Workshop on New Developments in

Rights-based Fisheries Management:Community Fishing Rights

Workshop on New Developments in

Rights-based Fisheries Management:Community Fishing Rights

Center for Fisheries & Aquaculture Management & Economics

University of Southern Denmark – Esbjerg

29 – 30 August 2005

Rebecca MetznerFishery Analyst

Fishery Policy & Planning DivisionFAO, Rome, Italy

Community-basedFisheries Management

Successes & Failures

Community-basedFisheries Management

Successes & Failures

Outline

• The Topic: CBFM

• Framework for Analysis

• Examples

• Assessment

• Closing remarks

The Topic:Community-based Fisheries Management

CBFM: Responsibility & Authority

Community-b

ased

Management

Community-centere

d

Co-management

Co-management

Government-b

ased

Management

The Topic

Authorit

arian

Management

Community Government

CBFM: Degrees of Participation

Collectiv

e

Management

Co-management

The Topic

Authorit

arian

Management

Participatory Non-participatory

The Framework Analyzing CBFM

Elements of Analysis

• Purpose / Objectives / Issues• Means

– path– people

• Mechanics– rules– regulations– vehicles

• Outcome(s)

The Framework

Analyzing CBFM

• Purpose / Objectives / Issues• Means

– path– people

• Mechanics– rules– regulations– vehicles

• Outcome(s)

The Framework

Is it FM?

Are there FRs?

Is it CB?

Do FRs help?

Analyzing CBFM

• Is it community-based?– Who?

– How defined?

– How involved?

The Framework

IntegratingCB & FM Analyzing CBFM

• Is it fisheries management?– who goes fishing– where and when– for how much– of what fish– how– and why?

The Framework Analyzing CBFM

• Are there fishing rights (FR)?– communal or other– formal or informal– historical or new

Examples of CBFM

Some Examples of CBFM

Thailand

The Gambia

The Amazon

Uruguay

Chile

Philippines

Laos

FijiVanuatu

Samoa

CBFMExamples Southeast Asia

ThailandPhilippines

Lao PDR

CBFMExamples Thailand: Phang Nga Bay

CBFMExamples Thailand: Phang Nga Bay

Analyzing CBFM Phang Nga Bay: Is it CB?

• External inspiration• Community action

Analyzing CBFM Phang Nga Bay: Is there FM?

• Yes

Analyzing CBFM Phang Nga Bay: Are there FRs?

• Emerging– not individual– community-based

CBFMExamples Lao PDR

CBFMExamples Lao PDR

CBFMExamples Lao PDR: Kong District

• 1993 LCFDPP• 1997 ECCDSW• Voluntary FCZ projects

Analyzing CBFM Kong District: Is it CB?

• External inspiration• Village-based

– design– implementation– enforcement

Analyzing CBFM Kong District: Is there FM?

• Where• When• What• How• Why? / Why them?

Analyzing CBFM Kong District: Are there FRs?

• Implicit• Village-based responsibility for

FCZs

CBFMExamples Philippines

CBFMExamples Philippines

Analyzing CBFM Philippines: Is it CB?

• Externally provided model(s)• External inspiration• Community-based action

Analyzing CBFM Philippines: Is there FM?

• External rules• FM rules increasingly

– community-based– implemented– enforced

Analyzing CBFM Philippines: Are there FRs?

• Empowerment• Weak rights

CBFMExamples Oceania: Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu

CBFMExamples Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu

Analyzing CBFM Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu: Is it CB?

• Yes– Samoa: extension inspired– Fiji, Vanuatu: historical

Analyzing CBFM Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu: Is there FM?

• Where• How• Who

Analyzing CBFM Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu: Are there FRs?

• Yes– traditional– customary marine tenure

CBFMExamples Latin America

CBFMExamples Chile

Analyzing CBFM Chile: Is it CB?

• Community-based• Co-management

Analyzing CBFM Chile: Is there FM?

• Who• Where• When• How much• What

Analyzing CBFM Chile: Are there FRs?

• Weak FRs

CBFMExamples Uruguay

Analyzing CBFM Uruguay: Is it CB?

• Collaborative management

Analyzing CBFM Uruguay: Is there FM?

• 4 phases– extremely weak– extreme– controlled– weak

Analyzing CBFM Uruguay: Are there FRs?

• Briefly

CBFMExamples Brazil

CBFMExamples Brazil

• Lower Amazon floodplain in the Santarém region

• Roots– rising conflicts– political changes

Analyzing CBFM Brazil: Is it CB?

• de facto CB arrangements• institutional Co-management

– floodplain communities– Fishers’ Unions– Regional Fisheries Councils– IBAMA– international funding agencies– environmental organizations

Analyzing CBFM Brazil: Is there FM?

• Fishing Accords– Acordos de Pesca– portaria complementar

• Open Access• Regulations

Analyzing CBFM Brazil: Are there FRs?

• Fishing Accords–Acordos de Pesca–portaria complementar

• No explicit fishing rights

CBFMExamples Africa

CBFMExamples The Gambia

CBFMExamples The Gambia

• Objectives:– increase income,

consumption, employment, socioeconomic conditions

• Mechanics:– construction of CFCs– establishment of various

management groups

Analyzing CBFM The Gambia: Is it CB?

• Community Fisheries Centers• Fisheries Center Management

Committees

Analyzing CBFM The Gambia : Is there FM?

• Not by the CFCs• Not by the FCMCs

Analyzing CBFM The Gambia : Are there FRs?

• Not in the context of the CFCs or the FCMCs– primarily open access fisheries

Summarizing: Is it CBFM? Is it CBFM?

&

Are there FRs?

Analyzing CBFM Is it Community-based?

Fishery CB?Y CM N

Thailand √√

Lao PDR √√ √√

Philippines √√

Samoa √√ √√

Fiji √√

Vanuatu √√

Chile √√ √√

Uruguay √√

Brazil √√

The Gambia √√ √√

Analyzing CBFM Is there Fisheries Management?

Fishery FM?Y+ Y N

Thailand √√

Lao PDR √√

Philippines √√ √√

Samoa √√ √√

Fiji √√

Vanuatu √√

Chile √√ √√

Uruguay √√

Brazil √√

The Gambia √√

Analyzing CBFM Are there Fishing Rights?

Fishery FRs?Y M N

Thailand ((√√))

Lao PDR √√

Philippines √√

Samoa √√ √√

Fiji √√

Vanuatu √√

Chile √√ √√

Uruguay √√ √√

Brazil ((√√)) √√

The Gambia √√

Closing RemarksCB, FM, and FRs

Closing RemarksCB, FM, and FRs Does CBM Work?

• It depends.

Closing RemarksCB, FM, and FRs Do FRs help?

• It depends.

Closing RemarksCB, FM, and FRs How do FRs help?

• Responsibility assigned

• Allocation / Sharing clarified

• Credit / fiscal assets created

• Compliance encouraged

Stewardship inspired

Understanding the developments in

rights-based fisheries management

of the past and the present ...

... so we can do better at Sharing the Fish.

www.fishallocation.com