wildlife conservation [compatibility mode]

7/31/2019 Wildlife Conservation [Compatibility Mode]

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Wildlife ConservationWildlife ConservationHow can we (wildlife vets) do?How can we (wildlife vets) do?

TheThe 1010thth Wildlife Intensive CourseWildlife Intensive Course

for New Graduated Veterinariansfor New Graduated Veterinarians

MayMay 1010--1111,, 20122012

PaisinPaisin LekcharoenLekcharoen, D.V.M., D.V.M.


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Values and ethic of natureincluding wildlife


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Utilitarian value Consumptive Productive

Ecosystem services

Scientific/educational

Cultural/spiritual

Experiential/existence

Worth every

moment

experiential

HowHas a right

My team

mascot

totemic My bestfriend

aesthetic

intrinsic

anthropomorphic

Tasty

consumtive

Unique

scientific

Endangered?

conservation

Environmentally

significant

ecological

Pest!

negative

Great chase!

mastery


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Intrinsic value

Ecocentric ethic

Biocentric ethic


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Biological diversityBiodiversity most often define as the "totality of genes, species, and

ecosystems of a region".

Ecosystem diversity

Species diversity

Genetic diversity


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Ecological health


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Healthy in any components

PopulationPopulationCommunityCommunity

EcosystemEcosystem

Ecozone/biomeEcozone/biome

EarthEarth

Organ systemOrgan systemOrganOrgan

CellCell

OrganelleOrganelle

BiomoleculeBiomolecule


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Biodiversity loss


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Human demography and Species

richness


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Health effects of biodiversity loss


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Threats to wildlife

and what is a role of wildlife vet

Threats to

wildlife

Illegal tradeEncroachment

Urbanization

Hunting/poaching

Habitat loss, degradation

Illegal collection

Custom andtradition

Global warming

Pollution

Agricultural practice

Technology andindustry

Global demography

Diseases

GeneticExotic pet, Alienspecies


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Genetic effect


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F (Bottleneck effect)

High diversity inHigh diversity in

Original populationOriginal population

Low diversity inLow diversity in

Present populationPresent population


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Habitat loss and fragmentation Habitat destruction

Habitat fragmentation

Population isolation

Habitat degradation


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Introduced and invasive species


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Pollution


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Overharvest


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Global climate change


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Emerging infectious disease


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Wildlife conservationIn situ conservation Ex situ conservation

Protected areaPatrolling

Wildlife habitat

Captive breedingResearch

Public education

Wildlife reintroduction

Wildlife health

ResearchLaw enforcement

Translocation

Ecological corridorPopulation control

bankingBiotechnology

Law enforcementWildlife farming

EIDsmanagement


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ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY

Wildlife veterinarian


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Genetic conservationGenetic conservation

Conservation genetics is a mixture ofecology, molecular biology,population genetics,

mathematical modeling and evolutionary systematic (the construction of family

relationships).

Scientists must first understand the genetic relationships of the organisms

under study. Once this basic science is understood by scientists,

management techniques must then be applied by wildlife managers topreserve biological diversity in these species.


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Threatened species of Thailand

Vertebrateanimal

Number of

species inThailand

Status of vertebrate animal in Thailand Total

EX EW CR EN VU NT LC DD

Mammal 302 1 4 12 35 58 - - - 110

Avian 982 2 2 43 66 91 100 - 6 310

Reptile 350 - 1 11 6 16 53 188 90 365

Amphibian 137 - - - - 17 33 64 36 150

Fish 2820 2 - 18 42 150 20 - 31 263

Total 4591 5 7 84 149 332 206 252 163 1198

Remarks: Red Data of Thailand (FF, 2553)

EX, Extinct - F; EW,Extinct in the wild- F; CR, CriticallyEndangered - F; EN, Endangered-F; VU, Vulnerable - F; NT, Near Threatened- , LC, Least Concern ; DD, Data Deficient - ;


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What do we need to know to genetically manage threatened species?

Is the taxonomy clearly known?

YesNo

Is the population small?

Yes

Does the population suffer from

inbreeding problems or have lowgenetic diversity?

NoDoes chromosomes all have the same numberand shape?

Conduct genetic study of all population

No Yes Probably one species

* Adapted from flowchart of questions that are asked in relation to genetic issue in conservationfrom Introduction of conservation genetics, 2003

Yes No

Are there other

populations tocross to?

Yes

Is the

populationfragmented?

No

What is the population structure?

Is there sufficient gene flow?

NoYesUnknown

Are there differences amongpopulation?

No Yes Different species

Is introgression aproblem?

Are there differences among population?

YesNo UnknownNoYes Polymorphismswithin a species

Use genetic study todecide

If chromosomes do not

resolve the issue, obtain

more data with othergenetic markers


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What is conservation genetic?

Conservation GeneticsConservation Genetics Introgression

Population structure and fragmentation

Understanding species biology

Out-breeding

Evolutionary genetics

Taxonomic uncertainties

Forensics

Small populationSmall population

CaptiveWild

* Adapted from flowchart of structure and content of conservation genetics in conservationfrom Introduction of conservation genetics, 2003

Mutational

accumulation

Loss of genetic

diversity

Genetic adaptation tocaptivity

Inbreeding

Extinction

Reproductive fitness

Identify management unitGenetic management

Reintroduction


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Conservation genetic?Conservation genetic?

In situ

Does the population suffer from

inbreeding problems?Or have low genetic diversity?

No

Ex situ

Aged

Hybrid -- No Yes Genetic proven

AdultDead

Is taxonomy clearly known?

Yes

Geneticstudy

Is taxonomy clearly known?

Genetic Conservation of Wild Animals

Yes

Yes No

What is the population structure?

Is there sufficient gene flow?

Mating?

Paternal Maternal

No Breeders

Reintroduction

New born

Genome Resource

Bank

ART technique

Genetic diversity

No

Translocation

Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, MayWildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May 20122012


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Hybrid speciesHybrid species

F - F



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Hybrid speciesHybrid species

- F


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Taxonomy

DNA study

Paternal Maternal

: Genetic study (mtDNA: D-loop, Cyto-b,

16S rRNA and NADH-5 part)

- To recognize the subspecies and/or

haplotype for conservation management

purpose

34

Mitochondrial studyY-chromosome study

Low variation High variation

Indo Chinese Tiger


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Indo-Chinese TigerPanthera tigris corbetti

11. Genetic data of. Genetic data of

FelidaeFelidae forforreintroduction planreintroduction plan

Subspecies

Haplotype

Pedigree

22. Breeding plan. Breeding plan

33. International and/or. International and/or

local publicationlocal publication44. New researcher. New researcher

Genetic Management


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(Asian Elephant)(Asian Elephant)

FF


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Genetic Evaluation ofThai wild buffaloespopulation


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Genetic Evaluation ofThai wild buffaloespopulation

Wild buffalo

in HKK sanctuary

Fecal sample

Comparison

& Analysis

Domestic buffalo from

three restricted areas

Blood samples

Domestic swamp buffalo

throughout ThailandBlood Samples

Gen-bank buffalo

data

Anao, river buf. etc.

Wild buffalo

from Museum

Bone sample

F


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F(In situ)

39

F


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F (Ex situ)

40


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Genetic consideration for reintroduction

Historical range and ARTs

IVFThamin Elds deer

Siamese Elds deer


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Wildlife Management

Protected Area (Wildlife Sanctuary, Non-hunting Area,

National Park)

Wildlife Breeding Center, Wildlife Research Center NGOs, Zoological Park Organization, University


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Ex situ conservationcommercial purpose

E it ildlif b diE it ildlif b di


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Ex situ wildlife breedingEx situ wildlife breeding

Private Wildlife breeding center

1. 42 F

F

F F


E itE it ildlif b diildlif b di


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Ex situEx situ wildlife breedingwildlife breeding

Private Wildlife breeding center

FF2.F8

3.F6

4.F1 5. F 2


E it ti


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Ex situ conservation

for reintroductionFFFF

C did t A i l M t


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Candidate Animal Management

Genetic screening

mtDNA (Cyt.B, D-loop)

Health screening and

Physical examination

Blood profile

Epidemiologicalevaluation

Miscellaneous


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for reintroduction


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Wildlife veterinary forensics


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Forensic process

Crime scene

Forensic Lab

Courtroom

Chain of custody

Quality assurance

( )


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(WV) Forensic pathologist

Physical exam Time of Death

Manner of Death

Livor mortis

Algor mortisRigor mortis

Accidental

Natural

Gastric emptying time

Entomology

Disease

Non-accidental!!!

Toxicology

d


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Being a detective

Crime scene

investigation

Cause of deathdetermination

Class characteranalysis

Individualizationanalysis

Wildlif di id i l


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Wildlife disease epidemiology

Distribution

Time

Place

Epidemiology

Driver

Person/animal

Cause

Risk factor

Wildlife disease epidemiology


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Wildlife disease epidemiologyEIDs: threat to human, wildlife and ecological health


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EIDs inWildlife

Biodiversityloss

EIDs inHuman

We can see only the Tip of the IcebergWe can see only the Tip of the Iceberg


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Report

-Death

-Case (mostlysevere)

Cases in

community

(active cases)

Mild or nosymptom

Treated by owner

Self recovering

DeathThese cases can

be potential

spreader

S ill


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Surveillance

Surveillance is information for action

Surveillance system


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Surveillance system

Identification of

the agent-viral isolation

-

-RT-PCR

Serological test-IgM captured ELISA

-HI

-IgG ELISA

-PRNT

Outbreak investigation


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Outbreak investigation


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Wildlife rescue


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Wildlife rescue

Rehabilitation


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Rehabilitation

Perspective for Wildlife Conservation


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Resource management

Habitat protectionEcosystem protectionSupport for field conservation

Inspiring action

Managed wild population

Biodiversity conservation

AgriculturePet industry

EducationEntertainment

Managed exhibit population

Intensivemanagement

Zoo, aquarium &botanic garden

In conclusion


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Care of sick animal

Breeding of endangered wildlife and reintroduction

Assistance in wildlife research

Diagnosis of wildlife deathsPrevention and management of infectious disease

Wildlife population viability analysis

Pest and invasive species controlRescue and rehabilitation

Translocation of isolated population

Genetic resource banking

People awareness and education: Zoonosis,

occupational health, conservation

Environmental contamination assessmentEtc


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What could you do???


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wildlife conservation [compatibility mode]

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