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Work in a globalized worldRombert Stapel, IISH / Weatherhead Initiative on Global HistoryRichard Zijdeman, IISH / Stirling UniversityAn algorithm allocating labour relations to digitized census dataDH 2016Krakw, July 15, 2016

1873, World Exhibition Vienna2

labour relationsExtensive definition of workmarketnon-marketfamilycoerced labour

3serftributary labourerslaveindentured labourerself-employedwage-earner

Tilly & Tilly: Work includes any human effort adding use value to goods and services. [] Prior to the twentieth century, a vast majority of the worlds workers performed the bulk of their work in other settings than salaried jobs as we know them today. Even today, over the world as a whole, most work takes place outside of regular jobs. Only a prejudice bred by Western capitalism and its industrial labor markets fixes on strenuous effort expended for money payment outside the home as real work, relegating other efforts to amusement, crime, and mere housekeeping.3

TLR: taxonomy of labour relations4total populationnon-workingreciprocallabourtributarylabourcommidifiedlabourhouseholdspolitymarketnon-marketinstitutionsnon-working

Basis is total population. Mooie aan schema: gedwongen om hele bevolking op te nemen: expliciet over wie je meeneemt, niet simpel alleen werkende bevolking, maar plaats voor allerlei typen van werk en niet-werk.Nalopen: 5 Kin-non producers; Non-market institutions (e.g. Church, government)5

the collab a.k.a.The Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations

6all continentsca. 1500-2000for / with whomone works

Current approachIs there regional and temporal change?

regional experts

period 1500-2000, in ca. 100 year intervals

mainly macro data (e.g. occupational census tables)

methodological papers & uniform data entry

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So how have we tried to answer these questions thus far?Voorbeelden uit eigen onderzoek: gebruik van census, maar ook muntvondsten, belastingrecords, etc. 7

Progression8

15001800200016501900

Hoe heeft het project zich ontwikkeld: beginnen met niet-Europa en niet-modern (want meest onbekend). Nu blijkt 2000 en Europa/VS juist blinde vlek.8

the collabs future aimsgather missing data for the past two centuries

move from descriptive to explanatory questions9

our (DH) aim

To make the derivation of labour relations:

more efficient

more detailed

suitable for explanatory questions

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In the process of setting up a symposium on the history of self-employment (including recent developments)Labrels + social inequality -> meest voordehand liggende verband zichtbaar bij slavery bijv.10

approach (use case)source: IPUMS (Univ. of Minnesota)

digitized US census data (1850 2015)

derive labour relations from key variables

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key variablesclass of worker

employment status

labour force status

occupation

age

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Depending on the year, auxiliary variables can be used to further specify the labour relations

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Old School Advanced flow chartBaltimore, 11/12/201513Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach

while similar variables are available for all years, its not similar enough to just copy it13

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Design of labour relation extraction14

So, does it work?15

Labour relations 1850-2010: Aggregated US, male16

To do: betere blik op child-labour (for comparison reasons now everyone in LR 1 (non-working) below 16yr. Still minor growth of non-working (1+105).Huge decline of self-employment. Slaves > Wage-earners after abolition.Slow decline of commodified labourDecline of male wage labour after 1990.16

Labour relations 1850-2010: Aggregated US, female17

Decline of female commodified labour 1850 > 1870 (abolition of slavery), then slow growth, rapid after WW II. RISE AND DEMISE OF MALE BREADWINNER SOCIETY. Growth stops after 1990 however!. To do: test validity of ability of census officers to detect female labour (is everyone in 5 or 105 non-working/soing household tasks only): evaluate likelihood per case using other variables in census records.Also: child-labour17

Is it more efficient?Replication for Turkey

manually: several months

algorithm: 3 hours

near-perfect replication18

So, is it temporally more detailed?19

Shift in Labour Relations over time: meat cuttersBaltimore, 11/12/201520Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach

Decline of self-employment20

Shift in Labour Relation over time: midwivesBaltimore, 11/12/201521Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach

Institutionele veranderingen: wetgeving vrije midwivery21

So, is it spatially more detailed?22

Regional variation in labour relations (GIS): Percentage self-employed23

and its on theindividual level 24

The importance of life course and household structure variables (1920)

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Explain household: entire household (incl. children, husbands, wives, etc.) where at least one person is a meat cutter.25

and allows for the study of shifts in labour relations26

Shifts in unpaid family work of total surveyed population (CPS/IPUMS 1964-2015)27remain: unpaid family worker

Shifts in the year preceding to the survey27

Current caveatsLack of multiple labour relations (e.g. part time self-employed, part time wage earner)

Census registration issues: child/female labour

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Methodological conclusionsValidation of construction of labour relations

Assessment of 100-year intervals

Describe and explain shifts over space and time

Introducing the individual and household level as unit of analysis

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Vooral dat laatste punt levert een enorme mogelijkheid aan verschillende analyses op.29

Substantive conclusionsIn addition to hypothesized shifts:

Evidence for structural shifts: occupations that change in nature

Life cycle shifts in labour relations

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Structural shifts: e.g. because of institutional changes (law for instance), or ideological changes, changes in type of labour, changes in available workUitnodigen om goede case-studies te geven30

Contact

Selected recent literaturerombert.stapel@iisg.nl

richard.zijdeman@iisg.nl

www.historyoflabourrelations.org

Karin Hofmeester, Jan Lucassen, Leo Lucassen, Rombert Stapel and Richard Zijdeman, The Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations, 1500-2000: Background, Set-Up, Taxonomy, and Applications (2015; www.historyoflabourrelations.org)

Leo Lucassen, Working Together: New Directions In Global Labour History, Journal of Global History 11.1 (2016; forthcoming)

Marcelo Badar Mattos et al (eds), Relaes Laborais em Portugal e no Mundo Lusfono. Historia e Demografia. Lisbon: Edies Colibri 2014

Special Issue Labor Relations in Africa: History of Africa 41 (2014)

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Labour relations 1850-2010: Aggregated Portugal, maleBaltimore, 11/12/201532Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach

For comparison. See clear growth of non-working population (to school instead of child-labour)In comparison with US: much more wage-labour early on32

Labour relations 1850-2010: Aggregated Portugal, femaleBaltimore, 11/12/201533Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach

WIJZEN OP ESTADO NOVO (1933-1974), MINDER FEMALE-WORKERS: ideological. Real or just different methods by census officers?Lots of productive work by women before Estado Novo.Similar pattern in last twenty years as in United States (stop of growth of commodified female labour).33