Why Industrialize?

– To faster produce products to meet up with demands

– Saves time which saves money.

Who Industrialized First?– Britain industrialized and monopolized industrialization.

• Didn’t allow those with knowledge of industrialization to leave.

• United States, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan industrialized shortly after.– Japan

• Hired foreign experts to help industrialize• Most industrialized in all of Asia

– Russia• Few years behind• 5 year plan is put into effect

– Germany• Otto man Bismarck orders for industrialization• Very fast industrialization.

– France• Industrializes in mid 18th century.

– United States• Slow at first due to shortage of workers

• Those who industrialized first became world powers• Got raw materials from colonies

Technology

– Machines are invented for more efficient ways to improve cotton production• One invention leads to another

– Flying Shuttle 1733- John Kay– Spinning Jenny 1765- James Hargeaves– Mule 1790- Richard Compton

– Steam Engine• Newcomen’s Engine was inefficient• James Watt steam engine

– Used coal to produce steam– Improved later to allow transportation– Used in factories

Steel

– Iron furnaces + steam engine/charcoal = Huge steel production

– Used to make ships, railroads, and machines

Transportation

– With steel and the steam engine it created new forms of transportation• Steamships replaced ships with sails allowing faster

transportation.• Railroads were built all over the place

– Trains transported large amounts of material to factories and ports

– Faster transportation on land– Railways linked land empires

Factory System

– Assembly line– Replaced putting out system– Population moved from rural areas to urban areas– Cities grew due to high concentration population– Work conditions• Worked long hours• Ate only at set hours

– Child Labor

New Social Classes

– Factory owners• Became upper class due to having a lot of money• Easy mobility in early stage of industrialization, but

later stages was hard to move up the social class.

– Workers• Came mostly from rural areas• Low class• Hard to move up social ladder

Women

– Women were allowed to work in factories giving them a place in society

– Paid less than men– More opportunities

Demographic Developments

– Fertility or birthrate dropped in industrial societies due to birth control

– Mortality rate dropped.– Population growth • Better living conditions

– Urbanization• Most of the population were found in cities

Industries

– Vertical• Controlled all aspects of production

– Horizontal• Cooperation among companies in same business

Emancipation of Serfs

– Emancipation of Serfs in Russia freed all serfs• Most became indentured servants• Had to pay back money gov.• Conditions didn’t change

Slave and Serf Emancipation• Causes- • To stop American influence on Mexico.• Enlightenment ideals stretched the ideas of equality and freedom• Russia wanted reform. An unfree labor system caused

governmental weakness and made an inefficient economy.• Effects- • Slaves were free but treated unequally. They had no political,

social or economical equality.• Serfs gained freedom, but they had to pay taxes on their new land

and most freed serfs were in debt for life.• The emancipation caused little or no increase in agriculture.

Women’s Roles

• Women felt as they had the same restrictions as slaves.

• They had tried to use Enlightenment ideals in arguments, like the slaves did, but were unsuccessful until the 20th century.

• Debates were stronger in colonial societies than industrial societies, due to the large uprisings already occurring in the colonial societies.

Western Intervention

• Latin America-• American Revolution inspired their revolution.• Creoles inspired from British colonists. • Modeled after U.S. political independence. • South East Asia-• Textile mills in Japan influenced by U.S. and Europe. • U.S. tricked Japan into signing unfair treaties. This led to chaos.• Africa-• Had many resources. “scramble for Africa”• Europe wanted to colonize as much of Africa as possible.• Caused places like the Congo to be miserable.

The Rise of Western Dominance• Economic-• Technology, economic military rise of the west• altered the balance of global power• industrialization replace agriculture as largest, most important sector of economy• Began in England 18th century and 19th century through Europe, later the rest of the world• Dominant mode of economic organization - free market, laissez faire capitalism• commerce and banking-foundations of money-based economy-not land-based• Transformed social class structures• aristocracy based on land and family prestige faded• those employed in agriculture shrank• middle class grew tremendously, gained great wealth, diversified• new lower class-industrial working class was born• Industrialization led to urbanization-cities grew in size, more cities established• First decades of industrialization painful for lower classes• working conditions poor, wages low• over time, industrialization greatly raised the average property of a society’s population• even lower classes benefit over time• non-western worlds adopt industrialization in vary ways• some European imperial powers introduced to colonies• rulers of free non-western nations tried to impose from above• slavery still key to 18th/19th century world economy• Africa was the primary victim of slave trading• East Africa and Atlantic Slave Trade continued• Fall of mercantilism, rise of capitalism• laws of supply and demand created great wealth• Socialism, Marxism and Communism• Socialism – economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/inequality• Marxism – more radical socialism – Communist Manifesto• Communism• Ideally – perfect justice, social equality and plenty

Political• Broad trends• World affairs determined by policy choices in Europe• United States broke away from English rule, went on to dominate Americas• Spanish/Portuguese colonies freed themselves of European rule• Eastern Question – gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire presented Europe

with choices• Between 1814 > 1914 – 35% to 85% of European control of habitable territory• Japan only non-Western nation to develop effective, modern colonial empire• New nations of Germany and Italy created• Tensions over diplomacy, nationalism, competition for overseas possessions led

to alliances• Political developments• greater popular representation in government and politics• other parts of the world were slower in moving from traditional

monarchies/oligarchies• middle class represented• working class radicalism

Cultural

• starting in West, scientific, secular worldview became paramount

• increase in access to public education• tremendous movement of people• nationalism became an incredible

powerful cultural attitude in Europe and then spread

• modernist thought and culture• many adopted western behavior

Artistic• Romanticism and Realism• Imperialism and colonialism• Causes of imperialism• Economic – industrialization gave the West the ability and reasons to

conquer the world• raw materials, markets for goods, military, transportation, and

communication tools• Military factors – new weapons, need to maintain bases and coal

stations• Social factors – rapid population growth• Science and technology – new knowledge (maps), medical

advancements• Cultural factors – racial superiority, Westerners taught natives and

modernized

Comparison of Western intervention in Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia

• Imperialism in Latin America• Railroads and the imperialism of free trade• Natural resources of Latin America made them targets for a form of economic

dependence called free-trade imperialism• American expansion and the Spanish-American War, 1898• American intervention in the Caribbean and Central America, 1901-1914• Western Dominance in Southeast Asia• Burma, Malaya, Indochina, and northern Sumatra were conquered because of

their fertile soil, favorable climates, and highly developed agriculture – brought rise in population

• The Scramble for Africa• Egypt – French and British bankers lobbied their governments to intervene and

secure their high- interest loans they set on the Egyptian Khedives expensive modernization

• Western and Equatorial Africa – French built railroad• Southern Africa – good pastures and farmland and mineral wealth