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Within families: family-wide and child- specific influences on children’s socio- emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom O’Connor

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Page 1: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on children’s socio-emotional

development

Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom O’Connor

Page 2: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Behavioral genetic findings of siblings being so different from one another once genetic effects

were controlled

Page 3: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

What is the effect of the family environment?

Focus on the similar and different experiences

of siblings in families

Page 4: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Themes• Do family-wide or child-specific aspects of

the environment predict change in child behavior?

• How similar are children’s experiences in families? Does this vary as a function of stresses in the environment?

• What are children’s own contributions to the stressful environments that they experience?

Page 5: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Datasets• NLSCY, ABSS, NEAD• All involve the inclusion of multiple

children per family: between 2-4 depending on dataset

• Some involve multi-informant data• Some results involve examining change in

the response variable: longitudinal design• All use multilevel modeling for the analysis

Jenkins, Rasbash, O’Connor (2003) DPJenkins, Simpson, Dunn, Rasbash, O’Connor (2005) CDJenkins, Dunn, O’Connor, Rasbash, Behnke, JFP. In pressRasbash, Jenkins, O’Connor, In preparation

Page 6: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

OutcomeVariable

Between FamilyComparisons

Family A Family B

1 2

FamilyLevel

Child Level

Majority of environmental studies of family influencesfamily and child-specific processes are confounded

Page 7: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Environmental studies using sibling design: unconfounds family andchild

Family A

Family B

Family Level

Child Level

Between family comparisons

Within family comparisons

1 2 3

Cross-level interactions

Page 8: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Measures at the family and child-specific levels

3

FamilyA

FamilyB

Family averagenegativity

Child’sdeviation fromthe family mean

1 2

Lowincome/education

Child’sfriendshipsoutside family

2

Page 9: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Do family-wide or child-specific aspects of the environment predict

change in child behavior?

Illustrate with results from sibling study

Page 10: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Are there within family differences on sibling dyad

negativity?

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Between familyvarianceWithin familyvariance

ICC = .52

Page 11: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Shared effects: Av maternal negativity predicts an increase in sibling negativity over 2 years

0

4

8

Av maternal negativity one unit change inmaternal negativity

Family average is a stronger predictor of sibling negativity than dyad-specific negativity

Page 12: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Mean of sibling negativity as a function of gender of sibling

dyad

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

Girl dyadBoy dyadMixed dyad

Girl dyads differ significantly from mixed dyads

*

*

Page 13: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Thus there are some systematic reasons that some dyads get on

better than others

And shared experiences are important

Page 14: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

To what extent do siblings live in shared environments?

Page 15: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Shared family environments?

Exposure to parental conflict

Family Blue Family Yellow Family Pink

Families differ from one another on how much parental conflict children experience

Page 16: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Shared family environments?

Children within families differ from one another on how much parental conflict they experience

Exposure to parental conflict

Family Blue Family Yellow Family Pink

Page 17: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Sibling similarity on experiences surrounding parental conflict

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

argument about children exposure to conflict

ICC

Page 18: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

To what extent do siblings live in shared

environments? Does this vary as a function of environmental stress?

Modeling differential experience in families

Page 19: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Differential parental positivity as a function of SES, marital problems and family size.

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

household ses

1

2

3

4

5

diffe

rentia

l po

sitive p

are

nting

family size = 2, no marital problemsfamily size = 2, marital problemsfamily size > 2, marital problemsfamily size > 2, no marital problems

Page 20: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Differential parental hostility as a function of single parenthood and marital dissatisfaction.

Intact/no maritalproblem

Marital problem Single parent4.2

5.2

6.2

7.2

differential negativity

Page 21: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Limitations of this method

Measurement problems. Although in some of the studies the IV and DV are based on different informants, the family clustering information is based on single informant. Degree of family clustering that we see may be related to same person reporting on measures for different siblings

Page 22: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Another method for examining similar and differential

experiences in families as well as consistency of behavior when

interacting with different members of the family

Page 23: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Social relations model

• Every person in a family interacts with every other person• Rate each person’s expression of negativity and positivity

towards every other family member• Data are observational

Page 24: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Within family structure

Family 1…

Relationship: c1c2 c1m c1f c2c1 c2m c2f mc1 mc2 mf fc1 fc2 fm

Actor: c1 c2 m f

Partner: c1 c2 m f

Dyad d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6

We start with 12 relationship scores in each family. These can be classified :

partner dyad and familyactor

Page 25: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Interpretation of variance components

Family:the extent to which families differ from one another

Actor: the extent to which individuals act similarly across relationships.

Partner: the extent to which individuals elicit the same behaviors from others.

Dyad: The extent to which emotion expression is specific to the dyad and based on reciprocity.

Page 26: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Consistency of individual emotional expression across

dyads: a function of the dyad or the individual?

Page 27: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

% of variance explained by actor, partner and dyad for positivity and

negativity:

05

1015202530354045

Actor Partner Dyad

Positivity Negativity

• People are very consistent in their positivity across relationships irrespective of what their interactional partner is doing. Not so of negativity.

• The partner effect is surprisingly small

Page 28: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Negativity is less internal to the person and more sparked off by behavior of interactional partner

than positivity

High reciprocity for negativity

Page 29: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Extent to which families are different from one another

Page 30: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

% of variance at the family level

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Positivity Negativity

Page 31: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Do characteristics of individuals affect the dyads in which they interact or do they exert their

influence across the whole family?

Example depression

Page 32: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

An individual’s depression score may explain family level

variance or only variance in dyads in which the individual is a

member.

Page 33: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Example of data coding to examine effects on families or dyads

Page 34: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Family (spillover) and dyad effects of depression on NEGATIVITY

Depression score Significance

Child 1 at family level *

Child 2 at family level *

Mother at family level ns

Father at family level *

Child 1 at dyad level ns

Child 2 at dyad level ns

Mother at dyad level *

Father at dyad level ns

Page 35: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Family (spillover) and dyad effects of depression on POSITIVITY

Depression score Significance

C1 at family level ns

C2 at family level ns

Mother at family level ns

Father at family level *

C1 at dyad level ns

C2 at dyad level ns

Mother at dyad level ns

Father at dyad level ns

Page 36: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Advantages of multilevel methods for family data

• Differentiating between family-wide and child-specific processes in families

• Highly stressful environments increase the variation in the within family environment

• Social relations model allows us to look at consistency of individual’s behavior in families, how different families are from one another and why

Page 37: Within families: family-wide and child-specific influences on childrens socio-emotional development Jennifer Jenkins, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor

Disadvantages of multilevel approach to families

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