why is shale gas development “unconventional” because it requires 3 technologies only recently...
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Why Is Shale Gas DevelopmentWhy Is Shale Gas Development“Unconventional”“Unconventional”
• Because it requires 3 technologies only recently combined to make gas production from shales technically and economically feasible.
• Directional drilling: needed to access a thin layer of shale with long laterals.
• High frac fluid volumes: needed to stimulate gas release from many existing fractures.
• Slickwater: needed to control the amount of power needed to pump large volumes of frac fluids, at high pressures, quickly, over long distances, through small diameter casing.
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HHigh igh VVolume, olume, SSlickwater lickwater FFracing from racing from LLong ong LLaterals: The Conceptaterals: The Concept
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~ 5000 feet
~ 100 feet Pay zone
Cap rock
Cap rock
Not to scale
The Lateral
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Early Joints at Taughannock Falls
J1
J2
Geneseo-Burket (Devonian black shale)Taughannock Falls State Park, Trumansburg, N.Y.
Photo Courtesy T. Engelder
Gas Producing Shales are Heavily Fractured Naturally
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Why Is Slickwater, High-Volume Fracing Why Is Slickwater, High-Volume Fracing from Long Laterals a Higher from Long Laterals a Higher
Risk to Human Health?Risk to Human Health?• Requires much higher well density, many wells per
square mile.• Requires much more industrial development over large
areas, heavy equipment operating 24/7/365.• Requires much higher volumes of fracing fluid, millions
of gallons per well.• Produces much higher volumes of waste fluids and solids
containing hazardous materials: frac fluid chemicals, heavy metals, NORMS.
• Produces much higher volumes of fugitive emissions of methane.
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Example: Dallas/Fort Worth Airport Property, Example: Dallas/Fort Worth Airport Property, Barnett Shale PlayBarnett Shale Play
• 53 pads on 18,076 acres
•Each red line is a well
• Almost complete coverage
• Patchwork, mostly ideal units
• One developer
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Ideal Ideal Arrangement of Spacing UnitsArrangement of Spacing Units
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Why Is Slickwater, High-Volume Fracing Why Is Slickwater, High-Volume Fracing from Long Laterals a Higher from Long Laterals a Higher
Risk to Human Health?Risk to Human Health?• As number of wells and volumes of waste increase,
probability of accidental releases of hazardous materials into air and groundwater increases.
• Cumulative effects on air and water from purposeful emissions into the atmosphere and releases into groundwater are unknown.
• Increased production and burning of natural gas and its liquid companions (e.g. ethane, propane, butane) increases emission of GHG’s.
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