WHI.13: The Renaissance

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

p. 159-161

Economic Effects of the Crusadesp. 159

1. increased the demand for 1)Middle Eastern* products2. stimulated the 2)production of goods* to trade in Middle Eastern markets3. encouraged the use of 3)credit and banking*

a. Christians were not allowed to lend money with interest; helped 4)secularize* northern Italy

b. letters of 5)credit* served to expand the supply of money and speed up tradec. new accounting and bookkeeping practices (such as the use of Arabic numerals)

were introduced

Italy’s Advantagep. 159

1. 6) Renaissance (p. 437) – rebirth of art and learning; “birth” of the modern world2. Italy’s three advantages that fostered the Renaissance

a. thriving 7) cities (p. 437)

b. a wealthy 8) merchant (p. 437) classc. classical heritage of 9) Greece and Rome(p. 437)

Renaissance scholars looked down on the art and literature of the Middle Ages

Italy’s Citiesp. 159

1. three main cities – 10) Florence, Venice, and Genoa*2. had access to 11) trade routes* connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets3. were initially independent city-states governed as 12)republics*

The Medici Familyp. 159

1. 13)merchants(p. 437) were the wealthiest, most powerful class, and they dominated politics

a. believed they deserved power and wealth2. 14)Florence (p. 437) came under the control of the Medici family3. 15)Cosmo de’ Medici(p. 437) was the wealthiest merchant of his time

a. rule Florence as a dictator for 30 years4. although the Medici family did not foster true republican governments, they aided the Renaissance by supporting the arts

Classical and Wordly Valuesp. 161

1. Classics Lead to 16) Humanism (p. 418) – focused on human potential and achievements

a. was supported by wealthy 17) patrons (p. 418) – people who spent huge amounts of money on art and supported the artists

2. Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasuresa. humanists suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending Godb. the basic spirit of the Renaissance was 18) secular (p. 418) – worldly and

concerned with the here and now3. The Renaissance Man – 19) a man who excelled in many fields (p. 418)

a. Renaissance Women were to know the classics and be charming, but not expected to seek fame

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Renaissance Revolutionizes Artp. 161

1. Renaissance artists often portrayed religious subjects, but they used a 20)realistic

(p. 419) style copied from classical models

2. 21) Donatello(p. 419) – made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality

3. 22) Masaccio(p. 419) – painter who rediscovered the technique of perspective (indicates three dimensions)

4. 23) Michelangelo (p. 421) – designed St. Peter’s Basilica, painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and sculpted the statue of David (a Renaissance Man)

5. 24) Leonard da Vinci(p. 421) – studied how muscles move, sketched many new inventions (including a primitive helicopter) and painted the Mona Lisa and the Last

Supper6. 25) Raphael(p. 421) – studied the works of Leonardo and Michelangelo, did many

paintings of the Madonna and child

Middle Ages vs. Renaissance

Michelangelo’s David

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Michelangelo’s La Pieta

The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper

Renaissance Writers Change Literature p. 161

1. 26) vernacular(p. 421) – native language2. Renaissance writers wrote either for self-expression or to portray the

individuality of their subjects3. 27) Niccolo Machiavelli(p. 421) – wrote The Prince; rulers should use force, deceit, or do whatever it takes to maintain power and crush the opposition

a. the ends justifies the meansb. supported the absolute power of the ruler

The Northern Renaissance

p. 163

The Northern Renaissance Beginsp. 163

1. after the bubonic plague and the Hundred Years’ War, European cities28) grew rapidly(p. 423)

2. northern Renaissance humanists were more interested in 29) religious ideas (p. 423) than in the secular themes of Italy

Flemish Paintersp. 163

1. 30) Jan van Eyck (p. 425) – used oil based paints to develop techniques that painters still use

a. his paintings were unusually realistic and revealed the personality of their subjects

Northern Writersp. 163

1. 31) Desiderius Erasmus (p. 425) – wrote The Praise of Folly; poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests

2. 32) Sir Thomas More (p. 425) – wrote Utopia, an imaginary land inhabited by a peace-loving people; became the model for an ideal place

3. 33) William Shakespeare (p. 425) – wrote in Renaissance England; works include the tragedies of Macbeth, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, and the comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideasp. 1631. 34) Johann Gutenberg (p. 426) – invented the printing press; the first full-size book

printed with movable type was the 35) Gutenberg Bible (p. 426)

2. Impact of the Printing Pressa. for the first time books were 36) cheap enough (p. 427) so people

could buy themb. new ideas spread 37) faster (p. 427)than ever beforec. a rise in 38) literacy (p. 427)

d. Bibles were printed in the vernacular so people could interpret the Bible for themselves and they become more critical of 39) priests and their behavior (p.

427)

led to demands for 40) religious reform (p. 427)

Printing Press