World HistoryWorld History

GHSGT ReviewGHSGT Review

SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the

Renaissance and Reformation.

►Renaissance Renaissance – means “rebirth”– means “rebirth” It was an era in which artists, It was an era in which artists,

architects, philosophers, political architects, philosophers, political thinkers, scientists, and even thinkers, scientists, and even theologians believed in reviving the theologians believed in reviving the classical ideas of ancient Greece and classical ideas of ancient Greece and Rome.Rome.

It was a rebirth of culture, thought It was a rebirth of culture, thought and civilizationand civilization

A. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli.

►The Renaissance put more emphasis on The Renaissance put more emphasis on the worth and potential of the individual.the worth and potential of the individual.

►Among all city-states, none rose to more Among all city-states, none rose to more prominence that prominence that Florence, Italy.Florence, Italy.

►Florence became the cultural Florence became the cultural

center of Italy and the center of Italy and the

Italian Renaissance.Italian Renaissance.

Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavelli was one of the was one of the most influential political theorists. most influential political theorists. He believed that a ruler should make He believed that a ruler should make decisions based on human nature and decisions based on human nature and what is best for the state.what is best for the state.

**His theory that rulers should act **His theory that rulers should act according to the needs of the state according to the needs of the state rather than religious principles of rather than religious principles of moralitymorality greatly influenced leaders.greatly influenced leaders.

B. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, the “Renaissance man,” and

Michelangelo. ► ““Renaissance ManRenaissance Man” – label given to people ” – label given to people

who can achieve great things in several areas who can achieve great things in several areas such as the arts, politics, philosophy, science, such as the arts, politics, philosophy, science, etc.etc.

► Leonardo da Vinci – Renaissance ManLeonardo da Vinci – Renaissance Man The range of da Vinci’s accomplishments was The range of da Vinci’s accomplishments was

astonishing, for he was an anatomist, astonishing, for he was an anatomist, engineer, mathematician, naturalist and engineer, mathematician, naturalist and philosopher, as well as a painter, sculptor and philosopher, as well as a painter, sculptor and architect. architect. His scientific studies—particularly in the fields of His scientific studies—particularly in the fields of

anatomy, optics, and hydraulics—anticipated many of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics—anticipated many of the developments of modern science. the developments of modern science.

Da Vinci is known for painting the Da Vinci is known for painting the Mona LisaMona Lisa and and The Last SupperThe Last Supper..

Michelangelo – Renaissance ManMichelangelo – Renaissance Man►"Italian sculptor, painter, architect "Italian sculptor, painter, architect

and poet. He was one of the founders and poet. He was one of the founders

of the High Renaissance of the High Renaissance ►Michelangelo is most rememberedMichelangelo is most remembered

for his sculpture of for his sculpture of David and painting the David and painting the Sistine Chapel.Sistine Chapel.

C. Explain the main characteristics of humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus.

►HumanismHumanism – this movement placed – this movement placed great value on the study of ancient great value on the study of ancient literary works.literary works.

►A A Humanist Humanist is someone who studied the is someone who studied the ancients in order to understand the ancients in order to understand the human condition and the mind of God.human condition and the mind of God.

►HumanismHumanism focused on grammar, poetry, focused on grammar, poetry, philosophy, history, ethics, and rhetoric.philosophy, history, ethics, and rhetoric.

Humanist ScholarsHumanist Scholars► PetrarchPetrarch is referred to as “the father of is referred to as “the father of

humanism.” Italian scholar, poet, and humanism.” Italian scholar, poet, and humanist, a major force in the development humanist, a major force in the development of the Renaissance.of the Renaissance.

►DanteDante wrote wrote Divine ComedyDivine Comedy . The greatest . The greatest Italian poet and one of the most important Italian poet and one of the most important writers of European literature. writers of European literature.

► ErasmusErasmus aimed to reform the Church. aimed to reform the Church. Considered to be the most important Considered to be the most important humanist scholar.humanist scholar.

D. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin. Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation – – A movement for A movement for

reform that led to the founding of new Christian reform that led to the founding of new Christian churches.churches.

Martin LutherMartin Luther • Set out to get Catholic leaders to change Set out to get Catholic leaders to change

their ways.their ways.• His actions ultimately led to the Protestant His actions ultimately led to the Protestant

Reformation.Reformation.• Nailed his 95 theses to the church door at Nailed his 95 theses to the church door at

Wittenberg. He believed that Christians are Wittenberg. He believed that Christians are saved by faith, and faith alone, and that no saved by faith, and faith alone, and that no amount of works (including the purchase of amount of works (including the purchase of indulgences) made any difference at all.indulgences) made any difference at all.

► **By paying an indulgence to the Church, people thought By paying an indulgence to the Church, people thought

they could win they could win salvationsalvation (get into heaven). (get into heaven).

Not M.L.K.!

That’s U.S. History!!

This Guy!

Martin Luther

►John CalvinJohn Calvin – – Put forth many arguments that came to Put forth many arguments that came to

define Protestant thought in define Protestant thought in Institutes of Institutes of the Christian Religionthe Christian Religion..

The book described working through The book described working through issues on organizing the church.issues on organizing the church.

Calvin believed that even before you were Calvin believed that even before you were born God had decided who was going to born God had decided who was going to heaven and who was not – it was heaven and who was not – it was predestinedpredestined..

E. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits. ► Counter ReformationCounter Reformation ( (sometimes called the sometimes called the

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation) – an attempt to reform the ) – an attempt to reform the Catholic Church while rejecting the Protestant Catholic Church while rejecting the Protestant Reformation. The Jesuits emerged from this movementReformation. The Jesuits emerged from this movement

► Council of TrentCouncil of Trent – Tried to strengthen the Catholic – Tried to strengthen the Catholic Church and encourage Protestants to return to the Church and encourage Protestants to return to the Catholic Church. Catholic Church. The Catholic Church that the Church’s interpretation The Catholic Church that the Church’s interpretation

of the Bible is finalof the Bible is final..

► JesuitsJesuits became great missionaries and believed that became great missionaries and believed that Christians should totally submit to the will of the Christians should totally submit to the will of the Church. They took Catholicism to many parts of the Church. They took Catholicism to many parts of the worldworld

PracticePractice1.1. The intellectual and cultural movement known as The intellectual and cultural movement known as

humanism arose from the study of humanism arose from the study of a)a) Medieval scholarshipMedieval scholarship

b)b) Original Christian writingsOriginal Christian writings

c)c) Classical Greek and Roman literature Classical Greek and Roman literature

d)d) The contributions of the Tang and Song dynastiesThe contributions of the Tang and Song dynasties

2.2. The Council of Trent agreed that The Council of Trent agreed that a)a) Christians need only faith for salvationChristians need only faith for salvation

b)b) The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is finalThe Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final

c)c) Priest cannot pardon sinners for committing sinsPriest cannot pardon sinners for committing sins

d)d) The Bible is the only authority for guiding Christian life.The Bible is the only authority for guiding Christian life.

AnswersAnswers1.1. The intellectual and cultural movement known as The intellectual and cultural movement known as

humanism arose from the study of humanism arose from the study of a)a) Medieval scholarshipMedieval scholarship

b)b) Original Christian writingsOriginal Christian writings

c)c) Classical Greek and Roman literatureClassical Greek and Roman literature d)d) The contributions of the Tang and Song dynastiesThe contributions of the Tang and Song dynasties

2.2. The Council of Trent agreed that The Council of Trent agreed that a)a) Christians need only faith for salvationChristians need only faith for salvation

b)b) The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is finalfinal

c)c) Priest cannot pardon sinners for committing sinsPriest cannot pardon sinners for committing sins

d)d) The Bible is the only authority for guiding Christian life.The Bible is the only authority for guiding Christian life.

F. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. ► English king English king Henry VIIIHenry VIII wanted to wanted to

divorce his wife because she “failed” to divorce his wife because she “failed” to produce a male heir. The pope refused produce a male heir. The pope refused to sanction the divorce. to sanction the divorce.

► Enraged, King Henry established the Enraged, King Henry established the Church of England in 1534, proclaiming Church of England in 1534, proclaiming it free from the influence of the pope. it free from the influence of the pope. He made himself the “only supreme He made himself the “only supreme head” of the Church of Englandhead” of the Church of England

► His daughter His daughter Elizabeth IElizabeth I brought great brought great wealth to the country. She is believed wealth to the country. She is believed to be a greater ruler than her father.to be a greater ruler than her father.

Henry VIII

Elizabeth I

G. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press. ►Johannes GutenbergJohannes Gutenberg – –

developed the printing press developed the printing press which had a profound impact on which had a profound impact on the Renaissance and the Renaissance and Reformation. Without the Reformation. Without the printing press, the Protestant printing press, the Protestant Reformation may have failed.Reformation may have failed.

►The printing press allowed the The printing press allowed the Bible to be printed and Bible to be printed and distributed in common distributed in common languages.languages.

Johannes Gutenberg

Printing Press

The Bible

SSWH10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and

expansion into the Americas, Africa, and

Asia. From the late 1400s to the 1800s many From the late 1400s to the 1800s many

European nations embarked on an era of European nations embarked on an era of discovery and expansion that took their discovery and expansion that took their culture, political ideas, and religion to culture, political ideas, and religion to other parts of the world. Their ventures other parts of the world. Their ventures led to European colonies in Asia, Africa, led to European colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americasand the Americas

►““God, Gold, and Glory”God, Gold, and Glory” served as served as major motivations for European major motivations for European expansionexpansion

A. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors; include Zheng He, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and Samuel de Champlain.

►Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama – Portuguese – Portuguese explorer sailed around Africa to explorer sailed around Africa to India. Helped the Portuguese to India. Helped the Portuguese to have dominance over the Indian have dominance over the Indian Ocean and its trade routesOcean and its trade routes

► Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus – in – in 1492, he reached the Americas, 1492, he reached the Americas, exploring Cuba, the Bahamas, exploring Cuba, the Bahamas, and Hispaniola and Hispaniola (Haiti & Dominican (Haiti & Dominican Republic).Republic).

► Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan – although he – although he didn’t survive, he and his crew were didn’t survive, he and his crew were the first to officially circumnavigate the first to officially circumnavigate (sail around) the world.(sail around) the world.

►Samuel de ChamplainSamuel de Champlain – helped – helped establish France’s first successful establish France’s first successful colony at colony at QuebecQuebec in 1608. in 1608.

B. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact. ►Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange – –

refers to the exchange refers to the exchange that arose between that arose between Eastern and Western Eastern and Western hemispheres. It included hemispheres. It included the exchange of raw the exchange of raw materials, people, ideas, materials, people, ideas, religion, products, and religion, products, and diseases.diseases. It had detrimental effects on native It had detrimental effects on native

peoples who were subject to conquest, peoples who were subject to conquest, slavery, and the devastation of diseases slavery, and the devastation of diseases brought by their European Invaders.brought by their European Invaders.

►New WorldNew World ►Old WorldOld World

C. Explain the role of improved technology in European exploration; include the astrolabe. ► Improvements in technology Improvements in technology

helped explores successfully helped explores successfully travel across vast oceans.travel across vast oceans.

►AstrolabeAstrolabe – allowed navigators – allowed navigators to determine their position on to determine their position on the high seas using the location the high seas using the location of the sun and starsof the sun and stars

SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of

Europeans. ►Prior to the Renaissance, most Prior to the Renaissance, most

European believed that the Earth European believed that the Earth sat at the center of the universe, sat at the center of the universe, with the sun and other heavenly with the sun and other heavenly bodies rotating around it.bodies rotating around it.

A. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world view. ► CopernicusCopernicus – First argued that the sun – First argued that the sun

sat at the center of the universe.sat at the center of the universe.►GalileoGalileo – Was the first known scientist – Was the first known scientist

to regularly observe the universe using to regularly observe the universe using a telescopea telescope

►KeplerKepler – expanded on Copernicus’ – expanded on Copernicus’ work. He accurately documented paths work. He accurately documented paths of the planet’s rotations.of the planet’s rotations.

►NewtonNewton – tied together the work of – tied together the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo and Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo and explained how explained how gravitygravity is responsible is responsible for planetary motion.for planetary motion.

Galileo

B. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau and their relationship to politics and society. ►The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment is a period is a period

which produced new ideas about which produced new ideas about government. Many believed government. Many believed there were natural laws there were natural laws governing politics, economics, governing politics, economics, etc.etc.

►Leaders of the movement Leaders of the movement promoted Reason and logic promoted Reason and logic above simple faithabove simple faith

B. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau and their relationship to politics and society. ►John LockeJohn Locke – believed that – believed that

knowledge and worldview comes knowledge and worldview comes from one’s environment and from one’s environment and experience. He praised reason experience. He praised reason above simple faith.above simple faith.

►Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau – – argued that the general will of argued that the general will of the people acted as a “social the people acted as a “social contract” which all (citizens and contract” which all (citizens and government) should be forced to government) should be forced to abide by.abide by.

SSWH14 The student will analyze the Age of

Revolutions and Rebellions.

►New political ideas led many to believe New political ideas led many to believe in the basic rights of human beings. in the basic rights of human beings.

►Eventually, such thinking contributed Eventually, such thinking contributed to key revolutions that impacted the to key revolutions that impacted the western world and forever altered the western world and forever altered the course of history.course of history.

B. Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in England (1689), United States (1776), France (1789), Haiti

(1791), and Latin America (1808-1825). ►English RevolutionEnglish Revolution – The controversy

was over who really ruled England: King James believed that God himself gave the throne. Parliament, England’s legislative body, believed it should hold power.

►What happened? Charles I (James’ successor) resisted limitations placed on him by Parliament and sought to impose Catholicism on the Church of England. Oliver Cromwell (Puritan leader) led a rebellion against the king. Charles was overthrown and executed.

English Revolution continued…English Revolution continued…

►After Cromwell’s death, England re-established the monarchy under Charles II.

►James II, succeeded Charles II. James was Catholic and viewed as a threat to the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church).

►Protestant leaders invited William of Orange to invade England and assume the throne.

►This change of power was called the “Glorious Revolution” because of the lack of bloodshed.

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution►13 of Britain’s colonies declared independence in

1776 in what is now known as the American Revolution. (More in depth info in the US History Review)

►The revolution was based on many ideas of the Enlightenment such as the idea of natural rights and social contract theory.

►The colonies claimed that England’s Parliament had too much power by taxing them without representation.

►Against all odds, the American Revolution succeeded, establishing the United States independence.

French RevolutionFrench Revolution►Many believe to be the most important

social, political, and economic event in modern history

►Causes: under King Louis XVI, France faced economic hardships, food shortages, and much discontent. The middle class seized control (bourgeoisie) Stormed the Bastille (prison and armory) Called themselves the National Assembly

The National Assembly then set up a limited Monarchy.

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution

►Toussaint L’Ouverture – gifted and educated slave became leader of a slave rebellion on the island of Hispaniola in 1791.

►After being killed his followers continued to fight and they defeated the French and established the new nation of Haiti.

Revolutions in Latin AmericaRevolutions in Latin America

►Inspired by the United States’ success, a number of Latin American revolutions occurred.

►Jose de San Martin led a revolt that expelled Spain from Argentina

►Simon Bolivar liberated Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.

►Brazil declared independence from Portugal.

►The Monroe Doctrine helped to guarantee the independence of the new nations

C. Explain Napoleon’s rise to power, and his defeat; and

explain the consequences for Europe. ►Napoleon Bonaparte – rose to power in 1799

and had himself crowned emperor in 1804. Most remembered for his military campaigns. As he acquired more territory and influence,

ideas and principles of equality, nationalism, and religious toleration spread to other countries

Napoleon could never defeat the British. Finally was conquered and exiled in 1814 France reestablished its monarchy under King

Louis XVIII

Practice Practice

Which of the following men led a revolt Which of the following men led a revolt of enslaved Africans in Hispaniola?of enslaved Africans in Hispaniola?

a.a. Jose de san MartinJose de san Martin

b.b. Jose Maria MorelosJose Maria Morelos

c.c. Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture

d.d. Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi

Practice Practice

Which of the following men led a revolt Which of the following men led a revolt of enslaved Africans in Hispaniola?of enslaved Africans in Hispaniola?

a.a. Jose de san MartinJose de san Martin

b.b. Jose Maria MorelosJose Maria Morelos

c.c. Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture

d.d. Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi

SSWH16 The student will demonstrate an understanding of long-term causes

of World War I and its global impact.

►WWI broke out in Europe in 1914WWI broke out in Europe in 1914►Known as “The Great War” Known as “The Great War”

A. Identify the causes of the war; include Balkan

nationalism, entangling alliances, and militarism. ► Caused by nationalism, imperialism, and Caused by nationalism, imperialism, and

militarism, and alliances. militarism, and alliances. ► In In the Balkansthe Balkans various ethnic groups launched

successful revolutions against the Ottoman Empire and won their independence.

A. Identify the causes of the war; include Balkan

nationalism, entangling alliances, and militarism. ►WWI was sparked by the assassination of

Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914.

►Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of the assassination.

►Russia vowed to intervene on the Serbian side of Austria-Hungary attacked.

►Germany had an alliance with Austria-Hungary.►Great Britain, France, and Russia formed the

Triple Entente►Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the

Central Powers.

Causes of World Causes of World War IWar I

1.1. A new feeling of A new feeling of nationalismnationalism (loyalty to the interests and culture of (loyalty to the interests and culture of one particular country)one particular country)

2.2. Formation of Formation of military alliancesmilitary alliances or or friendships such as those between friendships such as those between Austria-Hungary and Germany and Austria-Hungary and Germany and between France, Italy, and England, between France, Italy, and England, and the United States.and the United States.

Causes of World Causes of World War IWar I

3.3. Policies of imperialism (gaining more Policies of imperialism (gaining more land for economic or political power) land for economic or political power) Examples: Germany and France Examples: Germany and France expanded colonies in Africa and Asia.expanded colonies in Africa and Asia.

4.4. The assassination of Archduke The assassination of Archduke FerdinandFerdinand by a Serbian nationalist; by a Serbian nationalist; Ferdinand was the heir to the throne Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of the of the Austria-Hungary EmpireAustria-Hungary Empire, , and Serbia was an enemy.and Serbia was an enemy.

Effects of World Effects of World War IWar I

1. Those killed, wounded, or missing 1. Those killed, wounded, or missing amounted to amounted to 37 million people37 million people..

2.2. Peace treaties Peace treaties between the: between the:AlliesAllies: Great Britain, France, Italy, and the : Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United StatesUnited StatesCentral PowersCentral Powers: Austria- Hungary, : Austria- Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey.

3. 3. Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles (1919) required that (1919) required that Germany limit its weapons, pay heavy Germany limit its weapons, pay heavy fines, and return territories taken in the fines, and return territories taken in the war.war.

Effects of World Effects of World War IWar I

4. Formation of the 4. Formation of the League of NationsLeague of Nations (1920), a world organization that (1920), a world organization that promoted peace and understanding promoted peace and understanding between nations. The United States between nations. The United States did not join. did not join.

5. Changes in the map of Europe; 5. Changes in the map of Europe; Austria, Poland, and Hungary became Austria, Poland, and Hungary became independent nations; Italy, Greece, independent nations; Italy, Greece, and France acquired more territory.and France acquired more territory.

B. Describe conditions on the war front for soldiers;

include the Battle of Verdun. ►The War Front – area where opposing armies

meet in battle. Soldiers died by the thousands. ►Trench Warfare was the style of fighting that

was developed.

New Technology

• Machine Gun

• Poisonous gasses

Led to the development of tanks and airplanes as important weapons

C. Explain the major decisions made in the Versailles Treaty; include German reparations and the mandate system that replaced Ottoman

control. ► Treaty of Versailles:

forced Germany to pay for the war Pay reparations to cover costs of destruction. Germany had to take the blame for the war European nations ignored President Wilson’s request not to

make seek revenge and punish Germany► Post WWI

Hapsburg Dynasty fell Ottoman Empire was dismantled New boundaries were created and new countries emerged

► Mandate System – Allies promised independence to several Arab nations and went back on their word. Seen by many as betrayal in many Arab nations and served to instill bitterness against Western nations.

D. Analyze the destabilization of Europe in the collapse of the great empires; include the Romanov and Hapsburg

dynasties. ► Post WWI

Hapsburg Dynasty fell Ottoman Empire was dismantled New boundaries were created and new countries

emerged

► Mandate System – Allies promised independence to several Arab nations and went back on their word. Seen by many as betrayal in many Arab nations and served to instill bitterness against Western nations.

SSWH17 The student will be able to identify the major political and

economic factors that shaped world societies between World

War I and World War II.

B. Determine the causes and results of the Russian Revolution from

the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin’s first Five Year Plan. ►Russian Revolution erupted in

1917 after poor conditions under Czar Nicholas II, before, during, and after WWI.

►Lenin – leader of the Bolsheviks (socialist party). 3 year civil war broke out between

the Bolsheviks and others that opposed their communist ideas.

Bolsheviks won control of Russia. Leaders of Bolsheviks never forgot

how the Western nations sided with the anti-communists.

B. Determine the causes and results of the Russian Revolution from

the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin’s first Five Year Plan. ► Lenin established The Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union in 1992. Lenin died one year later

► Joseph Stalin followed as dictator and launched a Five Year Plan Established new industrial cities Focused on the production of capital

goods People worked state-owned land

together.► To establish his power, Stalin began a

purge, in which he systematically eliminated anyone he considered a threat.

C. Describe the rise of fascism in Europe and Asia by comparing the policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and

Hirohito in Japan. ►Fascism – nationalistic

movement that is anti-democratic and anti-communist. It uses propaganda, rallies, beatings, and intimidation to gain power. Italy had the first fascist

government Benito Mussolini became

dictator of Italy.

C. Describe the rise of fascism in Europe and Asia by comparing the policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and

Hirohito in Japan. ►Adolf Hitler – took control of

Germany in 1933 as the leader of the Nazis. Established his own totalitarian, fascist

state Labeled his government the “Third Reich” Believed strongly in German nationalism He rebuilt Germany’s military and

annexed Austria and claiming part of the Sudetenland.

►Appeasement - Great Britain and France signed a treaty with Germany allowing the capture the new land in exchange for Germany’s promise not to invade other territories.

B. Identify Nazi ideology, policies, and consequences that B. Identify Nazi ideology, policies, and consequences that led to the Holocaust.led to the Holocaust.

►The Nazi’s believed that the Aryan race (people of white, Western European descent) was biologically superior to other races

►Hitler blamed the entire Jewish Community as anti-German and a major source of the nation’s woes. Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jewish people) grew throughout Germany

► The Holocaust – 6 million Jews were murdered by Hitler’s regime.

►Emperor Hirohito – ruled Japan (not fascist) from 1926-1989. Did not have absolute control over the

government Hideki Tojo assumed the role of

Japan’s premier and led the nation through WWII.Emperor Hirohito Hideki Tojo

E. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the police E. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the police state that existed in Russia, Germany, and Italy and how state that existed in Russia, Germany, and Italy and how they differ from authoritarian governments.they differ from authoritarian governments.

►Totalitarian state – the government seeks to control, not only politics, but the economy, culture, and social life of the people.

►Authoritarian state – government is only interested in political power. Seeks to maintain control over government policies.

►Many Totalitarian governments arose prior to WWII. These governments use fear and terror to force members of society to go along with their plans.

F. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World F. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World War II in Europe and Asia.War II in Europe and Asia.

►Aggression Leading to war In addition to Hitler’s (Germany) invasions,

Japan began aggressively expanding its territory during the 1920s and 30s.

Japan needed natural resources since it is a tiny series of islands.

Japan invaded Chinese territory and tried to seize all of China.

In 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan formed an anti-communist alliance – Axis Powers

SSWH18. The student will demonstrate an SSWH18. The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global political, understanding of the global political,

economic, and social impact of World War economic, and social impact of World War

II.II.

A. Describe the major conflicts and outcomes; include A. Describe the major conflicts and outcomes; include Pearl Harbor and D-Day.Pearl Harbor and D-Day.

► Began when Hitler (Germany) Began when Hitler (Germany) invaded Poland in 1939.invaded Poland in 1939.

► US became involved when US became involved when Japan Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in bombed Pearl Harbor in HawaiiHawaii, December 7, 1941. US , December 7, 1941. US declared war on Japandeclared war on Japan Sank or damaged 12 naval vesselsSank or damaged 12 naval vessels Destroyed almost 200 planesDestroyed almost 200 planes Killed or wounded nearly 3,000 Killed or wounded nearly 3,000

peoplepeople President Roosevelt described as President Roosevelt described as “a “a

day which will live in infamy!”day which will live in infamy!”

C. Explain the military and diplomatic negotiations between the C. Explain the military and diplomatic negotiations between the leaders of Great Britain (Churchill), the Soviet Union (Stalin), and the leaders of Great Britain (Churchill), the Soviet Union (Stalin), and the United States (Roosevelt/Truman) from Teheran to Yalta and Potsdam United States (Roosevelt/Truman) from Teheran to Yalta and Potsdam

and the impact on the nations of Eastern Europe.and the impact on the nations of Eastern Europe. ► Tehran ConferenceTehran Conference (1943) (1943)

Roosevelt and Churchill met with Roosevelt and Churchill met with Stalin. They agreed to an invasion Stalin. They agreed to an invasion of Europe known as of Europe known as D-Day.D-Day.

► Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference (1945) (1945) Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in anticipation of Germany’s met in anticipation of Germany’s defeat. defeat. Planned to divide Germany into four Planned to divide Germany into four

zones after the war and they would zones after the war and they would be administered by the Allies.be administered by the Allies.

C. Explain the military and diplomatic negotiations between the C. Explain the military and diplomatic negotiations between the leaders of Great Britain (Churchill), the Soviet Union (Stalin), and leaders of Great Britain (Churchill), the Soviet Union (Stalin), and the United States (Roosevelt/Truman) from Teheran to Yalta and the United States (Roosevelt/Truman) from Teheran to Yalta and

Potsdam and the impact on the nations of Eastern Europe.Potsdam and the impact on the nations of Eastern Europe. ►Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

(1945) – Truman, (1945) – Truman, Churchill, and Stalin met Churchill, and Stalin met and reaffirmed their and reaffirmed their policy of unconditional policy of unconditional surrender for Japan.surrender for Japan.

►Iron CurtainIron Curtain – Dividing – Dividing line between free-line between free-democratic Western democratic Western Europe and communist, Europe and communist, Soviet-led Eastern Soviet-led Eastern Europe.Europe.

Iron Curtain

D. Explain allied Post-World War II policies; include D. Explain allied Post-World War II policies; include formation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan for formation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan for Europe, and McArthur’s plan for Japan.Europe, and McArthur’s plan for Japan.

►The end of WWII marked the beginning of The end of WWII marked the beginning of the the Cold WarCold War.. Great tension between the United States and Great tension between the United States and

the Soviet Union that many fear would lead the Soviet Union that many fear would lead to Nuclear War.to Nuclear War.

►Marshall PlanMarshall Plan – financial plan to build up – financial plan to build up Europe after WWIIEurope after WWII Provided nations in war-torn Europe with Provided nations in war-torn Europe with

much needed financial support from the much needed financial support from the United States.United States.

Helped to prevent Soviet (communism) Helped to prevent Soviet (communism) advances into Western Europeadvances into Western Europe

D. Explain allied Post-World War II policies; include D. Explain allied Post-World War II policies; include formation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan for formation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan for Europe, and McArthur’s plan for Japan.Europe, and McArthur’s plan for Japan.

►General Douglass MacArthur General Douglass MacArthur helped to establish a new helped to establish a new government in postwar Japan.government in postwar Japan. New constitution was developed New constitution was developed

allowing an emperor but did not allow allowing an emperor but did not allow him to be considered a “god”him to be considered a “god”

Allowed certain individual rightsAllowed certain individual rights Became independent again in 1951Became independent again in 1951 As a result of democratic and As a result of democratic and

capitalistic ideas, Japan’s economy capitalistic ideas, Japan’s economy grew rapidly. It is now one of the most grew rapidly. It is now one of the most modern, industrialized, and wealthiest modern, industrialized, and wealthiest nations.nations.

Causes of World War Causes of World War IIII

►1. Harsh fines, inflation, and blame 1. Harsh fines, inflation, and blame placed on Germany for losses of World placed on Germany for losses of World War I.War I.

►2. Rise of dictators (rulers with 2. Rise of dictators (rulers with absolute power over a country) such absolute power over a country) such as Mussolini in Italy, Hitler in as Mussolini in Italy, Hitler in Germany, and Tojo in Japan.Germany, and Tojo in Japan.

Causes of World War Causes of World War IIII

3. 3. Fears of Communist Fears of Communist expansionexpansion in Germany. in Germany.

4. Increasing 4. Increasing militarism militarism (creation of large armies) (creation of large armies) and imperialism in and imperialism in Germany and Japan.Germany and Japan.

Causes of World War Causes of World War IIII

5. A worldwide 5. A worldwide depressiondepression (1929-1938) (1929-1938) that created food and job shortages in that created food and job shortages in many countries.many countries.

Effects of World War IIEffects of World War II(1939-1945)(1939-1945)

1.1. Those killedThose killed in the war numbered in the war numbered 55 million persons with trillions 55 million persons with trillions of dollars in damages.of dollars in damages.

2.2. Peace treatiesPeace treaties between the between the AlliesAllies (US, Great Britain, France, and (US, Great Britain, France, and Russia) and the Russia) and the Axis PowersAxis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy)(Germany, Japan, and Italy)

Effects of World War IIEffects of World War II

3. Dropping of the 3. Dropping of the atomic bomb on atomic bomb on JapanJapan and the start of the and the start of the Nuclear Nuclear AgeAge..

Effects of World War IIEffects of World War II

4.4. Formation of the United Nations (1945), Formation of the United Nations (1945), a world wide organization dedicated to a world wide organization dedicated to peace and understanding.peace and understanding.

5.5. Start of the Start of the Cold WarCold War (military rivalry (military rivalry and tension between Russia, the United and tension between Russia, the United States, and Europe without actual States, and Europe without actual fighting)fighting)

6.6. United StatesUnited States becomes the becomes the most most powerful nation in the worldpowerful nation in the world

SSWH19. The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global social, economic, and political impact of the Cold War and decolonization from 1945 to

1989. ►DecolonizationDecolonization was a period in was a period in

which a number of European colonies which a number of European colonies sought freedom and independence.sought freedom and independence. India and China are two of the most India and China are two of the most

notablenotable

A. Analyze the revolutionary movements in India A. Analyze the revolutionary movements in India (Gandhi) and China (Mao Zedong).(Gandhi) and China (Mao Zedong).

► Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi Led non-violent protests to gain Led non-violent protests to gain

Independence for India.Independence for India. Preached peaceful resistance to unjust Preached peaceful resistance to unjust

laws.laws. India achieved independence in 1947.India achieved independence in 1947. Influenced M.L. King Jr.Influenced M.L. King Jr.

► Mao ZedongMao Zedong Leader of Communism in China-Leader of Communism in China-

supported by Soviet Unionsupported by Soviet Union In 1949, Communists won control of In 1949, Communists won control of

China from Chiang Kai-shek (US-China from Chiang Kai-shek (US-Supported)Supported)

B. Describe the formation of the state of Israel.B. Describe the formation of the state of Israel.

► The Founding of IsraelThe Founding of Israel After the Holocaust, Zionism After the Holocaust, Zionism

(Jewish Nationalism) (Jewish Nationalism) increasedincreased

Jewish refugees wanted to Jewish refugees wanted to enter Palestine and enter Palestine and establish a Jewish establish a Jewish homeland.homeland.

In 1948, the UN proclaimed In 1948, the UN proclaimed Israel as an independent Israel as an independent Jewish state.Jewish state.

Arab nations resented the Arab nations resented the decision.decision.

Conflicts between Israel and Conflicts between Israel and surrounding Arab states surrounding Arab states continue.continue.

C. Explain the arms race; include development of the C. Explain the arms race; include development of the hydrogen bomb (1954).hydrogen bomb (1954).

► Nuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms Race The US produced the first atomic bomb in The US produced the first atomic bomb in

1945.1945. The Soviet Union (USSR) soon developed their The Soviet Union (USSR) soon developed their

own.own. The US then developed a The US then developed a hydrogen bombhydrogen bomb (a (a

thousand times more powerful than the first thousand times more powerful than the first one) and the Soviet Union followed with one one) and the Soviet Union followed with one of their own.of their own.

The nuclear arms race continued throughout The nuclear arms race continued throughout the Cold War.the Cold War.

Finally, the USSR collapsed due to spending Finally, the USSR collapsed due to spending billions of dollars on weapons, forcing a billions of dollars on weapons, forcing a change in their communist policies and change in their communist policies and ending the Cold War. ending the Cold War.

SSWH20. The student will examine change and

continuity in the world since the 1960s.

►Nationalist movements have Nationalist movements have resulted in independence for many resulted in independence for many countriescountries

A. Identify ethnic conflicts and new nationalisms.A. Identify ethnic conflicts and new nationalisms.

► Ethnic ConflictsEthnic Conflicts resulted from resulted from nationalist movements.nationalist movements.

Under colonial and Soviet rule, ethnic Under colonial and Soviet rule, ethnic violence was suppressed by powerful violence was suppressed by powerful governments.governments.

In Africa, bloody wars between opposing In Africa, bloody wars between opposing tribes are common.tribes are common.► Kurds, Persians, Arabs, and Jews consistently Kurds, Persians, Arabs, and Jews consistently

battle one another for land in the Middle East.battle one another for land in the Middle East.

► With the fall of communist governments, With the fall of communist governments, ethnic nationalist groups have fought for ethnic nationalist groups have fought for territory.territory.

A. Identify ethnic conflicts and new nationalisms.A. Identify ethnic conflicts and new nationalisms.

► In Eastern EuropeIn Eastern Europe With the fall of communist governments, ethnic With the fall of communist governments, ethnic

nationalist groups have fought for territories.nationalist groups have fought for territories.► Serbians began a process of Serbians began a process of Ethnic Cleansing.Ethnic Cleansing.► More than a million Bosnians were killedMore than a million Bosnians were killed

► The US eventually helped negotiate a truce The US eventually helped negotiate a truce and led a NATO military force to help and led a NATO military force to help maintain peace in the region.maintain peace in the region.

NATO stand for North Atlantic Treaty NATO stand for North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization► It is an alliance between the US and various Western It is an alliance between the US and various Western

European nationsEuropean nations

C. Analyze terrorism in the 20th century and analyze C. Analyze terrorism in the 20th century and analyze the impact of terrorism on daily life; include travel, the impact of terrorism on daily life; include travel, world energy supplies, and financial markets.world energy supplies, and financial markets.

► TerrorismTerrorism – use of violence against – use of violence against innocent people in the name of a innocent people in the name of a causecause

Victims of terrorism are civilians, including Victims of terrorism are civilians, including women and childrenwomen and children

Al-Qaeda – (led by Osama bin Laden) Al-Qaeda – (led by Osama bin Laden) believes in an extreme version of Islam. believes in an extreme version of Islam. ► Its members are Muslim radicals devoted to Its members are Muslim radicals devoted to

using terrorist actions against Israel, the US, and using terrorist actions against Israel, the US, and other western nationsother western nations

C. Analyze terrorism in the 20th century and analyze C. Analyze terrorism in the 20th century and analyze the impact of terrorism on daily life; include travel, the impact of terrorism on daily life; include travel, world energy supplies, and financial markets.world energy supplies, and financial markets.

► Because of recent terrorist attacks the Because of recent terrorist attacks the following have been affected:following have been affected:

Travel – travel by air, train, and ship now Travel – travel by air, train, and ship now require much tighter security measures require much tighter security measures than beforethan before

Energy supply, such as nuclear power plants Energy supply, such as nuclear power plants are often a target of terrorismare often a target of terrorism

Financial markets, hit in the World Trade Financial markets, hit in the World Trade Center attacks from 2001, are targets of Center attacks from 2001, are targets of terrorismterrorism

SSWH21. The student will analyze globalization in the

contemporary world.

►The world is connected through The world is connected through trade, business, and political trade, business, and political alliances, creating and international alliances, creating and international community.community.

A. Describe the cultural and intellectual integration of A. Describe the cultural and intellectual integration of countries into the world economy through the countries into the world economy through the development of television, satellites, and computers.development of television, satellites, and computers.

► Computers and the internet Computers and the internet allow citizens allow citizens and business leaders to correspond across and business leaders to correspond across continents within seconds.continents within seconds.

► Satellite and televisionSatellite and television allow people to see allow people to see what happens on the other side of the world.what happens on the other side of the world.

► This worldwide interdependence is called This worldwide interdependence is called GlobalizationGlobalization

B. Analyze global economic and political connections; B. Analyze global economic and political connections; include multinational corporations, the United include multinational corporations, the United Nations, OPEC, and the World Trade Organization.Nations, OPEC, and the World Trade Organization.

► United NationsUnited Nations political organization that allows political political organization that allows political

representatives to negotiate peacefully, representatives to negotiate peacefully, provides humanitarian aid to nations in need.provides humanitarian aid to nations in need.

► World Trade OrganizationWorld Trade Organization Monitors countries and makes sure they stick Monitors countries and makes sure they stick

to international trade agreementsto international trade agreements

► OPECOPEC OOrganization of rganization of PPetroleum etroleum EExporting xporting

CCountriesountries Oil producing nations that controls the cost Oil producing nations that controls the cost

and supply of oiland supply of oil