working drawing. orthographic projections. draw10w

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Working Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingThe concepts of points, lines and surfaces apply in orthographic projection.

The following holds true in orthographic drawings:A point appears as a point in any plane of projections.Lines perpendicular to the P.P. appears as a points.Lines parallel to the P.P. appear as lines in their true size.Theory of Orthographic ProjectionsWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingLines inclined to the P.P. appear shorter.

Surfaces parallel to the P.P. appear in their true size and shape.

Surfaces perpendicular to the P.P. appear as a line.

Surfaces inclined to the P.P. appear not in true size and shape.Theory of Orthographic ProjectionsWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing

1234Theory of Orthographic ProjectionsWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing567

Theory of Orthographic ProjectionsWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingCtDtAtBtAf CfBf DfAs BsCs DsAtBtCtDtCfDfAfBfAs BsCs DsTheory of Orthographic ProjectionsWorking Drawing


HEIGHTHEIGHTHEIGHTDEPTHDEPTHWIDTHWIDTHWIDTHDEPTH

Theory of Orthographic Projections


HEIGHTHEIGHTDEPTHDEPTHWIDTHWIDTHFRONT VIEWSIDE VIEWTOP VIEWTheory of Orthographic Projections


AUXILIARY VIEW

Theory of Orthographic Projections


FRONT VIEWSIDE VIEWTOP VIEWREFERENCE LINE PARALLEL TO THE ENCLINED SURFACEDIRECTION OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO THE INCLINE SURFACEPART AUXILIARY VIEWTheory of Orthographic Projections


FRONT VIEWSIDE VIEWTOP VIEWTHREE PRINCIPAL VIEWSWorking DrawingMultiview Projection


HEIGHTWIDTHDEPTHWIDTHDEPTHWIDTHWIDTHDEPTHTOP VIEWBOTTOM VIEWREAR VIEWL-SIDE VIEWFRONT VIEWR-SIDE VIEWHEIGHTHEIGHTDEPTHSIX REGULAR VIEWSWorking DrawingMultiview Projection


HORIZONTAL PLANELINE OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO PLANETOP VIEW

Multiview Projection


FRONT VIEWLINE OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO PLANEFRONTAL PLANE



LINE OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO PLANEPROFILE PLANESIDE VIEW



THE GLASS BOXMultiview Projection


widthheightUNFOLDING THE GLASS BOXMultiview Projection

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingVisible line used to show the outlines and corners that can be seen when the object is viewed.

Hidden line used to show edges and corners that are not normally seen when the object is viewed.

Section line used to show cut surfaces of the object in sections.

Center line used to indicate the center of a circle or arc, or to indicate the axis of objects with circular features. In some cases the center line is also used as an extension line.

Alphabets of LinesWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingDimension and Extension lines used to indicate the direction and the extent or size of a part in a drawing and to show the relative position or location of the features. Dimension lines are terminated by arrowheads at the extremities. Its three parts are the fine line, arrowheads and numerical value.

Cutting plane line this is used to indicate which part of the object is imaginarily cut in sections.

Short break line this is used to show the edge of the object from which a part has been cut. This line is drawn freehand and applicable if the object is not large.


MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingLong break line this has similar use as short break line. It is used to show that the object has been cut in a certain part usually in halfsectional views. It is used to reduce the size of the view.

Leader line sometimes called the porter, is a thin solid inclined line, leading from a note or dimension terminated by an arrowhead towards the part indicated. They are drawn at an angle to connect with the principal line. In arcs and circles, leaders are along radial lines.


MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingPhamtom lineUsed to show the position of moving parts++Visible line (thick)Hidden line (thin)Working DrawingApplication of the Alphabets of Lines

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingSection line (thin)++Center line (thin)Working DrawingApplication of the Alphabets of Lines

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingDimension & extension lines (thin)60Extension lineDimension line75Cutting plane line (thick)Working DrawingApplication of the Alphabets of Lines

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingShort Break line (thick)Long Break line (thin)Working DrawingApplication of the Alphabets of Lines

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing15 DIA. In 2 Holes10 R. In 4 CornersLeader line (thin)Phamtom line (thin)

Working DrawingApplication of the Alphabets of Lines

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingDimensions, extension and leader lines are drawn in light solid lines.

Extension lineLeader lineDimension line50Rules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingExtension lines must begin about 1 mm. from the object and should extend about 2 mm. beyond the dimension line.

2 mm.1 mm.50Rules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingDimension lines must be kept at least 10 mm. away from the object lines and 10 mm. away from each other.

25255010 mm.10 mm.Rules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingThe smaller or detail dimensions should be nearest to the view and the overall dimensions should be farthest away. Detail dimensions should be kept in one line.

detail dimensions30204020110Overall dimensionsRules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing2040204522.522.52020Unnecessary repetition of dimensionsDimensions are not to be repeated.Rules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingKeep dimensions between views if possible.Dimensions should not be placed upon a view unless necessary.

2015351515154520Top view

Front view

Side viewRules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingCenter lines are used as extension lines in dimensioning distances of circles.153030151515Rules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingFor dimensioning limited space, arrowheads should be reversed.5505Rules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingHidden lines should not be dimensioned unless necessary.20Rules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingCircles are dimensioned by giving the diameter. 300Dia. 20Rules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingArcs are dimensioned by giving the radius.R20R15Rules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingAngles are dimensioned by means of arcs and arrowheads.

30o45oRules In DimensioningWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingINTRODUCTIONOrthographic projections can show both the internal and external features of an object. The customary use of dashed lines to show the internal features of an object can sometimes be confusing. The excessive use of hidden lines make drawing difficult to read and understand.

To clearly describe the object several views are drawn showing the object as if a portion had been cut to reveal the interior. This convention is called sectioning. Sectional views can be represented in both orthographic and isometric drawing.

Sectional ViewsWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingIsometric viewIsometric sectionOrthographic section


MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingSectional views are used to clarify interior or hidden details on a multiview drawing of an object. A sectional view usually replaces of the principal views (top, front and side) but may also be an additional view or a series of supplemental views depending on the type.

Section views are located by creating a Cutting Plane Line in one view. The Cutting Plane Line is a thick, dark line composed of a long dash, two short dashes and a long dash.


MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingCutting plane lineSection Lining or Cross Hatching is added to the Section view to distinguish the solid portions from the hollow areas of an object and can also be used to indicate the type of material that was used to make the object.Sectional ViewsWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingSome of the material symbols used for section lining.Gen. purpose or cast ironSteelMagnesium or aluminumBronze, brass or copperWhite metal, zinc, leadSectional ViewsWorking Drawing

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingFull Sections Is constructed by passing an imaginary cuttingplane completely through the object. The arrows indicate the direction of sight, and all the hidden features intersected by the cuttingplane are represented by visible line in the section view. Top viewSection viewFront viewSide viewTypes of SectionsSectional Views

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingHalf Sections Are created by passing a cuttingplane only halfway through the object. The figure shows a half section view with a quarter of the object removed. Note that, hidden line are omitted from the section view, but maybe added to the unsectioned half for clarity.The external features of the object are drawn on the unsectioned half of the view, and a center line is used to separate the two halves. This is drawn in objects which are symmetrical.Types of SectionsSectional Views

Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingHalf SectionsTypes of SectionsSectional Views

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingOffset SectionsAn offset section is constructed with a nonlinear cutting plane line. The cutting plane line is bent at 90 degrees in order to pass through the important features of the object. Once the section is established, the corners of the cuttingplane line are not shown on the section view. Multiple cuttingplane lines can be used on one object if needed. Types of SectionsSectional Views

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingOffset SectionsTypes of SectionsSectional Views

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingRemoved Sections Removed sections are made in a manner similar to revolved sections, except the cross section is being drawn adjacent to the orthographic view, and not on it. Removed sections are used when there is enough space on the orthographic view for a revolved section.Removed sections are used to show the contours of complicated shaped and other parts that have continuously varying shaped. Normally, the crosssection view is drawn adjacent to the orthographic view and close to the position of the cuttingplane, which is identified either with a center line or a cutting planeline.Types of SectionsSectional Views

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingRemoved SectionsTypes of SectionsSectional Views

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingBrokenout Sections A brokenout section is used only a small portion of the object is removed and sectioned. A brokenout section is used instead of a Full or Half Section to provide only the needed detail, and also to save time. A free hand break line separates the sectioned portion from the unsectioned view. A cuttingplane is not used since the removed section is chosen at random.Types of SectionsSectional Views

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingRevolved sections

A Revolved Section is constructed by revolving a crowsectioned view 90 degrees about an axis of revolution. The section view is then superimposed between conventional break lines on the orthographic view. The new crosssection is drawn true size and shapes to fit the view.Types of SectionsSectional Views

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCESLettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric DrawingRevolved sectionsTypes of SectionsSectional Views


working drawing. orthographic projections. draw10w

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orthographic drawings

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