Before 1820s: Before 1820s: Preindustrial Guild SystemPreindustrial Guild System

• Centered around families Centered around families and work from homeand work from home

• Most people never ventured Most people never ventured far from the villagesfar from the villages

• Links to medieval feudal Links to medieval feudal timestimes

• Domestic systemDomestic system -- system -- system whereby work was done in whereby work was done in the home by independent the home by independent laborers. laborers.

• Example -- wool bought from Example -- wool bought from sheep farmers and given to sheep farmers and given to women working at home. women working at home. The women would spin it into The women would spin it into yarn. The yarn would be yarn. The yarn would be taken by the merchant to a taken by the merchant to a weaver (working at his weaver (working at his home) who would then home) who would then weave cloth.weave cloth.

Why England?Why England?• Enclosure lawsEnclosure laws -- squeezed the small farmers -- squeezed the small farmers

out. Many of these peasants went to the cities out. Many of these peasants went to the cities looking for work. looking for work.

• Swelling cities produced a ready made base of Swelling cities produced a ready made base of potential workerspotential workers

• Money -- from an aristocracy untouched by the Money -- from an aristocracy untouched by the problems of the French Revolution and heavily problems of the French Revolution and heavily invested in trade with America and Indiainvested in trade with America and India

• Coal and iron -- two materials necessary for Coal and iron -- two materials necessary for industrialization -- in easy reach in Britain, industrialization -- in easy reach in Britain, especially in the Lancashire District (around especially in the Lancashire District (around Liverpool and Manchester)Liverpool and Manchester)

• Ready supply of wool and cotton for the textile Ready supply of wool and cotton for the textile mills -- wool from Britain and Ireland -- cotton mills -- wool from Britain and Ireland -- cotton from American South and Egyptfrom American South and Egypt

The Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Cotton is KingCotton is King• 1793 -- Eli 1793 -- Eli

Whitney invents Whitney invents the cotton gin -- the cotton gin -- soon American soon American cotton exports will cotton exports will be measured not be measured not by the pound, but by the pound, but rather by the tonrather by the ton

• Southern Cotton Southern Cotton (and the slavery (and the slavery needed to needed to produce it) will be produce it) will be a key element to a key element to Britain’s Britain’s industrializationindustrialization

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

CapitalismCapitalism• Based on factories and production -- looks to make Based on factories and production -- looks to make

money for those in charge, not the workers -- money for those in charge, not the workers -- workers become simply part of the machineworkers become simply part of the machine

• Bourgeoisie -- begins to develop a social Bourgeoisie -- begins to develop a social consciousness -- the class sees itself as in charge consciousness -- the class sees itself as in charge of the countryof the country

• Economic personification of classical liberal Economic personification of classical liberal governmental philosophygovernmental philosophy

• Laissez-faire economicsLaissez-faire economics -- "hands off" -- no -- "hands off" -- no government intervention -- laws of supply and government intervention -- laws of supply and demand will drive economic cyclesdemand will drive economic cycles

• "invisible hand""invisible hand" -- idea proposed by Adam Smith -- idea proposed by Adam Smith that competition and free markets will hold prices that competition and free markets will hold prices down and drive the economydown and drive the economy

• In an age of economic growth -- shouldn't the In an age of economic growth -- shouldn't the people causing the growth have all the power and people causing the growth have all the power and say?say?

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

The ProletariatThe Proletariat• Working conditions were terrible in the new factories. Working conditions were terrible in the new factories.

Workers often worked long shifts 7 days a week Workers often worked long shifts 7 days a week • No labor laws at the time -- very dangerous and unsanitary No labor laws at the time -- very dangerous and unsanitary

conditionsconditions• Living conditions -- slums -- workers living like animals -- Living conditions -- slums -- workers living like animals --

crowded into dirty sections of the city -- malnourished and crowded into dirty sections of the city -- malnourished and pitifulpitiful

• Businessmen felt that it was their job to make as much Businessmen felt that it was their job to make as much money for themselves and save expensesmoney for themselves and save expenses

• Workers didn't matterWorkers didn't matter -- (story from -- (story from the Junglethe Jungle in class) in class)• Some political and philosophical leaders felt that society Some political and philosophical leaders felt that society

itself must accept responsibility for the workersitself must accept responsibility for the workers• Problem -- although the working class lived in misery, their Problem -- although the working class lived in misery, their

numbers were constantly expanding, not only from more numbers were constantly expanding, not only from more people moving to the cities, but also from the agricultural people moving to the cities, but also from the agricultural revolutionrevolution

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Factory Workers at Home

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”

When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.

There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.

Charles DickensCharles Dickens• Pacifist SocialistPacifist Socialist

• Wanted bourgeoisie to work with Wanted bourgeoisie to work with proletariat to improve living conditionsproletariat to improve living conditions

• A Christmas Carol – A Christmas Carol – – hard on Scrooge -- symbol of capitalismhard on Scrooge -- symbol of capitalism– Bob Cratchit – symbol of the working classBob Cratchit – symbol of the working class– Other characters – symbols of the lower Other characters – symbols of the lower

working classworking class– Ghosts : represent the socialist reformers Ghosts : represent the socialist reformers

(different ghosts bring different warnings – (different ghosts bring different warnings – from pacifist ones to death itself)from pacifist ones to death itself)

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].

Karl MarxKarl Marx• Combined with Combined with

Fredrich Engles to Fredrich Engles to write the write the “Communist “Communist Manifesto” and other Manifesto” and other works works

• Called for workers to Called for workers to unite against the unite against the Bourgeoisie and Bourgeoisie and take over societytake over society

• Revolutionary Revolutionary SocialismSocialism

Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto• history was the story of a constant struggle between the classeshistory was the story of a constant struggle between the classes• Marx saw no difference between French workers, German Marx saw no difference between French workers, German

workers and British workers -- runs counter to nationalismworkers and British workers -- runs counter to nationalism• Governmental systems were created to serve whatever class Governmental systems were created to serve whatever class

was in power – revolutions brought down the old systemswas in power – revolutions brought down the old systems– Absolutism -- Aristocracy -- French Revolution brought it downAbsolutism -- Aristocracy -- French Revolution brought it down– Capitalism -- BourgeoisieCapitalism -- Bourgeoisie– Socialism -- ProletariatSocialism -- Proletariat– Communism -- everyone equalCommunism -- everyone equal

• Marx saw a series of revolutions as part of the natural order of Marx saw a series of revolutions as part of the natural order of things. Europe, according to his model, was perched on the things. Europe, according to his model, was perched on the edge of another revolution, one that would bring Socialism and edge of another revolution, one that would bring Socialism and the workers to power.the workers to power.

• Eventually, socialism would EVOLVE into communism where Eventually, socialism would EVOLVE into communism where everyone was equaleveryone was equal

• Under communism -- no private property -- no government -- no Under communism -- no private property -- no government -- no class distinctions (has never been achieved)class distinctions (has never been achieved)

The Revolutions of 1848The Revolutions of 184804/09/23

35

Revolutions Revolutions of 1848-1849of 1848-1849

04/09/23

36

Revolution of 1848 in FranceRevolution of 1848 in France• February -- proclamation of Second RepublicFebruary -- proclamation of Second Republic

– Bourgeoisie lead revolution against Louis Phillipe Bourgeoisie lead revolution against Louis Phillipe and force him to abdicateand force him to abdicate

– Reforms promised under the new constitution – Reforms promised under the new constitution – and never delivered and the Workers sent into and never delivered and the Workers sent into camps to await reforms that will never comecamps to await reforms that will never come

• June DaysJune Days– Worker counter-revolution against the govt.Worker counter-revolution against the govt.– Brutally repressed by the governmentBrutally repressed by the government– Louis Napoleon comes to power as the champion Louis Napoleon comes to power as the champion

of the Conservatives (Bourgeoisie now fear a of the Conservatives (Bourgeoisie now fear a socialist revolution) socialist revolution)

• By 1852 – Louis Napoleon is declared Napoleon III By 1852 – Louis Napoleon is declared Napoleon III (with absolute power) and the French become an (with absolute power) and the French become an empire again. empire again.

• Revolution fails – Bourgeoisie will turn to nationalismRevolution fails – Bourgeoisie will turn to nationalism37

Revolutions in Germanic EuropeRevolutions in Germanic Europe• Revolution in Prussia (Berlin) -- Calls come for a united Germany Revolution in Prussia (Berlin) -- Calls come for a united Germany

under Bourgeois Leadershipunder Bourgeois Leadership• Grossdeutsch – large Germany to include Hapsburg empireGrossdeutsch – large Germany to include Hapsburg empire• Kleindeutsch – smaller Germany excludes itKleindeutsch – smaller Germany excludes it• Frankfurt Parliament (1848-1849)Frankfurt Parliament (1848-1849)

– Write an idealistic constitution unifying GermanyWrite an idealistic constitution unifying Germany– Arguments and time worked against themArguments and time worked against them

• Junkers (Nobility) – Want unification, but not a Constitutional Junkers (Nobility) – Want unification, but not a Constitutional MonarchyMonarchy

• Austria (Hapsburg Lands)Austria (Hapsburg Lands)– Multinational Empire (over 500 yrs old) in an age of Multinational Empire (over 500 yrs old) in an age of

nationalismnationalism– Hungarian nationalism fractures the Empire and shows Hungarian nationalism fractures the Empire and shows

cracks that will eventually tear the Hapsburg Empire apartcracks that will eventually tear the Hapsburg Empire apart– Declaration of Hungarian independence encourages Czechs, Declaration of Hungarian independence encourages Czechs,

Croatia, and Transylvania and others. Croatia, and Transylvania and others. – Revolution collapses when the Russians invade Hungary to Revolution collapses when the Russians invade Hungary to

help the Austrians (even though the two empires hated each help the Austrians (even though the two empires hated each other) put down the revolt. The Russians don’t want the other) put down the revolt. The Russians don’t want the revolution to spread.revolution to spread. 38

39

Roman Revolution of 1848Roman Revolution of 1848• Papal States and Pius IX – absolutely opposed to Papal States and Pius IX – absolutely opposed to

liberal reforms – He believes that the papacy is God’s liberal reforms – He believes that the papacy is God’s mouthpiecemouthpiece

• Uprisings in Sicily, Venice and Milan Uprisings in Sicily, Venice and Milan • Revolution in Rome to get rid of Pius IX – Pope flees Revolution in Rome to get rid of Pius IX – Pope flees

to the safety of a palace outside the cityto the safety of a palace outside the city• Garibaldi and Mazzini establish Roman republicGaribaldi and Mazzini establish Roman republic• Short Lived – Napoleon III will send French troops to Short Lived – Napoleon III will send French troops to

restore the poperestore the pope• Italy will be united by conservatives (Cavour) and by a Italy will be united by conservatives (Cavour) and by a

war against the Pope – this won’t occur for over war against the Pope – this won’t occur for over another decade (final unification in 1870)another decade (final unification in 1870)

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continentù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony

Industrialization By 1850

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Railroads on the Continent

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900