workplace hazards & their effects

1Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects1

Occupational Safety and Health Center

WORKPLACE HAZARDS WORKPLACE HAZARDS AND THEIR ILL EFFECTSAND THEIR ILL EFFECTS

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects2

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (ILO)OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (ILO)

Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental & social well-being of workers of all occupations

Prevention among its workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions

Protection of workers in their employment from risks usually from factors adverse to health

Placing & maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his/her physiological ability


Exposure

Response

Result

Potentially Harmful Agents

Normal / Altered Body Response

Homeostasis or Disease


Occupational Hazards

age gender

medical historygenetic

factors


Occupational hazards

Physical properties

Multiplicity of

exposure

Magnitude of exposure

Exposure duration

Timing of exposure


PHYSICAL AGENTSnoise, vibration, radiation,defective illumination,temperature extremes

CHEMICAL AGENTSdusts, gases, vapors,fumes, mists, etc.

LACK OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLESexhaustive physical exertions, excessivestanding, improper motions, lifting heavyload, job monotony, etc.

BIOLOGICAL AGENTSviruses, bacteria, fungi,parasites


Toxicology - "study of poisonsinjurious effects of substances

Toxicity -inherent poisonous potencyHazard -risk or danger of poisoning Dose -amount of substance biologically

availableExposure -concentration of substance in the

environment

HAZARD = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGYINDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY


Acute : high-dose exposuree.g. pesticide poisoning

Chronic : low-dose exposuree.g. lead poisoning

cancer from benzene


Inhalation

Ingestion

Skin Contact


Inhalation: Most important routeFactors affecting absorption:a. water solubilityb. particle size: < 0.5 mc. Defense mechanismsSkin Contact:absorption is faster through abraded or inflamed skinIngestion usually from contaminated hands


Gastrointestinal: FecesKidney: Urine Lungs: Exhaled breatheSecretory structures: Sweat glands

Breast milk


AIR SURFACES, ETC.

TARGET ORGANSBLOOD

URINEFECESSWEAT

EARLY EFFECTS

HEALTH IMPAIRMENT

BIOLOGICMONITORING

ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING


Dose-response relationship:- increasing concentration response or effect in host

LD 50 - Dose lethal to 50% of test animals

50%

Response

Dose


DISEASES THAT MAY DISEASES THAT MAY ARISE FROM CHEMICAL ARISE FROM CHEMICAL

EXPOSURES IN THE EXPOSURES IN THE WORKPLACEWORKPLACE


Causative AgentsCausative Agents IndustryIndustry DiseaseDisease

Mercury, Lead Battery., Chronic renal failure,Cadmium Chemical Ind, Renal stones

Battery Mfg. (Cadmium) Nephrotic Syndrome(Mercury)

Chloroform, Solvents, chemical Acute renalCarbon tetrachloride industries failureEthylene glycol Solvents, cosmeticsCarbon disulfide Solvent, pesticide Chronic renal

failure


Causative AgentCausative Agent Industry/ProcessIndustry/Process DiseaseDisease

Inorganic dusts Mining, sandblasting Pneumoconiosis Construction (silicosis, Coal-workers asbestosis,

coal workers pneumoconiosis)

Hemp, flax Textile, CottonByssinosis

Bagasse Agriculture Farmer's lung,Bagassosis



Solvents, Chemical process Irritation,Ammonia, industries, Pulp and InflammationFormaldehyde Paper production, Edema

LaboratoryDiisocyanates, Plastics, AsthmaVarnish Platinum jewelers,

ElectroplatingNickel, Arsenic Pigments,plating CancerChromium Metal refining



Plastics epoxies Plastic, Varnish Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Sodium Hydroxide Chemical industry IrritantAcids Laundering Contact

DermatitisCement Construction, Burns, Irritation

Cement mfg. Contact Dermatitis

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Cutting oils Machine-tool AcneGrease operatorsChlorinated Chemical Chloracnehydrocarbons processesArsenic, Tar Petroleum refinery Skin CancerPolycyclic Asphalt workersHydrocarbons


Causative AgentsCausative Agents Industry/ProcessIndustry/Process DiseaseDisease

Lead Battery manufacturing AnemiaLead Smelting

Benzene Solvent AplasticSoap manufacturing anemia

Arsine gas Chemical industries Destruction ofred blood cells

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Carbon Cleaning fluids, Acute liver tetrachloride Dry cleaners toxicityArsenic Smelting, Insecticides CirrhosisChlorinated Chemical industryhydrocarbonsEpoxy resins Rubber, synthetic Acute obstructive fabrics hepatitisVinyl chloride Plastics, Vinyl chloride Liver CancerAflatoxins monomer manufacturing



Lead, Cadmium (?) Battery mfg. HypertensionRecycling

Carbon disulfide Degreasing, Dry Atherosclerosis Cleaning

Fluorocarbons Refrigeration, ArrhythmiasTrichloroethylene solvent workers

Nitrates Explosives Angina, Myocardial Infarction

OCCUPATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASESCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

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ORGANIC SOLVENTSORGANIC SOLVENTS

Uses As raw materials in industrial and consumer

products Single solvent (acetone, toluene, ethanol,

etc.) Solvent mixtures

Selective dissolution of one substance from a mixture

Reduction of the viscosity of another substance


Occupational Exposure Paint manufacture & use Metal degreasing Plastics and fiberglass production Printing Dry Cleaning


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ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS GENERAL EFFECTSGENERAL EFFECTS

Skin Irritation Generally from long

term exposure Develops slowly

Erythema, edema, dryness, defatting of the skin

Eye Irritation Generally produce mild

irritation (non-reactive solvents) e.g. toluene, benzene, xylene, TCE

Corneal destruction, burns (reactive solvents reacts with tissue protein) e.g. formaldehyde


ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS GENERAL EFFECTSGENERAL EFFECTS

Central Nervous System Effects Acute significant inhalation exposure Can be reversible Symptoms

Dizziness, drowsiness Nausea, headache Gait disturbances, incoordination Euphoria, seizures, coma, death

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ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS LIVER EFFECTSLIVER EFFECTS

Acute hepatic damage From short term, high

dose exposure May result to

extensive liver damage

Symptoms: anorexia, vomiting, nausea, jaundice, coma and death

Chronic hepatic damage From low dose, long

term exposure Effects include

Fatty liver Cirrhosis/fibrosis Cholestasis Tumors


ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS KIDNEY EFFECTSKIDNEY EFFECTS

Acute renal damage From short term, high

dose exposure Abrupt decline in

kidney function Organic solvents

usually implicated CCl4, chloroform,

TCE, ethylene glycol

Chronic renal damage From low dose, long

term exposure Glomerular injury

minimal to proliferativedamage

May result to end stage renal disease

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Peripheral Nervous System Effects Responsible for carrying sensory information to

CNS and motor impulses Peripheral neuropathies Polyneuropathies

Tingling and numbness in the extremities Muscle weakness and possible atrophy Slowly reversible

Chemicals implicated n-Hexane methyl n-butyl ketone



Central Nervous System Effects Responsible for movement, control of body

function, memory, behavior

Effects can be debilitating Mood changes, irritability Depression, memory impairment, difficulty

concentrating Sleep disorders, personality changes

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ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTSCARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS

Signs/ symptoms: Cardiac arrythmias (irregular heart beat) chest discomfort Sometimes may result to sudden death in

otherwise normal healthy individual

Mechanism of effect ? lowering the threshold for response of the heart muscle

Implicated chemicals Toluene, benzene, TCA, TCE


ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS EFFECTS TO THE LUNGSEFFECTS TO THE LUNGS

Signs/Symptoms: Coughing, gagging, wheezing Pneumonitis, hypoxemia

Inflammation, destruction of pulmonary surfactant

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Pre-employment and periodic medical tests Clearances from

allergologist, neurologist, nephrologist, etc.

Biological Monitoring Urine metabolites

Special tests for Kidneys Liver Blood


LEADLEAD

SYNONYMS: Metallic lead, lead oxide, lead salts

USES: Manufacture of: storage battery

pipe and cable sheating Pigment and stabilizers Glazing material, radiation shield,

ammunition, soldering, automobile radiator repair.

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SOURCES OF EXPOSURE

1. Environmental

vehicular exhaust

smoking (lesser extent)

20 cigarettes/ day = intake of 1-5 ug

industrial emission

lead-glazed earthen wares

lead in food (150 ug/ day)

lead in water (10 ug/ day)

LEADLEAD


2. Occupational

a. smelters

b. welders

c. battery workers

d. radiator repairmen

e. scrapers of lead paint

f. lead burning apparatus

LEADLEAD

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TOXICOLOGY Hematologic effects

Anemia Signs and Symptoms

1. Mild anemia- fatigue and shortness of breath2. Severe anemia- dizziness

- headache- irritability- difficulty in concentration

LEADLEAD


TOXICOLOGY Neurologic Effects

Central Nervous System1. Lead encephalopathy- usually in children due to brain

swellingSigns and Symptoms- ataxia, stupor, coma,

convulsions, death Peripheral Nervous System-selective involvement of

motor neurons with little or no sensory abnormalities Signs and symptoms- decreased motor nerve

conduction velocity- aching and tenderness of muscles and joints

LEADLEAD

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TOXICOLOGY Renal Effects

Signs and symptoms protein in urine, sugar in urine, hypertension

Gastrointestinal Effects Signs and symptoms-

loss of appetite & digestive disturbances, epigastric discomfort after eating, constipation, lead colic.

LEADLEAD


Cardiovascular effectsHypertension

Reproductive effects A. Males

1. reduced fertility B. Females

1. reduced fertility2. spontaneous abortion

3. behavioral or developmental disabilities

Other effects Burton Line- indicative of lead exposure

Poor dental hygiene

LEADLEAD

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150 (7.25)150 (7.25)

100 (4.80)100 (4.80)

50(2.40)50(2.40)

40 (1.95)40 (1.95)

30 (1.45)30 (1.45)

20 (0.95)20 (0.95)

10 (0.50)10 (0.50)

Death

EncephalopathyNephropathy

Frank anemia

Colic

Decreased hemog. synthesis

Decreased vit. D metabolism

Decreased nerve conduction velocity

Increased erythrocyte

Decreased vitamin D metabolism (?)

Developmental toxicityDecreased IQ

Decreased hearingDecreased growth

Transplacental transfer

Encephalopathy

Frank anemia

Decreased longevityDecreased hemog. synthesisPeripheral neuropathiesInfertility (men)Nephropathy

Increased systolic BP (men)Decreased hearing acuity

Increased erythrocyteprotoporphyrin (men)

Increased erythrocyteprotoporphyrin (women)

Increased HPN (?)

CHILDREN ADULTSBlood Lead

Concentration (ug/dL)

protoporphyrin


WORKPLACE PHYSICAL HAZARDSWORKPLACE PHYSICAL HAZARDS

NoiseNoise Extremes of TemperatureExtremes of Temperature Inadequate IlluminationInadequate Illumination Radiation Radiation

(Ionizing and Non(Ionizing and Non--ionizing)ionizing) VibrationVibration

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Unwanted Sound Effect of noise depends on:

- Intensity (Loudness)- Duration- Frequency

NOISENOISE


Decibels (dB) Examples

0 The quietest sound you can hear 30 Whisper, quiet library 60 Normal conversation, sewing machine, typewriter70-80 Television90 Lawnmower, shop tools, truck traffic,

8 hours per day is the maximum exposure100 Chainsaw, pneumatic drill, snowmobile115 Sandblasting, loud rock concert, auto horn140 Gun muzzle blast, jet engine

Causes pain

APPROXIMATE DECIBEL LEVELAPPROXIMATE DECIBEL LEVEL

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Duration/day (hrs) Sound Level (dB)8 906 924 953 972 1001 1/2 1021 1051/2 1101/4 or less 115

(from the Dept. of Labor and Employment: Occupational Safety and Health Standards)

PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURESPERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES


Hearing Damage Stress-related disorders

-Interfere with work performance-Disturbs relaxation and sleep

Hypertension Hyperacidity Palpitations

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF NOISEHARMFUL EFFECTS OF NOISE

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HEARING DAMAGE FROM HEARING DAMAGE FROM NOISE EXPOSURENOISE EXPOSURE

Acute: from loud noise such as blasts(140-160 dB damages the eardrum)

Chronic: Due to long-term exposure to hazardous noise levels

Major risk Factor: Prolonged unprotected exposureto noise (> 85 dB)


TYPES OF NOISETYPES OF NOISE--INDUCED INDUCED HEARING LOSSHEARING LOSS

Temporary threshold shift (auditory fatigue) temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to loud

noise recovery within 16-48 hrs.

Permanent threshold shift irreversible loss of hearing difficulty in understanding spoken words familiar sounds are muffled frequent tinnitus

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Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a noisy environment

Need to be near or look at the person speaking to help understand words

Familiar sounds are muffled Complaints that people do not speak clearly Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)

EARLY SIGNS OF EARLY SIGNS OF HEARING LOSSHEARING LOSS


EFFECTS OF NOISE ON EFFECTS OF NOISE ON GENERAL HEALTHGENERAL HEALTH

Noise can affect more than just hearing.Dilation of pupils

Secretion of thyroid hormones

Heart palpitationsSecretion of adrenalin

Secretion of adrenal cortex hormone

Movements of the stomach and intestines

Muscle reactionConstriction of blood vessels

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VIBRATIONVIBRATION

Definitionphysical factor w/c affects man by transmission of mechanical energy from oscillating sources

Subdivisions wholebody vibration segmental vibration


Wholebody Vibrationtruck driversbus driversheavy equipment operatorsfarm vehicle and tractor operatorsfoundry workers (mold shakeout,

forklift trucks, overhead cranes)

railroads (engineers, conductors,track repair workers)

forklift operators

POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURESEXPOSURES

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Hand-Arm (Segmental) Vibration chain sawyers pneumatic tool operators (chippers,

staple gun operators, construction androad operation)

mining ( jack leg and hand tool) electrical grinder operators

(rotary, stand, swing grinders) metal extrusion operators wood products manufacturing

POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURESEXPOSURES


SEGMENTAL VIBRATIONSEGMENTAL VIBRATION

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Whole body vibrationgeneral stressorchanges in the central nervous system

with associated difficulty in maintaining a steady posture

changes in bone structure

HEALTH EFFECTSHEALTH EFFECTS


Segmental Vibration- localized stressor to the fingers and

handsHands-Arm Vibration Syndrome

Raynauds phenomenonfingers blanch or turn white with exposure to cold

HEALTH EFFECTSHEALTH EFFECTS

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Administrative measures:

Information and training of workers

Proper work schedule

Minimize smoking and use of drugs which affect circulation

Personal Protection: Use of vibration dampening gloves

Others: Wear adequate clothing

PREVENTION OF VIBRATION PREVENTION OF VIBRATION INJURIESINJURIES


Pre-employment and Periodic Exams> clearances from an

otolaryngologist, neuropathologist, therapist, gynecologist, and radiologist

Special Tests> general blood tests> x-ray of the hand bones or spinal

column

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCEMEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

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INADEQUATE LIGHTINGINADEQUATE LIGHTING


Quantity - depends on tasktoo muchtoo little

Qualityshadows, silhouettes, overcasts, reflections, glares

INADEQUATE ILLUMINATIONINADEQUATE ILLUMINATION

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RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION LEVELSLEVELS

Cutting Cloth 2000Fine machining

Transcribing handwriting 1000Drafting

Welding 500First Aid station

Lunch Room 300Rest Room

Area of OperationArea of Operation Min Lighting Level (lux)Min Lighting Level (lux)


Conversational Tasks 300well printed source documents

Conversational Tasksreduced readability of source 300-400documents

Data Entry Tasks 500-700

Working Conditions Illumination Level (lux)

RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION LEVELS AT VDT WORKSTATIONSLEVELS AT VDT WORKSTATIONS

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Usual Complaint:

Visual Fatigue Double Vision Headaches Painful irritation, Lacrimation, Conjunctivitis

INADEQUATE ILLUMINATIONINADEQUATE ILLUMINATION


Loss of productivity

Increased Accident Rate

More Mistakes

Lowering of Quality

Visual Complaints

OCCUPATIONAL EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL EFFECTS OF VISUAL FATIGUEVISUAL FATIGUE

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Generation of heat from:

Body metabolism

Physical activities

Radiation from hot surfaces

Thermoregulation:

Heat gained by Body = Heat lost

HEATHEAT


DISORDERSDISORDERS CAUSESCAUSES MAIN CLINICAL MAIN CLINICAL FEATURESFEATURES TREATMENTTREATMENT PROGNOSISPROGNOSIS

Miliaria rubra Malfunction of sweat glands

Pruritic rash Symptomatic Good

Heatcramps

Loss of water and electrolytes

Cramps in limbs Rest, fluids with added salt

Complete recovery

Heatexhaustion

Physical exertion, loss of water & electrolytes

Dizziness, blurring of vision with cold and clammy skin

Rest, fluids with added salt cooling in well- ventilated

Complete recovery usual

Heat stroke Failure of temperature control center in brain

Convulsions, muscle twitch, delirium with hot and dry skin; Temp >41C

Stripping down and vigorous cooling with ice baths

High mortality sequelae: poor memory & concentration; headache

DISORDERS RELATED TO DISORDERS RELATED TO HEAT STRESSHEAT STRESS

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1. Acclimatization is necessary

2. Encourage drinking small amount of fluids at frequent intervals

3. The greater the heat and physical load, the more frequent the cooling periods.

4. The drinks should be available close to the worker.

5. Proper clothing should be worn.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WORKING IN HOT CONDITIONSWORKING IN HOT CONDITIONS


COLD STRESSCOLD STRESS

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE cooling room workers dry ice workers ice makers out-of-door workers during cold weather cold storage workers

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1. Frostbite fingers, toes, cheeks, nose, and

ears are most susceptible

characterized by reddening of the skin becoming blush later on, localized burning pain, and numbness

COLDCOLD--INDUCED INJURIESINDUCED INJURIES


2.Trench Foot (Immersion Foot)

results from prolonged exposure of the lower extremities to cold 32oF to 50oF (Ooto 10oC) and moisture

no neurovascular damage, and tissue anoxia follows

characterized by numbness, painful paresthesias, followed by leg cramps, vesiculation, ulceration and gangrene


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3. General Hypothermia

results from being in cold weather or submerged in cold water

characterized by dizziness, fatigue can lead to unconsciousness and death



CONTROL MEASURES CONTROL MEASURES

Provide adequate clothing including insulated

gloves, footwear and headgear

Build barriers around the worksite to block

the wind

Supply workers with warm beverages

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RADIATIONRADIATION


Radiation: Non-Ionizing & Ionizing

Radiation Sources Effects

Non-Ionizing1. Ultraviolet Sunlight, Welding Arc flash erythema

Lasers Photosensitivity

2. Microwaves Radar, Ovens Lens damage, burns,

can interfere w/ pacemaker & medical devices

3. Infrared Glass Blowing, Furnaces Cataracts

Ionizing X-rays Cancer, cataractsCancer, cataractsRadiation gamma rays Sterility, birth

defects,

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WORKPLACE WORKPLACE BIOLOGIC HAZARDSBIOLOGIC HAZARDS


BIOLOGIC HAZARDSBIOLOGIC HAZARDS

Biological nature which has the potential to cause harm

Viruses, bacteria, dangerous plants and animals (for example parasites or insects), or harmful by-products of living things.

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DEFINITIONTuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection that is characterized by the formation of granulomas in infected tissues.

ETIOLOGYMycobacterium tuberculosis

TUBERCULOSISTUBERCULOSIS


h respiratory secretions expelled during coughing, sneezing, and vocalizing

hbacilli remain airborne for long periods

h infectiousness depends number of organisms in the expectorated sputum and the extent of pre-existing pulmonary disease

TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION

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h has a predilection for the apical posterior segments of the upper lobes of the lungs

h Symptoms include the following:a. weight lossb. low grade afternoon feverc. persistent coughd. blood-streaked sputum

h pulmonary cavities may persist even though effective chemotherapy has resulted in apparent cure

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONSCLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS


TETANUSTETANUS

A neurological disorder characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms, that is caused by tetanospasmin, a protein toxinelaborated by the organism Clostridium tetani.

It arises from the contamination of wounds with Clostridium spores.

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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

1. Increased tone in the masseter muscle (lockjaw)

2. Sustained contraction of the facial muscles (risus sardonicus) and back muscles (opisthotonus)

PREVENTION

1.Active immunization with tetanus toxoid

2.Careful wound management


HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic and fatal illness which affects the bodys immune system making it unable to combat infection.

It is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

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To be transmitted, HIV must enter the bloodstream of another person in large enough quantities to infect them.

HIV has been detected in infectious quantities in:

* blood* semen* vaginal fluids* breast milk


HIV CAN ENTER THE HIV CAN ENTER THE BLOODSTREAMBLOODSTREAMduring unprotected sex

through transfusions ofblood or blood products

from an HIV positive mother to her baby

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HIV / AIDS HIV / AIDS Course of HIV InfectionCourse of HIV Infection

Persistent generalized lymphadenopathyand non-life threatening conditions

Asymptomatic Carrier State

Development of Antibodies (seroconversion)

Infection

Continuingasymptomatic state

Recovery (?) Continuing illness

AIDS & other life-threatening

conditions

DeathDeath


HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS

HIV TestingDetects presence of antibody to HIV inblood

Two (2) Screening Tests:

1. ELIZA

(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

2. Particle agglutination (PA)

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HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS

Prevention of HIV InfectionPrevention of HIV Infection

A : Abstinence

B : Be Faithful

C : Condom

D : Do not inject Drugs


Philippine National AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998

Basic Information on HIV/AIDS

Non-mandatory testing

Confidentiality of results

Prohibition of discrimination and termination from work

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ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS

the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.

International Ergonomics Association


GOALSmake work safe and humane

increase human efficiency

create human well-being


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The TheTool Workstation

The Environment Operator The Organization

The Task(Job Content/

Context)

Fitting the task to the person



WORK SYSTEMCapabilities

Limitations


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EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE

low product qualityhigh rate or errorsmaterial wastage

equipment damage

musculoskeletalvascular

visual/ ocularhearing

skinpsychological

EFFECT ON HEALTH

imbalancein the

worksystem

absenteeism accidents compensation

costs


POSTURE

Awkward posture

Static posture

ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS

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FORCEFUL EXERTIONS

Overcome weight, resistance, inertia

LiftPushPullCarry



MOVEMENT

Repetitivesame motion patternshort cycle time

Extreme range of motiontwisting bending


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Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)secondary to repetitive motion, improper

posture, fatigue

Musculoskeletal disorders Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Neck-shoulder pain Low Back Pain Tendinitis

EFFECTS OF ERGONOMIC EFFECTS OF ERGONOMIC STRESSESSTRESSES


COGNITIVE DEMANDS

Perceive & interpret information

signals, display controls, reaction time

Vigilance / sustained alertness

Memoryvisual, hearing, tactile


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JOB DESIGN

Lack of control

Task invariability

Lack of feedback

Overqualified/under qualified



ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE

Unfavorable social environment

Work policy

Lack of technical support

shiftwork, machine-paced, inadequate breaks, unrealistic quotas

support from management and co-workers

skill development, training & re-training


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WORKPLACE DIMENSION

Reach

Fit

See



ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Noise

Heat

Vibration

Inadequate lighting


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4Checklist survey

4Walkthrough survey

Observe activitiesTalk with workersDo quick fix

Document hazards

RECOGNITION OF RECOGNITION OF ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS

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4Medical and safety records

4Worker complaints

Excessive overtimes

Trends in accidents and diseases

4Work practices

4Performance report

4Absenteeism, turnover

RECOGNITION OF RECOGNITION OF ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS


4Characterize hazards

Magnitude of exposureDuration of exposure

Recovery time

EVALUATION OF EVALUATION OF ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS

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4Job AnalysisCollect data to identify cause of stress

Establish interaction with work environment

Establish what the worker is doing

Establish how the worker is doing the task

Establish how much work is being done



4Methods of data collection

Video camera recording

ObservationQuestionnaire

PhotographyPhysiologic measures

EMG, energy expenditures, biomechanics,etc.


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SELECT INTERVENTIONSELECT INTERVENTION

OBJECTIVES

4reduce magnitude of risk factors4reduce duration of exposure

lengthen recovery time use other muscle groups and joints improve posture


4APPROPRIATE

4TIMELY

4ACCEPTABLE

SELECT INTERVENTIONS SELECT INTERVENTIONS THAT ARE :THAT ARE :

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INTERVENTIONSINTERVENTIONS

I. Administrative controlmanagement or personnel methods

4job rotation4work enlargement4rest breaks4motion economy4training and education


II. Engineering controlworkplace modification

4work location and dimensions4tool design4mechanical aids

INTERVENTIONSINTERVENTIONS

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ESSENTIALS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND ESSENTIALS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASESMANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

What To Do: What Not to Do:

Research the Facts Do not immediately assume the cause and effect of exposure and symptoms

Obtain more information Do not transmit anxiety or ignorance to the patient

Investigate and enlist the Do not give the help of patient, family, person work expert restriction Avoid all

Hazards


THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

Environmental monitoring

Biological monitoring and health surveillance

Treatment and epidemiological surveillance- Morbidity- Mortality

Workplace-Related Events

Exposure at the workplace- Chemicals- Physical agents

Biologically significant exposure

- Chemicals absorbed

- Early (reversible) changes

None

Early

Late

Clinical diagnosis

- measurable health effects

End effects- diseases- unfavorable events (e.g. spontaneous abortion)

Occupational Health

Team

Health Effects

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Monitoring

Systematic, continuous, repetitive health-related activities that should lead to corrective action

Types of monitoring

1. Ambient / Environmental

2. Biologic

3. Medical surveillance


BIOLOGIC MONITORING

Measurement of changes in composition of body fluids, tissue, expired air to determine absorption of potentially hazardous material

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

Examination to determine workers response to the hazard

Clinical examination and other laboratory tests

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Lung status, sputum exam.

NoneNoneM. tuberculosis

Lung statusNoneSilica in airSilica dust

Symptom survey, physical exam,

radiologic exam, etc.

NoneObserve, measure, document task

Lifting of heavy loads

HearingNoneSound levelNoise

Liver, Kidney, Immune system, Skin

Trichloroacetic acid in urine

Trichloroethylene in air

Tricholoro-ethylene

Medical Surveillance

Biological Monitoring

Environmental Monitoring

Health Hazard


Know the hazard - How worker is exposed- How worker is affected

Characterize the hazard - Exposure levels- Exposure duration

Know the worker - Susceptibilities

Obtain information on - Directed towards affectedappropriate medical organ systemexaminations

Analyze medical data - Disease, recovery, rehabilitation- Effectiveness or failure of

control measures

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workplace hazards & their effects

Documents

ill effects8acute

ill effects10inhalation

ill effectsworkplace

ill effectsand

ill effects11gastrointestinal

ill effects14diseases

ill effects12air surfaces

ill effects7toxicology