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A

COMPREHENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

ON

THE STUDY OF OPPORTUNITY & CONSTRAINTS FACED BY WOMEN IN

INDIAN ECONOMY

SUBMITTED TO

Late Smt.Shardaben Ghanshyambhai Patel Institute of

Management Studies

DHARMAJ.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF BUSINESS ASMINISTRATION

In Gujarat Technological University

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Miss Priyanka Patel

SUBMITTED BY

Venkat Nildhara Batch: 2010-12, Enrollment No.:107330592043

MBA SEMESTER III/IV

Late Smt.Shardaben Ghanshyambhai Patel Institute of Management

Studies DHARMAJ.

MBA PROGRAMME

Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University Ahmadabad

Year 2011 - 2012

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DECLARATION

I, VENKAT NILDHARA hereby declare that the project report entitled,― THE

STUDY OF OPPORTUNITY & CONSTRAINTS FACED BY WOMEN IN

INDIAN ECONOMY‖ under the guidance of Miss PRIYANKA PATEL

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

Master of Business Administration to Gujarat Technological University,

Ahmadabad is my original work - research study - carried out during IV

semester and not submitted for the award of any other

degree/diploma/fellowship or other similar titles or prizes to any other

institution/organization or university by any other person.

Place :- Dharmaj signature

Date :- VENKAT NILDHARA

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INSTITUTE’S CERTIFICATE

―Certified that this Comprehensive Project Report Titled “THE STUDY OF

OPPORTUNITY & CONSTRAINTS FACED BY WOMEN IN INDIAN

ECONOMY” is the bonafide work of Ms. VENKAT NILDHARA N. (Enrollment

No.-107330592043), who carried out the research under my supervision. I

also certify further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein

does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of

which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any

other candidate.

Signature of the Faculty Guide

(Ms PRIYANKA PATEL.)

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PREFACE

As a part of my Management Programmed I got the opportunity to

make Comprehensive Project Report on “THE STUDY OPPORTUNITY AND

CONSTRAINTS FACED BY WOMEN IN INDIAN ECONOMY” The

Management course itself is a practical course but the real challenge comes

at field of work.

The practical training at M.B.A level is to develop the student‘s a feel

about industrial environment of business practice in order to develop a

practical bias in them as supplement to the theoretical studies of the

management in general. The theoretical knowledge & concept ideas are the

enough background for this career development but the practical training is

also having equal contribution for the

Management course is now a day in high demand. Management

considers as a critical element in the growth of any country. Indian industry is

walking up to the challenges thrown in by the market economy so, to survive

in this highly competitive scenario. Practical studies are gaining much more

importance as compared to the critical knowledge and management student

have wide open space to fulfill their dreams. Students have an opportunity to

make their career in this field. The study of management is together with

some practical knowledge such as industrial visit makes the training,

confident, capable and more component without any under stresses on his

mind. So, it helps the student and given the theoretical knowledge to its real

situation. As a result of this research, I am trying my best to present an

overlook about the organization as well as my understanding management

and indeed a matter of esteem honor itself.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been

possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and

organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I have taken the opportunity to express the feeling of gratitude towards

Gujarat Technological University for keeping training project work as part of

M.B.A. program.

I am highly indebted to Professor Ms. PRIYNKA PATEL faculty

member and internal guide for motivating us and keep Trust on us and also

for help in our all problems. Their helpful solutions and comments enriched by

their experience for the betterment of the project. We sincerely acknowledge

that without her support this project would not have been feasible.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & Professors

and the Principal Dr. M. R. Brahmachari of the Late Smt. Shardaben

Ghanshyambhai Patel Institute of Management Studies for their kind co-

operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague and friends in

developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their

abilities.

Finally I would like to thank everyone who directly or indirectly helped

me in the project.

With thanks to all.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Concept of Opportunity and Constraints faced by women in Indian

economy. Till the date no study has been made on conducted thorough

survey on the women opportunities which is provided by government.

Till the date no study has been conducted on the women awareness

regarding government gave them opportunities and self development of her.

So, I have decided to make inferences through survey on finding out the

―Opportunity and Constrains Faced by Women in Indian Economy‖ in different

areas.

So, the total population of the women in khambhat area 5000. From the net

based sample size calculator of sampling size was decided as 135 samples to

be surveyed of the women. And the survey doing on Gudel , Tamsa, Kansari.

The direct contacts were the methods of approaching the samples. Different

methods were used in collecting the information based on the questionnaire,

general discussions & observation.

The survey was done through questionnaire and hence many of the findings,

that majority of the women are in aware of the Government Schemes.

I have done research about the women opportunities and constrains in a

Khambhat Taluka, and nearby rural area. So many women have responded

well, and hence my survey has responded positively.

As per survey most of the women are agreed that the development of women

& its schemes in their day to day life and in the society that have made their

life easier.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ch. No. Particulars No Of Page

1. Part I - General Information

1.1 Overview of Women Opportunities 1 to 2

1.2 Overview of Indian Women Opportunities 3 to 19

1.3 Overview of Women Opportunities in Gujarat 20 to 29

2. Part II – Primary Study 30 to 31

Introduction Of The Study 32 to 35

2.1 Literature Review 37 to 40

2.2 Background Of The Study 36

2.3 Problem Statement 37

2.4 Objectives Of The Study 37

2.5 Hypothesis 38 to 40

3. Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design 41

3.2 Source Of Data 41

3.3 Data Collection Method 41

3.4 Population 41

3.5 Sampling Method 41

3.6 Sampling Frame 42

3.7 Sampling Procedure 42 to 43

3.8 Data Collection Instrument 44

4. Data Analysis And Interpretation 45 to 65

5. Result And Findings 66 to 67

6. Limitations 68

7. Conclusion 69

Annexure

Bibliography

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PART - I

GENERAL

Information

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF WOMEN OPPORTUNITIES:

Women the word sounds so powerful. Since eternity, women have

played a role more important than men and that is no exaggeration. The world

would not have been the same lovely adorable and loveable place without

wonderful contribution so selflessly made by women. It has been said that,

you teach a female and you build up a nation and truth can‘t be closer than

that. Women have always carried the burden of being a wife, mother, sister all

on their own and we need not to explain how magnificently they have carried

this position.

In this dynamic world, women entrepreneurs are a significant part of

the global expedition for sustained economic development and social

progress. Due to the growing industrialization, urbanization, social legislation

and along with the spread of higher education and awareness, the emergence

of Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of

almost all countries.

In former days, for Women there were 3 Ks- Kitchen, Kids, Knitting,

then came 3 Ps- Powder, Pap pad, Pickles and now at present there are 4

Es- Electricity, Electronics, Energy, Engineering. Indian women had

undergone a long way and are becoming increasingly visible and successful

in all spheres and have shifted from kitchen to higher level of professional

activities.

It's been over sixty years since our country gained independence, but

Indian women are still not allowed to move independently. Though woman is

worshipped here as Goddess here, people can't just restrain from committing

atrocities against them. Women here experience many hardships at various

places right from home to working places.

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I have heard some time ago that in developed countries like America,

the couples do household works together, but it is not the case in India. Here,

women have to do the household works alone while the husbands sit in front

of the TV or read the newspaper slouching in a couch. After about eight to

twelve hours of work, a typical working woman in India has to return home

and make food for the rest of the family. There are, of course, husbands who

help wives, but majority of husbands fall into the other category.

I have heard some time ago that in developed countries like America,

the couples do household works together, but it is not the case in India. Here,

women have to do the household works alone while the husbands sit in front

of the TV or read the newspaper slouching in a couch. After about eight to

twelve hours of work, a typical working woman in India has to return home

and make food for the rest of the family. There are, of course, husbands who

help wives, but majority of husbands fall into the other category.

Any strategy aimed at economic development will be lop-sided without

involving women who constitute half of the world population. Women

entrepreneurship has gained momentum in the last three decades with the

increase in the number of women enterprises and their substantive

contribution to economic growth. The industrial performance of Asia-Pacific

region propelled by Foreign Direct Investment, technological innovations and

manufactured exports has brought a wide range of economic and social

opportunities to women entrepreneurs.

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1.2 INDIA: AN OVERVIEW OF WOMEN OPPORTUNITIES

India, with a population of 989 million, is the world's second most

populous country. Of that number, 120 million are women who live in poverty.

India has 16 percent of the world's population, but only 2.4 percent of

its land, resulting in great pressures on its natural resources.

Over 70 percent of India's populations currently derive their livelihood

from land resources, which includes 84 percent of the economically-active

women.

India is one of the few countries where males significantly outnumber

females, and this imbalance has increased over time. India's maternal

mortality rates in rural areas are among the world's highest. From a global

perspective, Indian accounts for 19 percent of all lives births and 27 percent of

all maternal deaths. There seems to be a consensus that higher female

mortality between ages one and five and high maternal mortality rates result

in a deficit of females in the population. Chatterjee (1990) estimates that

deaths of young girls in India exceed those of young boys by over 300,000

each year, and every sixth infant death is specifically due to gender

discrimination." Of the 15 million baby girls born in India each year, nearly 25

percent will not live to see their 15th birthday.

"Although India was the first country to announce an official family

planning program in 1952, its population grew from 361 million in 1951 to 844

million in 1991. India's total fertility rate of 3.8 births per woman can be

considered moderate by world standards, but the sheer magnitude of

population increase has resulted in such a feeling of urgency that containment

of population growth is listed as one of the six most important objectives in the

Eighth Five-Year Plan."

Since 1970, the use of modern contraceptive methods has risen from

10 percent to 40 percent, with great variance between northern and southern

India. The most striking aspect of contraceptive use in India is the

predominance of sterilization, which accounts for more than 85 percent of

total modern contraception use, with female sterilization accounting for 90

percent of all sterilizations.

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The Indian constitution grants women equal rights with men, but strong

patriarchal traditions persist, with women's lives shaped by customs that are

centuries old. In most Indian families, a daughter is viewed as a liability, and

she is conditioned to believe that she is inferior and subordinate to men. Sons

are idolized and celebrated. May you be the mother of a hundred sons is a

common Hindu wedding blessing.

The origin of the Indian idea of appropriate female behavior can be

traced to the rules laid down by Manu in 200 B.C.: "by a young girl, by a

young woman, or even by an aged one, nothing must be done independently,

even in her own house". "In childhood a female must be subject to her father,

in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must

never be independent."

The Indian economy has been witnessing a drastic change since mid

-1991, with new policies of economic liberalization, globalization and

privatization initiated by the Indian government. India has great

entrepreneurial potential. At present, women involvement in economic

activities is marked by a low work participation rate, excessive concentration

in the unorganized sector and employment in less skilled jobs.

There is a need for changing the mindset towards women so as to give

equal rights as enshrined in the constitution. The progress towards gender

equality is slow and is partly due to the failure to attach money to policy

commitments. In the words of president APJ Abdul Kalam "empowering

women is a prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women are

empowered, society with stability is assured. Empowerment of women is

essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to the development of

a good family, good society and ultimately a good nation.

When a woman is empowered it does not mean that another individual

becomes powerless or is having less power. On the contrary, if a women is

empowered her competencies towards decision- making will surely influence

her family's behavior.

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Pandit Jawaharlal Lal Nehru has remarked “When women move forward,

the family moves, the village moves and the Nation moves.”

It's been over sixty years since our country gained independence, but

Indian women are still not allowed to move independently. Though woman is

worshipped here as Goddess here, people can't just restrain from committing

atrocities against them. Women here experience many hardships at various

places right from home to working places.

Women played an important part in India's independence struggle.

Some of the famous freedom fighters include Bhikaji Cama, Dr. Annie Besant,

Pritilata Waddedar, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Aruna Asaf

Ali, Sucheta Kriplani and Kasturba Gandhi. Other notable names include

Muthulakshmi Reddy, Durgabai Deshmukh etc. The Rani of Jhansi Regiment

of Subhash Chandra Bose's Indian National Army consisted entirely of women

including Captain Lakshmi Sahgal. Sarojini Naidu, a poet and a freedom

fighter, was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian

National Congress and the first woman to become the governor of a state in

India.

The women‘s movement and a wide-spread network of non-

Government Organizations which have strong grass-roots presence and deep

insight into women‘s concerns have contributed in inspiring initiatives for the

empowerment of women.

In the words of president APJ Abdul Kalam "empowering women is a

prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women are empowered, society

with stability is assured.

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MODERN INDIAN WOMEN

In the era of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization along with

ongoing IT Revolution, today‘s world is changing at a surprising pace. Political

and Economic Transformations appear to be taking place everywhere. These

changes have created economic opportunities for women who want to own

and operate businesses.

The status of women in modern India is a sort of a paradox. If on one

hand she is at the peak of ladder of success, on the other hand she is mutely

suffering the violence afflicted on her by her own family members. As

compared with past women in modern times have achieved a lot but in reality

they have to still travel a long way. Their path is full of roadblocks. The sex

ratio of India shows that the Indian society is still prejudiced against female.

There are 933 females per thousand males in India according to the census of

2001, which is much below the world average of 990 females.

Women in India now participate in all activities such as education, sports,

politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc.

Indira Gandhi, who served as Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period

of fifteen years is the world's longest serving woman Prime Minister.

The feminist activism in India picked up momentum during later 1970s.

One of the first national level issues that brought the women's groups together

was the Mathura rape case. The acquittal of policemen accused of raping a

young girl Mathura in a police station, led to a wide-scale protests in 1979–

1980. The protests were widely covered in the national media, and forced the

Government to amend the Evidence Act, the Criminal Procedure Code and

the Indian Penal Code and introduce the category of custodial rape. Female

activists united over issues such as female infanticide, gender bias, women

health, and female literacy.

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The Government of India declared 2001 as the Year of Women's

Empowerment (Swashakti). The National Policy for the Empowerment of

Women came was passed in 2001. In 2010 March 9, one day after

International Women's day, Rajyasabha passed Women's Reservation Bill,

ensuring 33% reservation to women in Parliament and state legislative

bodies.

The plight of women in medieval India and at the starting of modern

India can be summed up in the words of great poet Rabindranath Tagore:

O Lord Why have you not given women the right to conquer her

destiny?

Why does she have to wait head bowed,

By the roadside, Waiting with tired patience,

Hoping for a miracle in the tomorrow"

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The 21 Successful Leading Businesswomen in India

1. Akhila Srinivasan, Managing Director, Shriram Investments Ltd

2. Chanda Kocchar, Executive Director, ICICI Bank

3. Ekta Kapoor ,Creative Director, Balaji Telefilms

4. Jyoit Naik, President, Lijjat Papad

5. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Chairman and Managing Director, Biocon

6. Lalita D Gupte, Joint Managing Director, ICICI Bank

7. Naina Lal Kidwai ,Deputy CEO, HSBC

8. Preetha Reddy, Managing Director, Apollo Hospitals

9. Priya Paul, Chairman, Apeejay Park Hotels

10. Rajshree Pathy, Chairman, Rajshree Sugars and Chemicals Ltd

11. Ranjana Kumar ,Chairman, NABARD

12. Ravina Raj Kohli, Media personality and ex-President, STAR News

13. Renuka Ramnath, CEO, ICICI Ventures

14. Ritu Kumar ,Fashion Designer

15. Ritu Nanda, CEO, Escolife

16. Shahnaz Hussain, CEO, Shahnaz Herbals

17. Sharan Apparao, Proprietor, Apparao Galleries

18. Simone Tata, Chairman, Trent Ltd

19. Sulajja Firodia Motwani, Joint MD, Kinetic Engineering

20. Tarjani Vakil, former Chairman and Managing Director, EXIM Bank

21. Zia Mody, Senior Partner, AZB & Partners

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CURRENT SCENARIO

Some Bright Spots

India has world's largest number of professionally qualified women.

India has largest population of working women in the world.

Women Achiever:

With the help of these social reformers women of India slowly started

recognizing her true potential. She started questioning the rules laid down for

her by the society. As a result, started breaking barriers and earned a

respectable position in the world. Today Indian women have excelled in each

and every field from social work to visiting space station. There is no arena,

which remained unconquered by Indian women. Whether it is politics, sports,

entertainment, literature, technology everywhere we can hear applauses for

her.

Politics:

Women of India are highly active today in this area. Sarojini Naidu,

Vijaylakshami Pandit, Sucheta Kriplani were the torchbearer for the women of

India. Mrs.Vijay Lkshami Pandit was the first Indian woman to hold a post in

the cabinet. Thus paving the way for other women. The most important name

in the category of women politicians of recent times is Mrs Indira Gandhi. She

was the one who made world stop and notice the talent and potential of Indian

women. She was the first women Prime Minister of independent India. Today

her daughter-in law Mrs Sonia Gandhi is following her footsteps and leading

the Indian National Congress.

Other women who have made their name in politics of India are Shiela Dixit,

Uma Bharti, Jayalalitha, Vasundhra Raje and Mamata Banerjee.

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Sports:

Indian women have achieved great laurels for the nation in every sport.

Whether it is cricket or hockey India have national women team for every

game. Indian women cricket team has won Asia Cup of 2004 and 2005 and

made country proud. Some women sports icons of India are:

P.T. Usha (Athletics)

Kunjarani Devi (Weight lifting)

Diana Edulji (Cricket)

Sania Mirza (Tennis)

Karnam Malleshwari (Weight lifting)

Art and Entertainment:

This arena is full of Indian women. We have many names to boast of like M.S.

Subbulakshmi, Indian Nightingale Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle as famous

singers. Madhu Bala, Rekha, Aishwarya Rai as Bollywood queens. Today

Indian woman is a painter, an actor, a singer, and a beauty queen.

Literature:

In past women of India used to write, but their work did not get the

recognition. Today they are getting their dues. Arundhati Roy, Anita Desai,

Kiran Desai, Shobhaa De, Jhumpa Lahiri are famous names in Indian

literature. Not just in India now these women are recognized all over the

world. Arundhati Roy has been awarded with the Booker Prize of 1997 for her

work "God of Small Things". Kiran Desai has been given Booker Prize of 2006

and Jhumpa Lahiri got recognition in the form of Pulitzer Prize.

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Corporate Divas:

Kiran Majumdar Shaw is the undisputed corporate queen of India. She is the

richest Indian woman. She is the MD of Biocon India. She is the wealthiest

entrepreneur of India. Kiran wanted to become a doctor but could not get

admission in medical colleges but even then she did not lose courage and

went on to become India's first woman 'Brew Master' and subsequently

corporate queen. Another names in this list include Vidya Mohan Chhabaria,

Chairperson of Jumbo Group, Naina Lal Kidwai, Vice Chairperson and

Managing Director of HSBC Securities and Capital Market, Sullaijja Firodia

Motwani and Mallika Srinivasan.

Social saints:

The Indian saint of today's times Mother Teresa is the name which every

Indian whether rich or poor is familiar with. She was the person who used to

consider the smile of her countrymen as her wealth. She worked for those

whom even their own families have deserted. She did not care whether she is

in the company of a person suffering from communicable disease or whether

it is day or night. Whenever or wherever one needed her she was present.

She opened various homes for these people most famous of which is 'Nirmal

Hriday". It is open to everyone irrespective of caste, creed or religion.

Another important names working for the cause of people includes Aruna Roy

who worked for the save RTI Campaign and Medha Patekar who is

associated with Narmada Bachao Andolan.

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Universal Queens:

Indian women have not just made their mark on earth but they have engraved

their name in the whole universe by flying to space. Kalpana Chawla, who

was the member of Colombia Space Shuttle, which exploded on its way back,

was the first Indian women astronaut who visited space station. And now

following on her footsteps and other women of Indian origin Sunita Williams

has become the second one to be the member of International Space Station

crew.

Indian women have mastered anything and everything which a woman can

dream of. But she still has to go a long way to achieve equal status in the

minds of Indian men. The desire of Indian women can be best summed up in

the following lines of 'Song of an African Women':

I have only one request.

I do not ask for money

Although I have need of it,

I do not ask for meat . . .

I have only one request,

And all I ask is

That you remove

The road block

From my path.

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BEST WORK OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIAN WOMEN:

Compared to their male counterparts, Indian women have had to face

tougher challenges in landing the perfect job in a male-dominated corporate

scenario. However, nothing has stopped them from pursuing and excelling in

lucrative professional careers without compromising on their multi-faceted

roles on the domestic front. Here is a listing of the best career opportunities

for 2010 that women in India can prove their mettle in.

Writer / Editor

At a time when India is looked upon as the wordsmith for the rest of the

world, women with an excellent command over literature / language can write

for a living as business/technical/medical writers, web content developers,

manuscript translators, magazine editors, copywriters, speech writers and

corporate communication professionals. The independence this career

guarantees makes it one of the top-notch jobs for women.

Lawyer

Ever since Cornelia Sorabji became the first woman to become a barrister in

India, several others have followed suit. Today, there is an All India

Federation of Women Lawyers to boast of and Indian courts are witnessing a

substantial increase in the number of women lawyers.

I T Analyst

With computerization having permeated every sphere of life, the demand for

software professionals has gone up manifold, making this segment a much

sought-after job for women. There is a plethora of opportunities for Indian

women to spearhead the segment as IT Analysts, Database Administrators,

Project Leaders and Software Programmers and much more.

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Media Journalist

An increasing number of Indian women are making an impact in media

journalism these days. Though considered a challenging field, this is one job

that has the most number of women, making it one of the top 10 job

opportunities for women in India. With numerous private news and media

channels in the fray, the scope of job opportunities as a media journalist is

endless. Women can choose to specialize as a reporter, freelance journalist,

columnist or an expert on diverse niches. A Bachelor‘s degree in Mass Media

/ Journalism after completing 12 years of schooling is what it takes to be a

trained journalist.

Barkha Dutt – one of the most noted and respected Indian journalists

Corporate Trainer

The job of a corporate trainer is a specialized one, requiring the ability to help

hard-core professionals improve their ―soft skills‖. Modern Indian women are

choosing to become corporate trainers because of the creative satisfaction it

gives. With more and more companies requiring employees with above

average Emotional/Spiritual Quotient to handle workplace stress, corporate

training is high on the agenda of every business.

Clinical Research Professional

Known in job circles as the ―career of tomorrow‖, 50,000 clinical researchers

are being sought by multi-national companies in 2010 alone. The job

opportunities that await a trained clinical research professional are

multitudinous at government departments, pharmaceutical industry, research

and investigative institutes and hospitals. This sector is among the top 10

career options for women because the number of job openings in India is

plentiful and predicted to double every year.

India and its female population can enjoy a lucrative career in clinical

research.

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Interior Designer

It takes a woman to transform a house into a home. Enchasing on this

universal stand, interior designing is a top work opportunity most women find

appealing. Though some of the best designers in the world are men, it is a

little known fact that they derive inspiration from the women around

them.Since most interior designers specialize in a specific area, women are

finding to easier to carve a niche for themselves in home interiors while the

men take a dig at corporate settings.

Interior designers have always been and shall continue to be a

women‘s favorite career path.

Event Manager:

Considering the ease with which most women can handle day-to-day events

such as their little ones‘ birthday party, dinner with friends, and weekend get-

togethers, event management is one career path that screams out for a

woman‘s touch. The increasing number of corporate meetings, training

seminars, product exhibitions, musical concerts, fashion show, launches

parties, wedding celebrations and other events makes event management a

top work opportunity for women with substance.

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The statistics testifies to the brutalities afflicted on women

folk

Social Indicator India World

Infant Mortality Rate, per 1000 live births 73 60

Maternal Mortality Rate, per 100,000 live

births

570 430

Female Literacy, % 58 77.6

Female School Enrollment 47 62

Earned Income by females, % 26 58

Underweight Children, % 53 30

Total Fertility Rate 3.2 2.9

Women in Government, % 6 7

Contraception usage, % 44 56

Low birth weight babies, % 33 17

Though there are problems in the lives of Indian women but they are always

ready to fight all the odds and enjoy their life to the full they have their own

talent, hobbies, and they socialize according to Indian customs.

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TOP 10 WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR IN INDIA:

Sonia Gandhi, President, Congress Party

Sonia Gandhi was born in Italy, but this woman is part of our country in a way

that surpasses all. Coming from the controversial Gandhi family, and despite

the dangers involved, she joined Indian politics in 1998, taking charge of the

Congress party. In 2004, she gave up the position of Prime Minister to Dr.

Manmohan Singh, giving out a strong message to the opponents who wrote

her off as a foreigner.

Indra Nooyi, Chief Executive, Pepsi Co

PepsiCo's India-born chief Indra Nooyi schooled in Madras but later went on

to study at Yale University, USA. This corporate honcho started her career at

Boston Consulting Group and then moved on to Motorola and Asea Brown

Boveri. When she joined Pepsi Co. in 1994, she fine-tuned the company with

her bold risk-taking. Seven years later, her efforts paid of and she became

president of the company. Over the years, she has been featured on lists like

'World's 100 Most Powerful Women' and 'America's Best Leaders' as well.

Indu Jain, Chairperson (former), Times Group

The multi-faceted Indu Jain was the former chairman of the The Times Group,

the biggest and most powerful media house in India. Now, her two sons Samir

and Vineet are running the company. Indu, a humanist, addressed the United

Nations in 2000 at the Millennium World Peace Summit of Religious and

Spiritual Leaders, stressing the need for oneness among faiths.

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Neelam Dhawan, Managing Director, Microsoft (India)

Neelam Dhawan is an iconic figure in the IT industry of India. She was

rejected from two jobs as they felt women were not cut out for marketing and

sales. Having worked in the field for 20 years in companies like Microsoft, IBM

and HCL, she is now the new Managing Director of HP.

Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Biocon

Encouraged by her father, Kiran became a Master Brewer, after studying

brewery at Ballarat University. From being a trainee brewer at Carlton &

United Beverages in 1974 to setting up her own company, Biocon, working

from a garage, Kiran is quite a success story! At a time when biotechnology

was not known in India, she worked hard and turned Biocon into the biggest

biopharmaceutical firm in India. And here's something you probably didn't

know about her: She was India‘s richest woman back in 2004.

Priya Paul, Apeejay Surendra Group

Straight after finishing her Bachelors in Economics from USA, Priya dove into

her family business at the age of 24. This was after her father Surendra Paul

was assassinated in 1990. The Apeejay Surendra Group that he founded has

several subsidiaries such as tea, hotel, shipping, retail, real estate and

financial services. At present, Priya is the Chairperson of Apeejay Park Hotels.

Vidya Manohar Chhabria, Chairman, Jumbo Group

Working for her husband's company Jumbo Group, Vidya has come a long

way since his death in 2002. She became chairperson of the company which

is a $2 billion business conglomerate! What‘s more, her three daughters help

mommy dearest in running the business. Vidya was been featured a number

of times in Fortune magazine's List of Most Powerful Women

Page | 28

Simone Tata, Managing Director, Lakme

Simone Tata was instrumental in changing a small unknown cosmetics

company, one of the subsidiaries of Tata Oil Mills, into one of the leading

cosmetic companies in India. Her success earned her the title of Cosmetic

Czarina of India. She joined Lakme in 1961 and became Chairperson in 1982.

The company is now sold to Hindustan Lever, while Simone is head of Trent

Limited another subsidiary of the Tata Company.

Anu Aga, Chairperson (former), Thermax Group

Anu Aga was thrust into her role as chairperson of Thermax after her

husband‘s death. This left the company in a really bad state financially. But

taking stock of the situation, Anu brought in a consultant from abroad which

proved to be a blessing, getting the company back on its feet in no time. She

stepped down from the post of chairperson in 2004. Anu now gives her time to

social activities.

Sulajja Firodia Motwani, Kinetic Motor

With good looks and a genius understanding of the market, Sulajja worked in

a California-based Investment Company before coming to India to join her

grandfather's business. She travels a lot across the country and the key to her

success can be attributed to her people skills. She is the Joint Managing

Director of Kinetic Motors.

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1.3 AN OVERVIEW OF WOMEN OPPORTUNITY IN GUJARAT

Gujarat Government transforms lives and follows the Gandhian

Principles. Gandhiji said, ―If one boy is educated, a child becomes literate but

if a girl is educated, the whole family gets literacy‖. The Government believes

in reforming lives and brings revolutionary change in the mindsets of people

for education-socio-economical growth.

The Word Bank has suggested that empowerment of women should be

a key aspect of social development programs (World Bank, 2001). India has

also ratified various international Conventions committed to securing equal

rights to women. The ‗National Policy for The Empowerment of Women‘

(2000) states that ―The women‘s movement and a widespread network of

NGOs which have strong grassroots presence and deep insight into women‘s

concerns have contributed in inspiring initiatives for the empowerment of

women.‖ However, the policy also speaks of ―a wide gap between the goals

enunciated in the Constitution, legislative Policies, plans, programs, and the

related mechanisms on the one hand and the situational reality of the status

of women in India, on the other…Gender equality manifests itself in various

forms, the most obvious being the trend of continuously declining female ratio

in the population in the last few decades. Social stereotyping and violence at

the domestic and societal levels are some of the other manifestations‖.

In 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of

new women-oriented NGOs. Self-help groups and NGOs such as Self

Employed Women's Association (SEWA) have played a major role in

women's rights in India. Many women have emerged as leaders of local

movements. For example, Medha Patkar of the Narmada Bachao Andolan.

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The WCD operates under important functionaries:

Gaurav Nari Niti - Women‘s Pride, Gender Equality

Swayamsidh Yojna – Self Reliance and empowerment

Vidhva Sahay and Talim Yojna

Nari Adalat

Kunverbai nu Mameru scheme

Mahila Vrudh Ashram

Sakhi Mandal Yojna

Gaurav Nari Niti – Women’s Pride ,Gender Equality:

The Government of Gujarat decided to formulate the Nari Gaurav Niti

(GEP) in the year 2002. The State has sanctioned and announced the state

policy for Gender Equity as ‗Nari Gaurav Niti‘. Gujarat Government formulated

the Nari Gaurav Niti Policy with a view to create awareness in all its

Administrative Departments on the socio-economic-educational and

developmental sector of women and benefit them through the policy by active

involvement of departments for timely modus operandi. It consists of action

plans and monitoring mechanisms and addresses public as well as private

sectors. The autonomous Gender Resource Centre provides technical inputs

in implementation and monitoring of the policy at State level. Working groups

are formed and a series of deliberations take place on all aspects of gender

equity and equality.

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Swayamsidh Yojna – Self Reliance and Empowerment:

Swayamsidha is an integrated project for the development and

empowerment of women. Swayamsiddha (swayam or self and siddha – the

one who has proven capability or is empowered) project was introduced by

GOI during 2001 to 2002 replacing the erstwhile Indira Mahila Yojana. The

long term objective of the scheme is to achieve an all round empowerment of

women – socio-economical-cultural empowerment by ensuring their direct

access to, and control over, resources through a sustained process of

mobilization and convergence of all ongoing sector programs.

The WCD of Gujarat implements the policy to help rural women be

self reliant, gain confidence and learn the art of savings. It also focus on

Community oriented innovations, working in groups, building team spirit,

mobilization of activities, gaining knowledge and awareness to empower

financially. This project is envisaged in 20 regions at 26 spots covering 1760

villages which include 43,200 women and 2700 initiating helpers. This project

has brought women into the mainstream of development in the rural areas of

Gujarat.

Vidhva Sahay and TalimYojna:

The Department is sensitive towards women 18-40 years, who have

lost their husbands and initiates policy for their empowerment and economic

living condition. For their economical living, under Manav Garima Yojna, Rs.

3000/- margin money is given to help them stand on their feet on their own

and empower living. Women in the age group of 18-60 years are provided

monetary help by way of application. The applicant gets Rs.500/- and two

children gets Rs.80/- (per child) every month Through post office.

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Nari Adalat:

The concept devised ‗By women for women‘ - the Nari Adalats is

operational for legal justice in over 19 regions in Gujarat. Women jurists

dispense justice in women‘s cases of divorce, abandonment, violence, rape

and dowry demands. These courts are set up for women empowerment and

gender justice. These courts are not recognized by the State as a legal forum.

However, the autonomous hybrid institutions are para legal authority that who

solve women cases faster than judicial courts. These courts are helping rural

women overcome problems encountered in the normal judicial system.

Inaccessibility, cost, time, unfamiliarity with legal procedures, inadequate

resources, and a traditional disregard of the needs of women – all solutions

get speedy, efficacy, and cost effective.

Kunverbai nu Mameru scheme:

WCD makes provisions for monetary help to scheduled caste for their

daughter‘s marriage under Kunverbai nu mameru scheme. Those who gets

an annual income of Rs.11,000/- can avail Rs.5000/- for their one daughter‘s

marriage. For this, Rs.2000/- are given to girl‘s parents/guardian and

Rs.3000/- is given to the girl in the form of Kisan Vikas Patra.

Mahila Vrudh Ashram:

Old Parents are day by day being neglected by the Youth. As a result,

the WCD has made special arrangements for uncared women and foster their

needs. State Government has set up Old Age Homes for such destitute.

Exclusive Women Old Age homes are structured with an exclusive existing

Home at Jamnagar

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Sakhi Mandal Yojna

The Project is to enable the poor women, particularly in rural areas of

Gujarat to improve their access to resources and consequently strengthen

livelihoods and quality of life. Sakhi Mandals are formation of women self help

groups based on thrift and credit principles. It provides financial services to

accelerate the process of economic development and ensure welfare of

women. They are encouraged to foster decision skills and develop a

framework of wider range of participation in micro finance development. In

one year, the Gujarat Government aims for one lack Sakhi Mandals across

the state.

Project Objectives

Enable the poor women, particularly in rural areas of Gujarat to improve

their access to resources and consequently strengthen livelihoods and quality

of life.

Formation of women self help groups based on thrift and credit

principles.

Facilitating sustained access of poor to financial services and

consequently accelerate the process of economic development.

Promote human capital development and ensure welfare of women in

which they participate in making decisions.

Convergence of services and benefit of various government

department-thus develop a framework of a wider range partnership in

micro finance development.

Project Area

Entire State of Gujarat

Time Frame

Three Year - From 2006-07 to Janauary 2010

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Total Budget

Rs.94 crore (inclusive of Rs.50 crore for Revolving Fund Grant

@ Rs.5000 per group) for three years.

Implementing Strategy

The implementing strategy would be broadly divided into two parts.

1. Tracking and Credit linkage of existing SM Groups

2. Formation, nurturing & linkage of new SM Groups

Formation of new Sakhi Mandal and revive the existing Sakhi

Mandal through ICDS (85%) and NGOs. (15%)

Goals Envisaged For Formation And Nurturing Of Sakhi Mandal

To track existing reported SHGs (1.44 lakh)

To credit link additional 25,000 existing SHGs (35,000 already

credit linked)

To form additional 1.40 lakh SHGs

To credit link 1 lakh new SHGs

Incentives

Incentives: ICDS

Anganwadi Workers @ Rs.1500 per group

(SB a/c 300, Credit Linkage–700, Repayment–500)

Supervisors & ACDPOs @ Rs.3000 per 50 groups

(SB a/c 500, Credit Linkage–1500, Repayment–1000)

CDPOs @ Rs.6000 per 300 groups

(SB a/c 1000, Credit Linkage–3000, Repayment–2000)

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Incentives: NGO

Incentives @ Rs.3000 per group to be paid in stages

On acceptance of Terms and Conditions Rs.300/- (10%)

Opening of SB a/c Rs.600/- (20%)

Credit linkage Rs.900/- (30%)

Repayment Rs.900/- (30%)

Evaluation Rs.300/- (10%)

250 social workers – one per block & 1 per district (7500 per month

including Salary, TA, DA, Stationary & other office expenses)

Progress at a glance ( February 2010 ending)

New Sakhi Mandal

Sr. No Particulars Status

1 No. of Sakhi Mandal Formed 1,56,201

2 Total Members of Sakhi Mandals 19,74,890

3 Sakhi Mandal Saving (Rs. in Lakh) 9927.39

4 No. of Sakhi Mandal started

Inter-Loaning

99206

5 Amount Inter-loaned (Rs. in Lakh) 5008.18

6 Groups Linked with Banks 95460

7 Amount of Credit by Bank

(Rs. in Lakh)

15035.78

8 No.of Sakhi Mandal engaged in

Income-generation activities

29076

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Existing Groups

Sr. No Particulars Status

1 No. of SHGs tracked 66431

2 No. of female groups 564834

3 Total Revived 5202

4 Total saving by SHGs(Rs. in Lakh) 832.62

5 No. of SHG given Revolving Fund 2964

6 Amount of Revolving Fund (Rs.in

Lakhs)

198.05

Page | 37

Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA), Gujarat, India

Gujarat is an arid and semi-arid state in the northwest of India and has been

frequently hit by climatic crises. The primary challenges in Gujarat are to

enhance literacy rates, especially among rural women, and to reduce the risks

to the rural poor resulting from crises (particularly climatic crises). SEWA is a

registered trade union with a remit to ‗organize women workers for full

employment‘. Through its integrated approach to employment and self-

reliance, workers can obtain work, income, food and social security. The

organization now has 966,139 members across nine states in India, with the

majority (519,309) living in Gujarat. It currently runs nine campaigns (home-

based workers, vendors, clean Ahmadabad, water, forest workers, health

workers, childcare, informal economy and agriculture). Like all the

interventions studied, SEWA has taken a self-help group (SHG) approach to

women‘s empowerment.

Interviews and group discussions were held with groups from the villages of

Ganeshpura, Vasna Mota and Visavdi.

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Women at risk: indicators of social vulnerability

These and other indicators of women's life chances, social status,

and living conditions reduce the ability of girls and women to prepare

for, cope with, and recover from disasters.

A skewed sex ratio (934 women: 1000 men) in Gujarat reflects conditions

prevailing across India (927:1000);

An estimated 25 million women are "missing" due to sex-specific abortion,

femicide, high rates of violence against women, nutrition and health care

preferences disadvantaging girls, and other factors;

65% of all Indian women report having experienced some form of domestic

violence, with the highest rates reported among women employed as

agricultural laborers;

54% of Gujarati women marry before the age of 18; marriages are often

arranged; widows rarely remarry, especially in rural areas;

The average Indian woman is younger than 22 when she bears her first child

and lacks control over her own fertility;

45 % of Gujarati women need permission to go to the market and 49% to visit

friends and relatives; 29% are not involved in decisions even about their own

health and 10 % about what to cook; only one quarter have access to

household money;

Fewer women (48.6%) than men (73.13%) over six enjoy functional literacy;

literacy rates are lower among adavasi or tribal women (24.20%) and women

in the Scheduled Castes (45.5%);

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One in four girls did not attend school in Gujarat even before the earthquake

destroyed their schools; many of these "nowhere children" are likely to be

working in the informal sector;

The vast majority of the nation's women earn income through informal work,

where working conditions are poor and few workers are organized;

Women hold fewer than 8% of parliamentary seats, 6% of cabinet positions,

and 3% of administrative and managerial positions in the nation;

Indian women earn an average of 30% less than men;

100,000-120,000 women across India die every year due to pregnancy-

related problems; half of all married women suffer from anemia.

Most Indian women do not own any property in their own names and don't

inherit parental property; barely 2% of women claim their family property

rights.

Sources: Sen and Kumar, 2001; Government of Gujarat, 2000.

Page | 40

PART - II

PRIMARY STUDY

INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Page | 41

INTRODUCTION

Today‘s women are taking more and more professional and technical

degrees to cope up with market need and are flourishing as de signers,

interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still

exploring new avenues of economic participation. It is perhaps for these

reasons that Government Bodies, NGO‘s, Social Scientists, Researchers ‗and

International Agencies have started showing interest in the issues related to

entrepreneurship among women in India. Women entrepreneur‘s explore the

prospects of starting a new enterprise; undertake risks, introduction of new

innovations, coordinate administration & control of business & providing

Effective leadership in all aspects of business and have proved their footage

in the male dominated business arena.

What is Empowerment?

Empowerment has thus helped women to realize their identity,

capability, strengths and power. They also have greater self-confidence and

awareness of their rights, are more assertive and more vocal in mixed forums.

Empowerment for women also means being able to overcome shyness and to

talk and act confidently.

‗Empowering‘ women has become a frequently cited goal of

development interventions. However, while there is now a significant body of

literature discussing how women‘s empowerment has been or might be

evaluated, there are still major difficulties in so doing. Furthermore many

projects and programmers which espouse the empowerment of women show

little if any evidence of attempts even to define what this means in their own

context let alone to assess whether and to what extent they have succeeded.

Instead traditional development goals, such as better health or increased

income, are cited as evidence of empowerment.

Page | 42

In such cases it is not clear what is added by using the word

‗empowerment‘. Despite its having ‗identified empowerment as a primary

development assistance goal neither the World Bank nor any other major

development agency has developed a rigorous method for measuring and

tracking changes in levels of empowerment‘ Different people use

empowerment to mean different things. However there are four aspects which

seem to be generally accepted in the literature on women‘s empowerment.

Firstly to be empowered one must have been disempowered. It is

relevant to speak of empowering women, for example, because, as a group,

they are disempowered relative to men.

Secondly empowerment cannot be bestowed by a third party. Rather

those who would become empowered must claim it. Development agencies

cannot therefore empower women—the most they can achieve is to facilitate

women empowering themselves. They may be able to create conditions

favorable to empowerment but they cannot make it happen.

Thirdly, definitions of empowerment usually include a sense of people

making decisions on matters which are important in their lives and being able

to carry them out. Reflection, analysis and action are involved in this process

which may happen on an individual or a collective level. There is some

evidence that while women‘s own struggles for empowerment have tended to

be collective efforts, empowerment-orientated development interventions

often focus more on the level of the individual.

Finally empowerment is an ongoing process rather than a product.

There is no final goal. One does not arrive at a stage of being empowered in

some absolute sense. People are empowered, or disempowered, relative to

others or, importantly, relative to themselves at a previous time.

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2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Hate (1978) in her book stated that there is positive change in the

political, economic and social status of middle class working and non-working

women living in four cities in Maharashtra with the advent of independence.

Kapur (1979) his shown that the twin roles of women cause tension

and conflict due to her social structure which is still more dominant .In her

study on working women in Delhi, she has shown that traditional

authoritarian set up of Hindu social structure continues to be the same

basically and hence. Women face problem of role conflict change in attitudes

of men and women according to the situation can help to overcome their

problem.

Pattanaik (2003) in her study reveals that SHGs are continuously

striving for a better future for tribal women as participants, decision-makers

and beneficiaries in the domestic, economic, social and cultural spheres of

life. But due to certain constraints like gender inequality, exploitation, women

torture for which various Self Help Groups are not organised properly and

effectively.

M.R Wood (1979) in his study of middle class urban sanitary women

un Gujarat showed that some of the women is his sample including one

whose marriage was arranged, had established a give and take relationship

with their husbands, Women also take part in important decisions.

Sandhu and Singh(1979) reported that motivation factors viz. feeling

of achievement, ability utilization, recognition and rewards, creative work

freedom of expression and scope for professional growth contributed

comparatively more to job satisfaction than factors like behaviour of

immediate officers, job security and advancement, adequacy of salary,

administrative setup and social status attached to the job.

Page | 44

Heckman and Mercurdary (2004) women are coming forward to paid

employment outside home to supplement the income of husbands or parents

and to fill the gap between income and expenditure due to soaring prices of

essential goods.

Malhotra (2004) in her book has examined how women entrepreneurs

affect the global economy, why women start business, how women‘s business

associations promote entrepreneurs, and to what extent women contribute to

international trade. It explores potential of micro-finance programmes for

empowering and employing women and also discusses the opportunities and

challenges of using micro-finance to tackle the feminisation of poverty.

According to her, the micro-finance programmes are aimed to increase

women‘s income levels and control over income leading to greater levels of

economic independence. They enable women‘s access to networks and

markets, access to information and possibilities for development of other

social and political role. They also enhance perceptions of women‘s

contribution to household income and family welfare, increasing women‘s

participation in household decisions about expenditure and other issues

leading to greater expenditure on women‘s welfare.

Rowbotham (1980) in her book stated that movements of women, now

in the past provide more than criticism; they can be a basis for valuable

knowledge about needs and well being that have been theoretically

disregarded. They also enable us to think about society and the economy in

new ways and discover a great deal about the process of politics and culture.

Amaury de Riencourt (1982) in her book stated that ‗It now becomes

easier to see that, even if women alone rarely prove to be intellectually or

artistically creative, man cannot create without her; hence, her part in the

cultural process, however indirect, is vital. The sexes together are to compare

male and female to the two poles of an elliptic field of magnetic forces. The

correlation between the two poles provides the creative power; no one pole,

male if female, can achieve anything without the contribution of the other.

Page | 45

Srilekha (2005) based states that developing countries are

characterized by low income illiteracy, unemployment and low standard of

living. In these countries extra income earned by women ids vital to cross the

poverty line , of the initiative in making the intended changes must come from

the government itself in the form of incentives to women who are bounded by

tradition and constrained by interest bent on preserving the status-quota

women in 15 to 59 age group if not in labour force are to be considered as

unused resources (except when they are sake or students) A change in the

attitude towards life is imperative to ensures that women gain confidence in

their own capable and a new value system is accepted.

Dwaraki and B.kumaresan (2005) asks that do women have a nice

in the of real of rural development working women have been in the nears in

the last 5-10 years like it is the want in the in rather confused world of rural

development those in the same by try to cling into anything new novel as if

they have found the phenomena what with the slogan of empowering women

especially rural women the grace for being associated with scavenger women

is spreading like mass hysteria in about last one year. So much as anyone in

the realm of rural development, today in any discussion on scavenger women

is an ignoramus. This is based on very small scale study conducted

exclusively for the purpose needs no justification. The authors in this study

have covered just 10 women scavenger from about four contiguous villages in

which three office bearers the President, Secretary and Treasurer were

personally interviewed on a very small list of question concentrating on the

aspect of self-sustenance for us contention of contention of authors that

women workers can find nice in the realm of rural development.

Page | 46

Alva Myrdar et al’s (1992) work on ―Women‘s two roles home and work

sought to present that would amid that would enable women for combine their

traditional family obligations with paid work in the employment market.

Interestingly these authors have gone further to capture multi-facted

dimensional role of women in the name of sequencing solutions besides the

dual role mentioned continues to hold as a strong base for further research in

this area.

Jennifer (2005) in his study about sanitary workers that economics

status showed a significant difference according to their age, marital status

duration of working, life and position at work.

The Times of India, Ahmadabad Friday, September 23, 2011

Vodafone‘s Gujarat circle plans to include better women Friendly

policies and hire more number of women employees this year. At present,

women comprise 16% of the company‘s total employee strength.

Rahesh Dongre , chief executive officer, Vodafone Essar Gujarat, said

, ―Our target is to have an employee‘s base consisting of at least 20%

women employees by March. We have an aim to make women –friendly

organization with better policies and rules for instance, our reach home safe

police or flexible leave police for new mothers have been formed keeping in

mind the separate needs of our women employees.‖

Dongre feels that the need for having more women on board is also

due to the rising female subscriber base.

Page | 47

2.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

The project report is on ―The study opportunity and constraints faced by

women in Indian economy”, that women awareness of the Gujarat

Government Schemes and Yojna towards available opportunities to develop

their self development.

The need arises as the topic is concerned that is now a days, women have a

many opportunities but they are not taking initiative or not taking any benefit

which is provided through government to rural women.

In rural areas women have many scope and opportunities of their self

development but there are some constraints are faced by them.

The data are showing that 50% of women are aware the Gujarat Government

Schemes and Yojna. Therefore, I want to conduct research for this topic.

So, the project helps the research process, that what are the expectations of

the Gujarat Government towards their women development schemes.

Page | 48

2.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

Research Problems

To identify the problem that women face though they have many opportunities

given by state and Central Government.

2.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

To study the various opportunities raised by the Indian govt. for the

betterment of women.

Examine the awareness about the various opportunities given by

government.

To find out the level of opportunities taken by women.

To find out the factors that hinders women to take the opportunities & be

self – dependent.

To examine the taking the decision power and information level in

women.

Page | 49

2.5 HYPOTHESIS:

A statistical hypothesis is an assumption about a population parameter.

This assumption may or may not be true.

There are two types of statistical hypotheses.

Null hypothesis. The null hypothesis, denoted by H0, is usually the

hypothesis that sample observations result purely from chance.

Alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is

the hypothesis that sample observations are influenced by some non-random

cause.

Hypothesis Tests

Statisticians follow a formal process to determine whether to reject a null

hypothesis, based on sample data. This process, called hypothesis testing,

consists of four steps.

State the hypotheses. This involves stating the null and alternative

hypotheses. The hypotheses are stated in such a way that they are mutually

exclusive. That is, if one is true, the other must be false.

Formulate an analysis plan. The analysis plan describes how to use sample

data to evaluate the null hypothesis. The evaluation often focuses around a

single test statistic.

Analyze sample data. Find the value of the test statistic (mean score,

proportion, t-score, z-score, etc.) described in the analysis plan.

Interpret results. Apply the decision rule described in the analysis plan. If the

value of the test statistic is unlikely, based on the null hypothesis, reject the

null hypothesis.

Page | 50

Decision Errors:

Two types of errors can result from a hypothesis test.

Type I error. A Type I error occurs when the researcher rejects a null

hypothesis when it is true. The probability of committing a Type I error is

called the significance level. This probability is also called alpha, and is

often denoted by α.

Type II error. A Type II error occurs when the researcher fails to reject a null

hypothesis that is false. The probability of committing a Type II error is called

Beta, and is often denoted by β. The probability of not committing a Type II

error is called the Power of the test.

One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests

A test of a statistical hypothesis, where the region of rejection is on only one

side of the sampling distribution, is called a one-tailed test. For example,

suppose the null hypothesis states that the mean is less than or equal to 10.

The alternative hypothesis would be that the mean is greater than 10. The

region of rejection would consist of a range of numbers located on the right

side of sampling distribution; that is, a set of numbers greater than 10.

A test of a statistical hypothesis, where the region of rejection is on both sides

of the sampling distribution, is called a two-tailed test. For example, suppose

the null hypothesis states that the mean is equal to 10. The alternative

hypothesis would be that the mean is less than 10 or greater than 10. The

region of rejection would consist of a range of numbers located on both sides

of sampling distribution; that is, the region of rejection would consist partly of

numbers that were less than 10 and partly of numbers that were greater than

10.

Page | 51

My sample size is 135 so, I used Z test.

1.) H0: 60% women are aware of Gujarat Government scheme.

H1: less than 60% women are aware of Gujarat Government scheme.

2.) H0: 60% women are aware from the different – different Scheme which

provided by government.

H1: Greater than 60% women are aware from the different – different Scheme

which provided by government.

3.) H0: 50% women are satisfied with the benefit of Sakhi Mandal Yojna.

H1: More than 50% women are satisfied with the benefit of Sakhi Mandal

Yojna.

4.) H0: 50% women are agreed that Government provided women opportunity

to work from home & earn.

H1: Greater than 50% women are agreed that Government provided women

opportunity to work from home & earn.

Page | 52

RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

Page | 53

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:

Research design is descriptive in nature. Quantitative research was carried

out through questionnaire in order to get the data into figurative terms for

analysis of women.

3.2 SOURCES OF DATA:

3.3 DATACOLLECTION METHOD:

There are two types of data:

Primary data: The data which collect firstly is called primary data. In

my research Primary data have collect through questionnaire and

interview for further information.

Secondary data: the data which are already collected for some

purpose and exist are called secondary data. In my research I have

collect data from newspapers, journals and Internet.

3.4 POPULATION:

I have selected the respondents - women from Khambhat and near by

rural area for studying the opportunities and constrains.

SAMPLE SIZE:

From the population I have selected 135 Women for my Survey.

3.5 SAMPLING METHOD:

I have used the Convenience Sampling

3.6 SAMPLING FRAME:

My survey area is Khambhat, and nearby rural area.

Page | 54

3.7 SAMPLING PROCEDURE:

http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html

What margin of error can you accept?

5% is a common choice

10%

The margin of error is the

amount of error that you

can tolerate. If 90% of

respondents answer yes,

while 10% answer no, you

may be able to tolerate a

larger amount of error than

if the respondents are split

50-50 or 45-55.

Lower margin of error

requires a larger sample

size.

What confidence level do you need?

Typical choices are 90%, 95%, or 99%

95%

The confidence level is the

amount of uncertainty you

can tolerate. Suppose that

you have 20 yes-no

questions in your survey.

With a confidence level of

95%, you would expect that

for one of the questions (1

in 20), the percentage of

people who

answer yes would be more

than the margin of error

away from the true answer.

The true answer is the

percentage you would get if

you exhaustively

Page | 55

interviewed everyone.

Higher confidence level

requires a larger sample

size.

What is the population size?

If you don't know, use 20000

5000

How many people are there

to choose your random

sample from? The sample

size doesn't change much

for populations larger than

20,000.

What is the response distribution?

Leave this as 50%

50%

For each question, what

do you expect the results

will be? If the sample is

skewed highly one way or

the other, the population

probably is, too. If you

don't know, use 50%,

which gives the largest

sample size. See below

under More information if

this is confusing.

What is the

response

distribution?

Leave this as

50%

50%

For each question, what do you expect the

results will be? If the sample is skewed highly

one way or the other, the population probably is,

too. If you don't know, use 50%, which gives the

largest sample size. See below under More

information if this is confusing.

Your 135 This is the minimum recommended size of your

Page | 56

recommended

sample size is

survey. If you create a sample of this many

people and get responses from everyone, you're

more likely to get a correct answer than you

would from a large sample where only a small

percentage of the sample responds to your

survey.

3.8 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT:

Questionnaire:

There are main two types of Questionnaires:

Open ended: in which the respondent get the full option to answer the

questions.

Close ended: in which the respondent has to answer in pre determined

alternatives.

For making the research I used Close ended questionnaire in which I asked

the questions to women to know their awareness.

Page | 57

DATA ANALYSIS

AND

INTERPRETATION

Page | 58

Q=1 Fill the following details.

Option Respondents Percentage

Marital Status 79 58.52%

Unmarried 23 17.04%

Divorce 7 5.19%

Widow 18 13.33%

Separate 8 5.93

135 100%

Interpreatation:

In above graph there are 79 Women were Marital Status.

23 women were Unmarried.

18 women were Widow.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Marital Status

Unmarried Divorce Widow Separate

79

23

7

18

8

Page | 59

Q=2 which Number of the members in the family?

Option Frequency Percentage

2 15 11.11%

3 to 5 71 52.59%

Above 5 49 36.29%

135 100%

Interpretation

Above graph show that, most of the family there are 3 to 5 members in

their family.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2 3 to 5 Above 5

15

71

49

Page | 60

Q=3 Are you working women or not?

Option Respondent Percentage

Yes 53 39.26%

No 82 60.74%

135 100

Interpretation:

In above graph 82 Women were i.e. 60.74% not working in any sector like

Government, Private, NGO, or self employed.

53 Women were i.e.39.26% working in any sector like Government, Private,

NGO or self employed.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Yes No

53

82

Page | 61

Q=4 If you are working, in which sector are you working?

Sector Respondent Percentage

Government 27 20%

Private 11 8.15%

NGO 12 8.89%

Self Employed 15 11.11%

None of these 70 51.86%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above chart 70 women i.e. 51.86% were not working or not earning.

27 women were working i.e. 20% in government sector.

15 women i.e. 11.11% were self employed.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Government Private NGO Self Employed

None of these

27

11 12 15

70

Page | 62

Q=5 what is your monthly income?

Income Respondent Percentage

Less than 1000 6 4.44%

1001 to 5000 25 18.52%

Above 5000 22 16.30%

None of these 82 60.74%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 82 women i.e. 60.74% have not any income because they are

not working.

25 women i.e.18.52% have between 1001 to 5000 monthly income.

22 women i.e. 16.30 % that have monthly income ―above 5000‖.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Less than 1000

1001 to 5000 Above 5000 None of these

6

25 22

82

Page | 63

Q=6 Being an employed women are you getting the freedom in the

decision making of your family?

Option Respondents Percentage

Yes 55 40.74%

No 32 23.70%

Some What 48 35.56%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 55 women i.e. 40.74% was getting the freedom in decision

making in their family.

48 women i.e. 35.56% were sometimes getting freedom in decision making in

their family.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Yes No Some What

55

32

48

Page | 64

Q=7 Being an employed women are you getting leisure to look after your

family & your health?

Option Respondent Percentage

Yes 51 37.78%

No 45 33.33%

Some what 39 28.89%

135 100

Interpretation:

In above graph 51 women were getting the leisure to look after her family and

her health.

45 women were not doing the leisure to look after her family and her health.

39 women were sometimes doing the leisure to look after her family and her

health.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Yes No Some what

51

45

39

Page | 65

Q=8 Are you aware Gujarat Government scheme for women?

Option Respondents Percentage

Yes 85 62.96%

No 50 37.04%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 85 women i.e. 62.96% were aware about Gujarat Government

Scheme for women.

50 women i.e. 37.04% were not aware about Gujarat Government Scheme for

women.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Yes No

85

50

Page | 66

Q=9 Are you aware from the following Scheme/Yojna which provided by

government for women? (MCQ)

Scheme/Yojna Respondents

Saat Phera Samuh Yojna 37

Vidya Sahay & Talim Yojna 21

Swayam Sidh Yojna 28

Sakhi Mandal Yojna 61

Nari Adalat 50

Mahila Vrudh Ashram 31

Kunverbai nu Mameru Scheme 22

None of these 37

135

37

21

28

6150

31

22

37

Saat Phera Samuh Yojna

Vidya Sahay & Talim Yojna

Swayam Sidh Yojna

Sakhi Mandal Yojna

Nari Adalat

Mahila Vrudh Ashram

Page | 67

Interpretation:

In above graph 61 women were aware about ―SAKHI MANDAL YOJNA‖

provided by Government for women.

51 women were aware about ―NARI ADALAT‖ provided by Government for

women.

37 women were aware about ―SAAT PHERA SAMUH YOJNA‖ provided by

Government for women.

Page | 68

Q=10 Taking benefit of Sakhi Mandal Yojna are you satisfied with these?

Option Respondents Percentage

Highly Satisfied 29 21.48%

Satisfied 47 34.81%

Neutral 30 22.22%

Dissatisfied 12 8.89%

Highly Dissatisfied 17 12.59%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 47 women i.e.34.81% were satisfied, taking benefit of Sakhi

Mandal Yojna.

30 women i.e.22.22% were neutral, taking benefit of Sakhi Mandal Yojna.

29 women i.e. 29.48% were highly satisfied, taking benefit of Sakhi Mandal

Yojna.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Highly Satisfied

Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied

29

47

30

1217

Page | 69

Q=11 Are you getting the proper facility of scheme of Govt.?

Option Respondents Percentage

Strongly Agree 27 20%

Agree 39 28.89%

Neutral 36 26.67%

Disagree 17 12.59%

Strongly Disagree 16 11.86%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 39 women i.e. 28.89% were agreeing that they are getting the

proper facility of above scheme of Government.

36 women i.e. 26.67% were neutral that they are getting the proper facility of

above scheme of Government.

27 women i.e. 20% were strongly agreeing that they are getting the proper

facility of above scheme of Government.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Strongly Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

27

39 36

17 16

Page | 70

Q=12 Do you Agree that development of women & its Schemes in day to

day life in the society has made your life easier?

Option Respondents Percentage

Strongly Agree 36 26.67%

Agree 42 31.11%

Neutral 35 25.93%

Disagree 17 12.59%

Strongly Disagree 5 3.70%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 42 women i.e. 31.11% were agreeing that development of

women and its scheme in day to day life in the society has made their life

easier.

36 women i.e. 26.67% were strongly agreed that development of women and

its scheme in day to day life in the society has made their life easier.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Strongly Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

36

42

35

17

5

Page | 71

Q=13 The government is giving sufficient support to education to the

women in your area?

Option Respondents Percentage

Strongly Agree 29 21.48%

Agree 70 51.85%

Neutral 20 14.81%

Disagree 9 6.67%

Strongly Disagree 7 5.19%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 70 women i.e. 51.85%were agreeing that the Government is

giving sufficient support to education to the women in their area.

29 women i.e. 21.48% were strongly agreed that the Government is giving

sufficient support to education to the women in their area.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Strongly Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

29

70

20

97

Page | 72

Q=14 Government provided the women opportunity to work from home

& earn?

Option Frequency Percentage

Strongly Agree 20 14.81%

Agree 49 36.29%

Neutral 24 17.78%

Disagree 28 20.74%

Strongly Disagree 14 10.37%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 49 women i.e. 36.29% were agreed with the Government

provided the women opportunity to work from home and earn.

28 women i.e. 20.74% were disagreed with the Government provided the

women opportunity to work from home and earn.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Strongly Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

20

49

24

28

14

Page | 73

Q=15 working from home have resulted in curbing the leisure hours of

the women?

Option Frequency Percentage

Yes 39 28.89%

No 30 22.22%

Some What 65 48.15%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 65 women i.e. 48.15% were say that sometimes working from

home have resulted in curbing the leisure hours of them.

39 women i.e. 28.89% were say that they are agree for working from home

have resulted in curbing the leisure hours.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Yes No Some What

39

30

65

Page | 74

Q=16 Are you satisfied with the Government’s Schemes/Yojna ?

Option Respondents Percentage

Highly Satisfied 26 19.26%

Satisfied 51 37.78%

Neutral 26 19.26%

Dissatisfied 23 17.04%

Highly Dissatisfied 9 6.67%

135 100%

Interpretation:

In above graph 51 women i.e. 37.78% were satisfied with the Government

Scheme / Yojna .

26 women i.e. 29.26% were highly satisfied with the Government Scheme or

Yojna.

26 women i.e. 29.26% were neutral with the Government Scheme / Yojna .

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Highly Satisfied

Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied

26

51

2623

9

Page | 75

Hypothesis Testing

1. H0: 60% women are aware of Gujarat Government scheme.

H1: less than 60% women are aware of Gujarat Government scheme.

Test of p = 0.6 vs p < 0.6

Sample X N Sample P 95% Upper

Bound

Exact P

value

1 85 135 0.629630 0.699017 0.785

Conclusion:

When the p value is more than 0.05 than accept our null hypothesis.

Here, p value is more than 0.05 so we accept our null hypothesis that is more

than 60% women were aware of Gujarat Government scheme.

Page | 76

2. H0: 60% women are aware from the different – different Scheme which

provided by government.

H1: Greater than 60% women are aware from the different – different Scheme

which provided by government.

Test of p = 0.6 vs p > 0.6

Sample X N Sample P 95% Lower

Bound

Exact P

value

1 61 135 0.451852 0.379037 1.000

Conclusion:

When the p value is more than 0.05 than accept our null hypothesis

Here, the p value is more than 0.05 so we accept our null hypothesis this

indicate that 60% or less than 60% women are aware from the different –

different Scheme which provided by government.

Page | 77

3. H0: 50% women are satisfied with the benefit of Sakhi Mandal Yojna.

H1: More than 50% women are satisfied with the benefit of Sakhi Mandal

Yojna.

Test of p = 0.5 vs p > 0.5

sample X N Sample p 95% lower

Bound

Exact P-

Value

1 76 135 0.562963 0.488521 0.084

Conclusion:

When the p value is more than 0.05 than accept our null hypothesis

Here, the p value is more than 0.05 so we accept our null hypothesis this

indicate that 50% or less than 50% women are satisfied with the Sakhi

Mandal Yojna.

Page | 78

4. H0: 50% women are agreed that Government provided women opportunity

to work from home & earn.

H1: Greater than 50% women are agreed that Government provided women

opportunity to work from home & earn.

Test of p = 0.5 vs p > 0.5

Sample X N Sample P 95% Lower

Bound

Exact P

value

1 20 135 0.148148 0.1000393 1.000

Conclusion:

When the p value is more than 0.05 than accept our null hypothesis

Here, the p value is more than 0.05 so we accept our null hypothesis so this

indicate that 50% or less than 50% women are agreed that Government

provided women opportunity to work from home & earn.

Page | 79

RESULTS

&

FINDINGS

Page | 80

Findings:

Majority 59% of the women were married and only low per cent of them were

unmarried (17%), widows (13%) and divorces & separated (11%).

Most of the 60% women were not working in any Private, NGO or

Government sector. And other 40% women were working in above sector.

Majority 41% of the women were getting the freedom to take the decision in

their family, and some of them (36%) women were sometimes taken the

decision for their family.

38% women were getting the leisure to look after their family and their

health and 33% women were not getting the leisure to look after their family

and their health.

Most of the women (63%) were aware regarding Gujarat Government

schemes because they were initiative and also knowing the advertisement

regarding schemes.

Most of the women were awareness about ―SAKHI MANDAL YOJNA‖ which

is provided by Government for them because through word of mouth

Aaganwadi‘s women staff people were gave them information and knowledge

.

Only 50% of the women were wholly satisfied, taking the benefit of Sakhi

Mandal Yojna. Because they were gathered the (money) funds from each

other and take care of their own self. And become and self dependent.

68% women were agreed that they getting the proper facility of all

Government schemes.

Page | 81

60% women were agreeing that development of women and its schemes in

day to day life and in the society that have made their life easier. Because

they improve their power and information level and not fear.

Majority 70% of the women were agreed that Government is gave them

sufficient support to education to the women in their area.

Most of the women i.e. 52% were agreed with the Government provided the

women opportunity to work from home and earn.

57% women were satisfied with the Government Scheme / Yojna . While,

24% women were not were satisfied with the Government Schemes.

Page | 82

LIMITATION

OF

THE STUDY

Page | 83

Limitation of the study

In survey that women were uneducated so, they are not answering the proper

way.

Some of the women have lack of knowledge and awareness about the

Government schemes.

The time period of the study was not sufficient to measure the Women

response effectively and reach to a more valid conclusion.

The sample size was limited so the results obtained from the study may not

be generalized for the whole population.

Page | 84

CONCLUSION

Page | 85

CONCLUSION

Most of the Women were known about the Government Scheme/Yojan but

some of the Women were not aware because lack of awareness, lack of

orientation in rural development schemes and programs, No proper knowledge

and orientation about Government schemes, lack of support from home and

their senior colleagues, women feel Fear and Insecurity. They have family

responsibilities. Lack of power and information. So, government gave the

advertisement and awareness programs on the several schemes to aware

them.

As per survey most of the women are agreed that the development of women

& its schemes in their day to day life and in the society that have made their

life easier.

The most of the women have the equal opinion that government is provided

women opportunity to work from home and earn. So, they Increase in

articulation abilities, self confidence and self respect.

So I conclude that in Indian economic the women get many opportunities to

develop their self but they are facing some constraints like some women were

not aware regarding the scheme and how to utilize the schemes for their

development. So, government should try to make more awareness programs

for rural women.

Page | 86

Annexure

THE SURVEY REGARDING OPPORTUNITY & CONSTRAINS FACED BY

WOMEN IN INDIAN ECONOMY

Dear sir/madam,

I am Venkat Nildhara, students of Late Smt. S.G. Patel Institute of

Management studies pursuing MBA. As per our curriculum, we are conducting

survey. You are requested to read following questions carefully and answer

them. And we assure you that this information will be held confidential and

only used for our project purpose. Please, spend your valuable time in filing

questionnaire. Thank you.

(For the questions bellow please tick from the given option)

Q=1 Fill the following details.

1) Marital Status

2) Unmarried

3) Divorce

4) Widow

5) Separate

Q=2 How many Number of the members in the family?

1) 2

2) 3 to 5

3) Above 5

Q=3 Are you working women or not?

1) Yes

2) No

Page | 87

Q=4 If you are working, In which Sector are you working?

1) Government

2) Private

3) NGO

4) Self Employed

5) None of these

Question =5 What is your monthly income?

1) Less than 1000

2) 1001 to 5000

3) Above 5000

4) None of these

Q=6 Being an employed women are you getting the freedom in the

decision making of your family? (Give rank out of 10)

1) Yes

2) No

3) Some what

Q=7 Being an employed women are you getting leisure to look after your

family & your health?

1) Yes

2) No

3) Some what

Q=8 Are you aware Gujarat Government scheme for women?

1) Yes

2) No

Page | 88

Q=9 Are you aware from the following Scheme/ Yojna which provided by

government for women?

1) Saat Phera Samuh Yojna

2) Vidya Sahay & Talim Yojna

3) Swayam Sidh Yojna

4) Sakhi Mandal Yojna

5) Nari Adalat

6) Mahila Vrudh Ashram

7) Kunverbai nu Mameru Scheme

8) None of these

Q=10 Taking benefit of Sakhi Mandal Yojna are you satisfied with these?

1) Highly Satisfied

2) Satisfied

3) Neutral

4) Dissatisfied

5) Highly Dissatisfied

Q=11 Are you getting the proper facility of above scheme of

Government?

1) Strongly Agree

2) Agree

3) Neutral

4) Disagree

5) Strongly Disagree

Page | 89

Q=12 Do you Agree that development of women & its Schemes in day to

day life in the society has made your life easier?

1) Strongly Agree

2) Agree

3) Neutral

4) Disagree

5) Strongly Disagree

Q=13 The Government is giving sufficient support to education to the

women in your area?

1) Strongly Agree

2) Agree

3) Neutral

4) Disagree

5) Strongly Disagree

Q=14 Government provided the women opportunity to work from home

& earn?

1) Strongly Agree

2) Agree

3) Neutral

4) Disagree

5) Strongly Disagree

Q=15 Working from home have resulted in curbing the leisure hours of

the women?

1) Yes

2) No

3) Some what

Page | 90

Q=16 Are you satisfied with the Government Schemes/Yojna?

1) Highly Satisfied

2) Satisfied

3) Neutral

4) Dissatisfied

5) Highly Dissatisfied

Personal Details of the Respondents:

Name of the women:___________________________________________

Occupation: ___________________________________________

Age:

1) 21 to 30

2) 31 to 40

3) 41 to 50

4) 51 to 60

Location:

1) Urban

2) Rural

Page | 91

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

http://www.ruraldev.gujarat.gov.in/pdfs.Sakhi MandalSampleData.pdf

http://www.gujaratgovt.com

http://www.women.com

http://www.womensafety.com

http://www.historyofwomen.com

http://www.Gujaratgovernmentportal.com

http://womenrights.com

http://www.fao/org/sd/Wpdirect.Wpre0108.htm

http://www.iisd.ca/50comm/commd6/desc/do&.htm

http://iet.open.ac.uk/reserch/projects.documents/alisreport.pdf

Miller, 2000, Women in Knowledge Societies, Global Knowledge

Partnership, Malaysia in http://www.womenaction.org/ghil/swasti.html.

http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUT

HASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295589~p

agePK:141137~piPK:217854~theSitePK:295584,00.html

www.unfpa.org/gender/docs/studies/india.pdf

http://ssa.nic.in/girlseducation/Girls%20Education.pdf

http://www.yrshr.org/informationbase_desc.asp?id=65#sens

http://commitments.clintonglobalinitiative.org/projects.htm?mode=vie

Globalization, poverty and women‘s empowerment. United Nations

Division of the Advancement of Women

http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/empower/documents/

Bisnath-EP3.pdf [accessed 1 December 2004].

Page | 92

Bisnath S, Elson D. Women‘s empowerment revisited. UNIFEM

http://www.undp.org/ unifem/progressww/empower.html [accessed 30

October 2003].

http://money.livemint.com/IID91/F132540/DirectorsReport/Company.as

px

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/world/asia/16ladies.html

http://www.articlesbase.com/ entrepreneurship -articles/is-the-women-

entrepreneur-empowered-in india-3147613.htmlixzz15PmH5WNy

http://worldbank.org./wbp/

www.unrisd.org/engindex/publ/list/opb/opb3/opb3.htm

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/ent/papers/women.htm

http://www.husdyr.kvl.dk/htm/php/tune99/6-Gibbons.htm

Http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/research/env/index.html.