women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

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Women’s Women’s movements of the movements of the 1920s and the 1920s and the 1960s 1960s

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Page 1: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Women’s Women’s movements of the movements of the

1920s and the 1920s and the 1960s1960s

Women’s Women’s movements of the movements of the

1920s and the 1920s and the 1960s1960s

Page 2: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

1920s1920s1920s1920s

Page 3: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground

Historically, women have been considered intellectually inferior to men.They were seen as major sources of temptation and evil. Women were also considered naturally weaker than men

Page 4: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

FlappersFlappersFlappersFlappers

Page 5: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

FlappersFlappersFlappersFlappers

These women challenged traditional American values. Characteristics of a Flapper:

Short, bobbed hair Short hems on their skirts Listened to Jazz music Wore makeup Drank hard liquor Smoked cigarettes Treating sex in a more casual manner Were opposed to the conventional

social and sexual norms

Page 6: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

1919thth Amendment Amendment1919thth Amendment Amendment

“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States

or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to

enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”

It was ratified on August 18th, 1920.

Page 7: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Alice PaulAlice PaulAlice PaulAlice Paul

She was the head of National Women’s Party.Felt that the 19th Amendment wasn’t enough. Pushed for an

Equal Rights Amendment to be added to the constitution.

January 11th, 1885- July 9th, 1977

Page 8: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

The Equal Rights The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)Amendment (ERA)The Equal Rights The Equal Rights

Amendment (ERA)Amendment (ERA)

“Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.” It was first introduced to Congress in

1923. Made all forms of discrimination

based on sex illegal. Never passed in Congress.

Page 9: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Margaret SangerMargaret SangerMargaret SangerMargaret SangerIn 1921, she founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL) Today known as Planned

ParenthoodIn 1923, she established the Clinical Research Bureau. The first legal birth

control clinic in the U.S.Women were then able to control their own bodies.This movement educated women about existing birth control methods.A 1936, a Supreme Court decision declassified birth control information as obscene.

Page 10: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

“Woman was created to be man's helpmeet, but her unique role is in conception . . . since for other purposes men would be better assisted by other men."

--Thomas Aquinas, 13th century

Christian theologian

Page 11: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Adkins Adkins vv. Children’s Hospital. Children’s Hospital 19231923

Adkins Adkins vv. Children’s Hospital. Children’s Hospital 19231923

The Supreme Court decided that a minimum wage for women violated the right to freedom of contract.

William Howard Taft was the Chief Justice

Page 12: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

EducationEducationEducationEducation

By 1928, women were earning 39% of the college degrees given in the United States.It had risen from the original 19% it was at the beginning of the century. Example:

In 1926, Sarah Lawrence College was founded as an all girls school

Page 13: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

““Pink Collared” JobsPink Collared” Jobs““Pink Collared” JobsPink Collared” Jobs

Gave women a taste of the work world.Low paying service occupations.Made less money than men did doing the same jobs. Examples of jobs:

Secretaries Teachers Telephone

operators Nurses

Page 14: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

““Pink Collared” JobsPink Collared” Jobs““Pink Collared” JobsPink Collared” Jobs

Women were confined to traditional “feminine” fields in the work force.The “new professional women” was the most vivid and widely publicized image in the 1920s. But in reality, most

middle class married women remained at home to care for their children.

Page 15: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

1960s1960s1960s1960s

Page 16: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackgroundThe Women's Rights Movement of the 1960s was a second wave of activism.The women's movement of the 1960s drew inspiration from the civil rights movementIt was made up of members of the middle classIt was also caused by the sexual revolution of the 1960s Sparked by the

development of the birth-control pill in 1960

Martin Luther King Jr. giving his"I Have A Dream“, 1963

Page 17: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Background ContBackground ContBackground ContBackground Cont

Sexual assault and domestic violence became central targets of women's activismThe crime of rape begins to increase in numbers Rape is sex without consent, both legally

and socially

Susan Brownmiller's book, Against Her Will, examines the history of rape Feminists work to create domestic violence shelters and rape crisis hotlines

Page 18: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Glass CeilingGlass CeilingGlass CeilingGlass Ceiling

Ceiling represents limiting upward advancements (not allowing women in upper management)"glass" (transparent) because the limitation is not immediately apparent and is normally an unwritten and unofficial policy.

Page 19: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Betty FriedanBetty Friedan Betty FriedanBetty Friedan Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in 1963.In her book, she depicted the roles of women in industrial societies.

She focused most of her attention on the housewife role of women.

She referred to the problem of gender roles as "the problem without a name". The book became a bestseller and was the cause for the second wave of feminism in the 60s.

Feb. 4th, 1921- Feb. 4th, 2006

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Page 20: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

The problem that has no name–which is simply the fact that American women are kept from growing to their full human capacities–is taking a far greater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any known disease.

-- Betty Friedan

Page 21: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

National Organization for National Organization for Women (NOWWomen (NOW))

National Organization for National Organization for Women (NOWWomen (NOW))

Founded in 1966.Founded by a group of people, including Betty Friedan, and Rev. Pauli Murray. The first African-

American woman Episcopal priest.

Betty Friedan became the organization's first president.

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Page 22: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

NOW NOW (con’t.)(con’t.)NOW NOW (con’t.)(con’t.)

The goal of NOW is to bring about equality for all women. They campaigned to gain passage of the ERA amendment at the state level.Issues NOW deals with: works to eliminate discrimination and

harassment in the workplace, schools, and the justice system.

secure abortion, birth control and reproductive rights for all women

end all forms of violence against women promote equality and justice in society.

Page 23: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Equal Rights Amendment Equal Rights Amendment (ERA(ERA))

Equal Rights Amendment Equal Rights Amendment (ERA(ERA))

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution which was intended to guarantee that equal rights under any federal, state or local law could not be denied on account of sex.

Senate and House passed bill but Senate and House passed bill but states did not ratify it.states did not ratify it.

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Page 24: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

ERA opposed ERA opposed ERA opposed ERA opposed

Phyllis Schlafly- leader of the stop ERA movement “Women's libbers are trying to make

wives and mothers unhappy with their career, make them feel that they are "second-class citizens" and "abject slaves." Women's libbers are promoting free sex instead of the "slavery" of marriage. They are promoting Federal "day-care centers" for babies instead of homes. They are promoting abortions instead of families. “

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Page 25: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

First national Commission on the First national Commission on the Status of WomenStatus of Women

First national Commission on the First national Commission on the Status of WomenStatus of Women

President Kennedyestablished the firstnational Commissionon the Status of Women in 1961.

In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality, and insufficient support services for working women.

Page 26: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Equal Pay Act 1963Equal Pay Act 1963Equal Pay Act 1963Equal Pay Act 1963It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual discrimination. In 1963 the average female worker’s wages in the United States were equivalent to 58.9 % of the average male worker’s earnings. It abolished wage differences based on sex.

“No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section [section 206 of title 29 of the United States Code] shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs…”

-- Equal Pay Act

Raised womens pay from 60% to 80% by 2004.

Bureau of Labor

Statistics

Page 27: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

The Civil Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 19641964

The Civil Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 19641964

Passed in 1964.It banned discrimination on the basis of color, race, national origin, religion, or sex.Section VII (called Title VII) set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the act.Put in bill to help get it defeated by making it look ridiculous.

Page 28: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

EEOCEEOCEEOCEEOCThe U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency charged with ending employment discrimination. The EEOC investigates discrimination complaints based on an individual's race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability and retaliation for reporting and/or opposing a discriminatory practice. The Commission is also tasked with filing suits on behalf of alleged victim(s) of discrimination against employers and as an adjudicatory for claims of discrimination brought against federal agencies

Page 29: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Griswold v. Connecticut Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)(1965)

Griswold v. Connecticut Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)(1965)

Estelle Griswold was the executive director of Planned Parenthood League.The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives. Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. Found that Connecticut should allow married couples to use birth control.Incorporation Doctrine used

Chief Justice Earl Warren (top), Estelle Griswold (right)

Page 30: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Roe v. WadeRoe v. WadeRoe v. WadeRoe v. Wade

Supreme court case that assured women the right to legal abortion. Prior to Roe several states outlawed or restricted abortions.Decision made on the right to privacy in the 14th Amendment.

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Page 31: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Other Other movementsmovements

Other Other movementsmovements

Page 32: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Latino and Native America Latino and Native America Civil Rights movementCivil Rights movement

Latino and Native America Latino and Native America Civil Rights movementCivil Rights movement

The success of Civil Rights and the Women’s Movement signal the growth of other movements

Page 33: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

The US faces a growing demand The US faces a growing demand for cheap laborfor cheap labor

The US faces a growing demand The US faces a growing demand for cheap laborfor cheap labor

Steady stream of new immigrants to the US.

Page 34: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Latinos in the Early 1960sLatinos in the Early 1960sLatinos in the Early 1960sLatinos in the Early 1960sMore than 900,000 Latinos lived in the United States in 1960. A Latino is any person of Latin American descent.

One-third of Mexican American families lived below the poverty line and twice as many Mexican Americans as white Americans were unemployed.

Latinos faced discrimination in education. Schools had less qualified teachers, fewer resources, and

shabbier facilities. Few teachers were able to speak Spanish.

In politics Latinos had far less power than the size of their population warranted. Electoral district boundaries kept Latino votes scattered. The number of Latinos in political office was very small. Latinos were often excluded from serving on juries.

Page 35: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Cesar ChavezCesar ChavezCesar ChavezCesar Chavez

• Co-founded National Farm Workers Association which became known as the

UFW United Farm Workers

• Implemented a worker’s strike and consumer boycott

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Page 36: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

ChicanoChicanoMovementMovementChicanoChicano

MovementMovement• Broad Mexican American social and

political effort.

• Worked for educating Latinos’ awareness of their history and culture.

• Wanted to gain political strength

Page 37: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

AIM- American Indian Movement AIM started out helping Indians

living in urban ghettos. AIM moved to address all civil rights

issues, particularly the securing of land, legal rights, and self-government for Native Americans

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Page 38: Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 Granted tribes greater control over

resources on reservations

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