WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Geography to Persian Wars

Objectivesp. 061

The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization bya.assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political development, including the impact of Greek commerce and colonies;b.describing Greek mythology and religion;c.identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the significance of citizenship and the development of democracy, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta;d.evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars;

Essential Understandingsp. 062

1. The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization.

2. The expansion of Greek civilization, through trade and colonization, led to the spread of Hellenic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas.

3. Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to the culture, politics, and art in ancient Greece.

4. Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology.

5. Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen, although not everyone could participate in decision making.

6. It became a foundation of modern democracies.

7. Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta (oligarchy).

8. The Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence.

Essential Questionsp. 062

1. How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas, and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization?

2. How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition?

3. What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the contemporary world?

4. How did democracy develop in Athens?

5. How did Sparta differ from Athens?

6. Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?

Why Do I Need To Know This?p. 062

1. The seeds of much of Western cultural heritage were planted during this time period.2. Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in Greece.

Ancient Greece

p. 63-67

Geographyp. 063

Balkan Peninsula

1.Greece is located on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe

2.Also over 1400 islands

3.Mild Climate supported an outdoor life (48 degrees in winter and 80 in the summer)

4.Mountains

a. Cover 75% of Greece

b. Difficult to unite Greeks under a single

government, developed small

communities instead

c. Made land transportation difficul

d. Poor in natural resources such as timber,

metals and farmland

Greek Mountains

Greek Mountains

Grapes and Olives

Geographyp. 063

The Sea

1.Greece is bordered by the Ionian Sea (West), the Aegean Sea (East)

1. Both are part of the Mediterranean Sea

2.Important trade routes for the Greeks

Geographyp. 063

Colonization

1.Had to seek new colonies because:

a. They were overpopulated

b. Needed more/better land for crops

c. More grassland for farm animals

Grapes and Olives

Mycenaep. 063

a group of Indo-Europeans settled on Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.

dominated Greece from 1600 to 1200 B.C.

Trojan War (about 1200 B.C.)

1.the Trojan prince, Paris kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Spartan king (Menelaus), brother of the king of Mycenae (Agamemnon); the Greeks went to war with Troy for 10 years; Greeks pretend to give up and give Troy a large wooden horse (filled with soldiers); the soldiers open the gate to Troy and the Greeks destroy Troy

2.Real Reason – control of the Dardanelles Straits

Mycenae

Trojan War

Trojan War

Trojan War

Doriansp. 063

1. the Mycenaeans collapsed around 1200 B.C. and the Dorians took over the Greek peninsula

2. the Dorians were a warrior people and were not interested in trade or culture

3. Created a “Dark Age of Greece” – no written record exists from 1150-750 B.C.

Homerp. 065

1. blind poet who composed epics – narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds

2. wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey; describes the battle of Troy the Trojan Horse and the journey home of King Odysseus

Myths/Religionp. 065

Myths – a traditional stories about Greek gods; a way for the Greeks to explain natural

phenomena, life events, and the power of human passions

Greek Gods – the Greeks attributed human qualities such as love, hate, and jealousy to their gods

Zeus – ruler of the gods, ruled the sky, weather and thunderstorms

Poseidon – god of the seas

Hades – god of the underworld

Hera – Zeus’s wife, often jealous of Zeus’s relationships with other women

Athena – goddess of wisdom and Zeus’s favorite child

Apollo – god of poetry and music, son of Zeus and Leto

Aphrodite – goddess of love and beauty

Zeus and Hera

Poseidon and Hades

Athena, Apollo, and Aphrodite

Rule and Order in Greek City-Statesp. 065

Polis – Greek city-state, made up of a city and its surrounding countryside; was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece; designed to promote civic and commercial life

Acropolis – fortified hilltop in the center of most poli

Agora (public center) where male citizens gathered to conduct business

An Acropolis and an Agora

Athenian Acropolis• Fortified hilltop for protection

– Walls are the mountain its built on—marble

Rule and Order in Greek City-Statesp. 065

Monarchy – when a king or queen rules a government

Tyrant – powerful individual who gained control of the government by appealing to the poor and the discontented for support

Aristocracy – a government that is ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families

Oligarchy – a government ruled a few powerful people, usually by military leaders

Democracy – a government in which all citizens have power

Phalanx – rectangular fighting formation

Hoplites – foot soldiers

Phalanx

Hoplite

Spartap. 067

Geography

1.located in the southern part of Greece known as the Peloponnesus

This is Sparta!

Spartap. 067

Society

1.built a militaristic state; ruled by an oligarchy

2.rigid social structure

a. Spartans – the elite warrior class, only class considered citizens

b. Perioikoi – free people who weren’t Spartans, not considered citizens, conducted all business within Sparta; sometimes served as a military reserve

c. Helots – slaves (largest class in Spartan society)

3.valued duty, strength, and discipline over individuality, beauty and freedom

Spartap. 067

Education

1.education centered around military training

2.at age of seven, boys left home and moved into army barracks

3.girls ran, wrestled, and played sports; learned to put service of Sparta above love, even family

4.from 600 to 371 B.C., the Spartans had the most powerful army in Greece

5.all forms of individual expression were discouraged

6.did not value the arts

Athensp. 067

Evolution of the Government

1.Monarchy aristocracy tyranny democracy

2.only free adult males could be citizens – women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship; Athenian women focused on child rearing, weaving cloth, preparing meals, and managing the household

Athensp. 067

Important Leaders

1.Draco – wrote the first legal code, punishments were very harsh; included debt slavery

2.Solon – outlawed debt slavery; allowed all citizens to participate and debate policies in the Athenian assembly; initiated profitable overseas trade, but neglected land reforms

3.Cleisthenes – worked to make Athens a full democracy by reorganizing the assembly to break up the power of the nobility; created the Council of 500 which proposed laws and counseled the assembly; members of the Council were chosen by lot (random)

Athensp. 067

Education

1.boys entered school at age 7, graduated at 18; girls did not receive a formal education

Persian Wars

p. 69

Ioniap. 069

1. 520 B.C., the Persians conquered Ionia (Greek controlled territory in Anatolia)

2. Ionian Greeks revolted with the help of Athens

3. Darius squashed the rebellion and vowed to destroy Athens in revenge

Battle of Marathon (490BC)p. 069

1. Greeks won even though they were outnumbered (10,000 Greeks to 25,000 Persians)

2. a young runner Pheidippides raced the 25 miles back to Athens with news of the victory and then collapsed and died

Marathon

Battle of Thermopylae (480BC)p. 069

1. Xerxes (Darius’s son) tried to crush Greece – marched into Greece with about 300,000

2. King Leonidas led a group of 300 Spartans and about 7000 other Greeks at Thermopylae held

them for 3 days; all the Greeks were killed, but the Persians lost an estimated 50,000

3. Persians won

Thermopylae

Thermopylae

King Leonidas

Warriors from 300

Spartan Soldier

Phalanx

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP GGGPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP GGPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP GGGPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Battle of Thermopylae (Persians Greeks)

Battle of Thermopylae (Persians Greeks)

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP GGGGGGGGGPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

^^^^^^^^^̂ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP GGGPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP GGPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP GGGPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Battle of Thermopylae (Persians Greeks)

Battle of Salamis (480BC)p. 067

1. Themistocles knew to defeat the Persians, he had to attack the Persian navy and supply ships

2. the 360+ Greek ships easily defeated the 1200+ Persians at the Battle of Salamis, ending the threat of another Persian invasion Greece

Salamis

Battle of Plataea (479BC)p. 069

1. the Battle of Plataea was the last battle of the war

2. Greeks won

Consequences of the Persian Warsp. 069

1. Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom

2. Athens became the leader of the Delian League – a military alliance of 140 city-states

3. Athens entered its Golden Age

Closing Activity

Turn to page 66 in your notes. You’ll need a book to fill in the chart. Then answer the four questions at the bottom of the page. Be ready to share out.