why ddt was banned
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Home » food additives » food safety » health info » health tips » tes t kit » Why DDT Was Banned
Why DDT Was BannedThe abbreviation DDT stands for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. DDT is a synthetic chemicalcompound once used widely in the United States and throughout the world as a pesticide (a chemicalsubstance used to kill weeds, insects, rodents, or other pests). It is probably best known for its dualnature: although remarkably effective in destroying certain living things that are harmful to plantsand animals, it can also be extremely dangerous to humans and the environment. At the time peoplewhere afraid of getting malaria from mosquitoes. People thought DDT did not hurt any animalsbecause it did not affect humans, but they were wrong as it affected many animals other thanmosquitoes. The birds ate the insects, small birds and fish that contained DDT.
DDT was first produced in the laboratory in 1873. For more than half a century, it was little more thana laboratory curiosity—a complicated synthetic (produced by scientists) compound with no apparentuse. Then, in 1939, Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller (1899–1965) discovered that DDT was highlypoisonous to insects. The discovery was very important because of its potential for use in killinginsects that cause disease and eat agricultural crops. For his work, Müller was awarded the NobelPrize in medicine in 1948.
During and after World War II (1939–45), DDT became extremely popular among public healthworkers, farmers, and foresters. Peak production of the compound reached 386 million pounds (175million kilograms) globally in 1970. Between 1950 and 1970, 22,204 tons (20,000 metric tons) of DDTwas used annually in the former Soviet Union. The greatest use of DDT in the United States occurredin 1959, when 79 million pounds (36 million kilograms) of the chemical were sprayed.
By the early 1970s, however, serious questions were being raised about the environmental effects ofDDT. Reports indicated that harmless insects, fish, birds, and other animals were being killed orharmed as a result of exposure to DDT. Calcium Carbonate is an essential chemical in egg shells.When mother birds ate the animals exposed to DDT, it concentrated or accumulated in her body andcaused the egg shell to be formed with a very thin shell. Also, since their shells where too thin theeases got over heated when incubated or the egg shells would crack before the chicks were fullydeveloped. The pesticide was even blamed for the nearextinction of at least one bird, the peregrinefalcon. Convinced that the environmental damage from DDT was greater than the compound'spossible benefits, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned the use of DDT in the UnitedStates in 1973. Its use in certain other countries has continued, however, since some nations facehealth and environmental problems quite different from those of the United States.
DDT's environmental problems arise because of two important properties: persistence and lipidsolubility. The term persistence refers to the fact that DDT does not break down very easily. Once thepesticide has been used in an area, it is likely to remain there for many years. In addition, DDT doesnot dissolve in water, although it does dissolve in fatty or oily liquids. (The term lipidsolubility is usedbecause fats and oils are members of the organic family known as lipids.) Since DDT is not soluble inwater, it is not washed away by the rain, adding to its persistence in the
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environment. But since DDT is lipidsoluble, it tends to concentrate in the body fat of animals. Thefollowing sequence of events shows how DDT can become a problem for many animals in a food web.
DDT is used today in such African nations as Zimbabwe and Ethiopia to control mosquitoes and thetsetse fly. These two insects cause serious diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness. DDTsaves lives when used on the tsetse fly in Lake Kariba in Zimbabwe. But once sprayed on the lake,DDT does not disappear very quickly. Instead, it is taken up by plants and animals that live in thelake. Studies have shown that the concentration of DDT in the lake itself is only 0.002 parts perbillion. But algae in the lake have a concentration of 2.5 parts per million. Other members of the foodweb also accumulate DDT from the organisms they eat. Fish that feed on the algae have DDT levels of2 parts per million; tigerfish and cormorants (both of whom live on the algaeeating fish) have levelsof 5 and 10 parts per million, respectively; and crocodiles (who eat both tigerfish and cormorants)have levels as high as 34 parts per million.
Bird watchers and scientists found a decrease in nests and got suspicious. Scientists discovered DDEwhich is the remaining chemical after DDT breaks down. As soon as it could be scientifically proventhat DDT was harmful, it was banned. Bans on the use of DDT in the United States and some othernations have given ecosystems in those countries a chance to recover. Populations of peregrinefalcons, for example, have begun to stabilize and grow once again. Many other animal species are nolonger at risk from DDT. Of course, poor nations continue to face a more difficult choice than does theUnited States, since they must balance the protection of the health of their human populationsagainst the protection of their natural ecosystems. In December 2000, in a convention organized bythe United Nations Environment Program, 122 nations agreed to a treaty banning twelve very toxicchemicals. Included among the twelve was DDT. However, the treaty allowed the use of DDT tocombat malaria until other alternatives become available. Before it can take effect, the treaty must beratified by 50 of the nations that agreed to it in principle.
by Dr. Badruddin Khan teaches Chemistry in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. Source:
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