where have we been, where are we now, and where are we going? graham davies

Where have we been,

where are we now,

and where are we going?

Graham Davies

September 2010 EUROCALL Bordeaux 2

Why look back?

“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”

George Santayana (1863-1952)The Life of Reason, Volume 1, 1905.


Monsters from the past (1)


Monsters from the past (2)Graham, 1984: Hair was in at this time!


The ICT4LT website and blog

Created with the aid of European Commission funding, 1999-2000. Regularly updated:http://www.ict4lt.org

Details of all bibliographical references in this slideshow can be found in the Resources Centre at the ICT4LT site.


Some personal landmarks

• 1976: I began using a computer.• 1979: I wrote my first CALL

program.• 1980: I bought my first computer.• 1985: I sent my first email.• 1994: I began to use the Web.• 2007: I created my first blog.• 2007: I began to use Second Life.


Landmarks in the history of CALL

• 1980: First conference on CALL: Polytechnic of Central London.

• 1982: CALICO founded.• 1986: EUROCALL set up as an

informal group of CALL enthusiasts.• 1993: EUROCALL established as a

formal professional association.• History of EUROCALL

http://www.eurocall-languages.org/about/history.html


Histories of CALL

• Sanders R. (ed.) (1995) Thirty years of Computer Assisted Language Instruction CALICO Journal 12, 4.

• Davies G. (1997) Lessons from the past, lessons for the future: 20 years of CALL.

• Delcloque (2000) History of CALLICT4LT Module 1.4, Section 2.


CALL typology and phases

ICT4LT Module 1.4, Section 3

Warschauer (1996)Behaviouristic, Communicative, Integrative.

Bax (2003)Restricted, Open, Integrated.

http://www.ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-4.htm#typology


Dynamic obsolescence

Coren A. (1976) The sanity inspector:“A number of my contemporaries actually chose to

go into the Foreign Office: if they read Arabic at university, they were swooped on by Whitehall and sent to Japan; if they read Japanese, they were sent on a special FO training course to learn German, and subsequently placed in Kampala; if their predilection and brilliance were commercial, they were given posts where political expertise was the sole requirement; if they were geographers, they were despatched to found hospitals or advise on fowl pest. In short, as soon as they had completed the long and arduous process of learning something, it was no longer required. They were in a state of permanent dynamic obsolescence.”


Disruptive technologies

Christensen C. (1997) The innovator's dilemma:"A disruptive technology is a new technological

innovation, product, or service that eventually overturns the existing dominant technology in the market, despite the fact that the disruptive technology is both radically different from the leading technology and that it often initially performs worse than the leading technology according to existing measures of performance."


1970s: Prime 300


1985: Clef - semi-intelligent CALLWeb link


1980s-1990s: Simulations

•Montevidisco, 1983•Granville, 1986•London Adventure, 1986•EXPODISC, 1990•A la rencontre de Philippe,

1993


1986: Granville, Cambridge University Press


1992: Just grandma and meYouTube link


1993: The tortoise and the hareYouTube link


1993: The new kid on the block


1995: Who is Oscar Lake?Web link


1997: EncountersWeb link


1993: The Web

See ICT4LT Module 1.5, Section 2

• EUROCALL 93, Hull: no Web

• EUROCALL 94, Karlsruhe: some Web

• EUROCALL 95, Valencia: more Web

• Now: Web 2.0 - nothing but the Web!

http://www.ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-5.htm#theweb


2002: German Steps, BBCWeb link


2000s: Web 2.0

ICT4LT Module 1.5, Section 2.1

• Image storage and sharing• Social bookmarking • Discussion lists, blogs, wikis, social networking• Chat rooms• MUDs, MOOs and MUVEs• Podcasting• Video sharing• Animation tools - comic strips, movies

http://www.ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-5.htm#WEB2


Virtual worlds

ICT4LT Module 1.5, Section 14.2.1

• Davies G. (2009) Virtual worlds: a brief history. Preface to Molka-Danielsen & Deutschmann

• Randall Sadler, Background on virtual worlds• Colossal Cave Adventure, 1976• Multi-User Dungeon, 1978• Habitat by Lucasfilm, 1986• Active Worlds, 1995• Traveler, 1996• Second Life, 2003

http://www.ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-5.htm#secondlife

http://sl4calico.pbworks.com/Background-on-Virtual-Worlds

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVpulhO3jyc


Tour of the EUROCALL HQ in SLYouTube link


Where are we going?


Predicting the future

Sam Goldwyn,Founder of MGM:

I never prophesy – especially about the future.


Historic blunders

• Telephone: This 'telephone' has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us. Western Union internal memo, 1876.

• Radio: The wireless music box has no imaginable commercial value. Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular? Anonymous associates in response to David Sarnoff, Founder of RCA, urging for investment in the radio in the 1920s.

• Computer: I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. Thomas Watson, Founder of IBM, 1943.


1954 vision of a home computer


Fooled you!

The picture on the last slide is a spoof. It was created by Troels Eklund Andersen, a Danish technical support technician. He started with a picture of a mock submarine manoeuvring room, added an old TV hanging on the wall, a 1970's teletype, and threw in a picture of a hardware store owner from Ohio.


What is “normal” for you?

• Using email and the Web to keep in touch with people

• Online shopping• Online banking• Checking train timetables• Booking flight tickets• Making hotel reservations• Checking on the weather• Keeping up with the news• Using the Web as a library• Sending birthday cards via the Web• Ordering our milk and paying our milkman online


10 things that became obsolete in the last decade

1. Dial-up modems2. 35mm film3. Printed maps4. Audiocassettes and videocassettes5. Audio CDs6. Public payphones7. Fax8. Backing up data on floppies or CDs9. Receiving printed bills by post10.Losing touch with friends and relatives


The Gartner hype cycle


Enter the smartphone


Small is beautiful

• Shield & Kukulska-Hulme (2008) Mobile

Assisted Language Learning (MALL),

ReCALL Special Issue: 20, 3.

• Wired Magazine, 17 August 2010: The

Web is dead. Long live the Internet: http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/08/ff_webri

p/


The future is 3D: BBC Virtual RevolutionWeb link


Shared media at the EUROCALL HQ in SLYouTube link


What lessons have we learned?

• Levy (1997)

• Davies (1997)

• Decoo (2001)

• Felix (2003)


Levy (1997)

Computer Assisted Language Learning: context and conceptualization (1997)

“Data Driven Learning was the only new approach to language teaching that was cited by survey respondents as a direct result of the attributes of the computer. In other words, this approach has been conceived with the computer in mind.”

Total Cloze (Storyboard, Fun with Texts) could also have been mentioned.


Davies (1997)

Lessons from the past, lessons for the future: 20 years of CALL (1997)

• Don’t regard technology as the panacea.

• Learn from the past.

• Don’t neglect training in using new technologies.

• Choose hardware and software that will last a few years.

• Open up to new ideas. Use your imagination.


Decoo (2001)

On the mortality of language learning

methods (2001)

A methodology is quite short-lived - roughly

equivalent to the average career span of a

teacher. Publishers of ICT materials tend to follow

the current methodology.


Felix (2003)

Teaching languages online: deconstructing the myths (2003)

• Saves time – no.

• Saves money – no.

• Saves staff – no.

• It’s a more effective way of learning - maybe?

where have we been, where are we now, and where are we going? graham davies

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