lord

our God, the Lord is one.”Israelites believed they were God’s “chosen people.” They believed that God would lead them to “promised land.”

5

Page 42: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

JudaismBorn in grace, live in grace, and die in grace

Sin is not a fact of birth, it is a matter of choice

Olam Ha-Ba: “The World to Come” Messiah will reign Jewish temple will be rebuilt Nation of Israel will be fully restored World order of justice and compassion.

Page 43: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Teachings on Law and Morality

Jewish prophets, or spiritual leaders, preached code of ethics, or moral standards of behaviorTorah—laws that addressed all aspects of life, from cleanliness and food preparation to criminal mattersTen Commandments

5

Page 44: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Significant Jewish “Holy” Days

Shabbat – Sabbath–day of rest Friday sundown through Saturday sundown

Prohibited: work, travel, commerceYom Kippur –"Day of Atonement"

Atone for sins of past year – sins between man and GodOn Yom Kippur, judgments of God are entered into “the books” and then sealed

Rosh Hashanah –New Year, plan better life and begin introspection Passover –commemorate Israelites’ escape from Egypt

Personal journey from slavery to freedom

Page 45: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Christianity

Page 46: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

EARLY CHRISTIANITY

• Roots– Judaism– Teachings of John the Baptist, Jesus, and

apostles

• Earliest converts were Jews who did not think they were breaking away from Hebrew Law– Early Christians wished to be considered

Jews • Jewish religion officially recognized by Roman

government and its adherents had certain privileges

Page 47: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

BELIEFS

• Based on belief that Jesus is the Christ/Messiah, the son of God– One of Trinity

• God the Father, Son, Holy Spirit– Teachings

• In Gospels • 12 disciples

– Death at 33• By believing in Jesus, his followers will

go to Heaven at their death• Bible is Word of God• Holy days—Christmas & Easter

Page 48: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam
Page 49: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam
Page 50: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam
Page 51: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Islam

An Abrahamic Religion

Islam

An Abrahamic ReligionStrict monotheists

Believe:

Allah, the Judeo-Christian God

The Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God

Peoples of the BookPeoples of the Book

Page 52: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy

ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR

IsaacIsaac

EsauEsauJacobJacob

12 Tribes of Israel

12 Tribes of Israel

Ishmael

Ishmael

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Arabian Tribes

Page 53: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

The Prophetic Tradition

The Prophetic TraditionAdam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

Page 54: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

The Origins of the Qur’anThe Origins of the Qur’an

Muhammad received first revelation from angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.

622 Hijrah Muhammed fled Mecca for Medina.

* The beginning of the Muslim calendar

Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.

Page 55: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

The Qur’anThe Qur’an

Muslims believe it contains word of God

114 suras (chapters).

In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Written in Arabic.

Page 56: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam
Page 57: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada

11

The testimony

The declaration of faith:There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

Page 58: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying

Face Mecca and use prayer rug

Page 59: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The call to prayer by muezzin in minaret

Pray in mosque on Friday

Page 60: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat

33

Almsgiving (charitable donations)

Muslims believe that all things belong to God

Zakat means both “purification” and “growth”

About 2.5% of your income

Page 61: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm

44

Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan

Considered a method of self- purification

No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan

Page 62: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

The pilgrimage to Mecca

Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year

Page 63: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

Those who complete pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name

Page 64: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

The Dar al-Islam

The Dar al-Islam

11 22 33 44 55

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

Page 65: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship

Page 66: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven

Page 67: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Up to four wives allowed at once

No alcohol or pork

No gambling

Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living

Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem

Page 68: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Essential Question:Essential Question:

Why was Islam able to spread so

quickly and convert so many

to the new religion?

Page 69: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam

Easy to learn and practice

No priesthood

Teaches equality

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes

Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes

Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”)

Page 70: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Muslims in the WorldToday

Muslims in the WorldToday

Page 71: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00

06. Iran 62,000,000

2. Pakistan 134,000,000

7. Egypt 59,000,000

3. India 121,000,000

8. Nigeria 53,000,000

4. Bangladesh

114,000,000

9. Algeria 31,000,000

5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000

* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

Page 72: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Stemmed from political differences

Dates back to death of Muhammad

Who should lead Muslim nation?

Page 73: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Sunni Muslims

Leader should be elected from among those capable of the job

This is what was done

"Sunni" in Arabic comes from word meaning "one who follows the traditions of the Prophet"

Page 74: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Split in Islam—Sunni & ShiaShia Muslims

Leader from Prophet's family

Appointed by him, or among Imams appointed by God Himself

Leadership should have passed to his cousin/son-in-law, Ali

Follow line of Imams appointed by Muhammad or God Himself

"Shia" in Arabic means supportive group

Page 75: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Other differences touch all detailed aspects of religious life: prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, etc.

Page 76: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Sunni Muslims believe there is no basis in Islam for hereditary privileged class of spiritual leaders

Believe no basis for veneration or intercession of saints

Believe leadership is not birthright, but a trust that is earned

May be given or taken away by people themselves

Page 77: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Shia Muslims believe that Imam is sinless by nature

His authority is infallible as it comes directly from God

Often venerate Imams as saints and perform pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines hoping for divine intercession

Page 78: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Split in Islam—Sunni & Shia

Page 79: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

From Umayyad to Abbasid EmpiresARAB ISLAMI

C

Page 80: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam
Page 81: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Rise of Abbasid Party• The party traced its descent from Muhammad’s

uncle, al-Abbas. • Al-Abbas’ great great grandson, Abu al-Abbas

led his forces against Umayyads• His allies were

– Shi’a– Mawali (Islamic converts) to gain acceptance in

community of believers

• Captured Umayyad capital in Syria• At “Reconciliation Banquet” al-Abbas

slaughtered remaining Umayyad family

Page 82: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Early Abbasid Era• Began to reject Shi’a and Malawi allies…and

defended Sunni Islam • Built centralized, absolutist imperial order• New capital: Baghdad “The Round City” (2km in

diameter) on Tigris River– Baghdad became richest city in the world (only

Constantinople came close)

• Had palace with jeweled thrones and harems– Image of elitism was important

• For more than a century, able to collect revenue and preserve law over much of empire

Page 83: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Islamic Conversion

• Mass conversions to Islam were encouraged throughout empire

• Most converts were won over peacefully because of appeal of Islamic beliefs and advantages they enjoyed:

- didn’t have to pay head tax

- educational opportunities

- jobs as traders, administrators, judges

Page 84: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Town & Country: Commercial Boom and

Agrarian Expansion• Abbasid Era was a great time of urban expansion and growth of merchant and landlord classes.

• Tang & Song Dynasties in China were also reviving middle merchant class. (results of falls of Rome/Han)

• Arab DHOWS - trading vessels with triangular (lateen) sails were used from Mediterranean to South China Sea – Later influenced European ship design

Page 85: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Town & Country: Commercial Boom and Agrarian Expansion,

cont..• Muslim merchants formed joint ventures with Christian and Jewish traders – Each merchant had different Sabbath so they

could work 7 days a week

• Merchants grew rich supplying cities with goods throughout the empire

• Much wealth went to charity (required by Qur’an) – Hospitals and medical care of Abbasid Empire

surpassed those of any other civilization of that time

Page 86: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Town & Country: Commercial Boom and Agrarian Expansion,

cont..• Much unskilled labor was left to slaves

• Some slaves were able rise to positions of power and gain freedom

• Huge estates might have slaves, indentured servants or sharecroppers

Page 87: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

The First Flowering of Islamic Learning

• Early contributions from Abbasid were great mosques and palaces. Ex: Dome of the Rock

• Advances in religious, legal and philosophical discourse

• Science and Math! – preserved Greek works of medicine, algebra, geometry,

astronomy, anatomy, and ethics

• Arabic traders in India carried Indian number system across Mediterranean and into Northern Europe – What’s the impact?

Page 88: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Global Connections: Early Islam & the World

• Abbasid Empire was “go-between” for ancient civilizations of Eastern Hemisphere– Role grew as Arab trade networks expanded

• Islam pioneered patterns of organization and thinking that would affect human societies in major ways for centuries

• 5 Centuries = Spread of Islam played dominant role in the Afro-Eurasian World

Page 89: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Global Connections: Early Islam & the World…

cont.• In the midst of achievement, Muslims had some growing disadvantages, especially to Europeans

• Muslim divisions would leave openings for political problems

Growing intolerance and orthodoxy led to the belief that the vast Islamic world contained all requirements for civilized life, which caused Muslim people to grow less receptive to outside influence and innovations…led to isolation at a time when Christian rivals were in a period of experimentation and exploration

Page 90: WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity Islam

WORLD RELIGIONS

HinduismBuddhismConfucianismLegalismDaoismJudaismChristianityIslam