what’s new in acl rehabilitation acl injuries...

Wilk - What's New in ACL Rehabilitation 2018

1

Kevin E. Wilk, PT, DPT, FAPTA

What’s New in ACL RehabilitationCriteria to Return to Play

ACL INJURIESIntroduction

• ACL injuries common in sports & strenuous work» So frequent that the seriousness

is often forgotten• Totally disrupted more than any

other knee ligament• 200,000 ACL injuries annually

Fu: AJSM ‘99 148,714 ACL surgeries in 2013 19 yrs: 58% increase in number ACL

surgeriesWilk: JOSPT ‘15

• Rehab has changed in the past 10 yrsEvidence Based Rehab Return to Normal Function

ACL InjuriesIntroduction

• Over 200,000 ACL injuries annually

• 62-66% sports related, usually non-contact – 70%

• Over 60% in males• 67% occurs in individuals

15-29 yrs of age• 26% occurs in 30-44 yrs• 7% occurs in individuals

above 45 yrs of age

Carey et al: AJSM ‘06

• Effects of ACL injury on running backs & wide receivers in the NFL players (N=33)80% returned to NFL playPerformance of those

returning – performance was reduced by 1/3

ACL InjuriesReturn to Play

78% of NBA players returned to play following ACL surgery

Of the players returning: 44% experienced a decrease in in standard statistical categories & player efficiency ratings

Busfield et al: Arthroscopy ‘09


2

2007 2018

Shah, Andrews, Fleisig: AJSM ‘10

• 49 NFL players underwent ACL/PTG63% returned to NFL play (31/49)Average length of time to return 10.8 mos• Age, position & number of procedures

not a factor in return rate• Players who had more than 4 yrs of

experience higher rate of return• Players drafted in first 4 rounds – higher

rate of return to play


3

How Do You Know When Your ACL Patient is Ready to

Run? Return to Sports?

How Do You Know When Your ACL Patient is Ready to Run?

Return to Sports?

Post-Op ACL Reconstruction Functional Screening Test

Return to Play Criteria

Sport Specific Testing LE1990’s ACL Testing

Subjective Patient Assessment

KT Test

Isokinetics

Hop testing

Agility Runs

Sport Specific Testing LE2001,07, 09,12, 16, ‘18

Subjective Patient Assessment

KT Test

Isokinetics

Hop testing

Front step down

Jump down

Agility L run

4 corners

Y balance

FMS (?)

Shuttles runs


4

AJSM ‘12

Isokinetic TestingInterpretation Data: 180°/s & 300°/s

Q PT / BW ratio:(1800/sec)Males: 60-65%Females: 50-55%

H/Q ratio: (180 0/sec)Males: 66-72%Females: 75% >

HPT / BW ratio:(1800/sec)Males: 40-43%Females: 37-40%

Isokinetic TestingInterpretation of Data

• Bilateral comparison75-80% ???

Endurance ratio (3000/sec)Extensors: 12% or lessFlexors: 9% or less

Acceleration rates (180 0/sec):QPT at .2 sec80% or greater PT

• Acceleration rates (1800/sec)HPT at .2 sec (females)


5

Return to Sports

Return to Some Form of Sports

82% (95% CI 73 to 90%)

Return to Pre-Injury Level of Sports

63% (95% CI 54 to 71%)

Return to Competitive Sports

44% (95% CI 34 to 56%)

After ACL Reconstruction:

Ardern CL et al. 2011

• Systematic review of 48 studies reporting return to sports of 5770 individuals after ACL reconstruction at mean follow-up of 41.5 months

Men > WomanSeasonal Sports > Year Round

What’s New in ACL Rehabilitation

Kinesiophobia

Kinesiophobia

Fear of movement/reinjury• “I’m afraid that I might injure myself if I play a

sport or exercise”

• Tampa scale for kinesiophobia

Woby et al: Pain ’05

• Interventions which improve self efficacy may improve knee function short term

Chmielewski et al: JOSPT ’08

Chmielewski et al: Phys Ther ’11

Lentz et al: JOSPT ‘12

Return to Preinjury Sports Participation Following ACLR

Why Didn’t They Return to Sports (n=42) Kinesiophobia* - more present in low level athletes – elite athletes

Instability*

31 patients responded they had instability 68%

Quad PT/BW ratio*

important test parameter

quads are shock absorbers

Wilk et al: JOSPT ‘94 correlation b/w QPT/BW

IKDC scores (15 pts difference)*

Knee effusion (present in 9 pts)* - 21%

Pain scale difference*

Tegner scale differences

JOSPT 2014


6

ACL RehabilitationLimb Confidence


Kinesiophobia

Perturbation Training

Perturbation Training to Enhance Neuromuscular Control

• Various levels of dynamic stabilityStability Mobility

Controlled Mobility Skill

Perturbation skill one of highest levelImproves clinical outcomes

Wilk: J Athl Trn ’99Fitzgerald: Phys Ther ’00

Must gradually progress to skill level drills !!

Perturbation Training to Enhance NM Control

Fitzgerald, Axe, Snyder-Mackler: Phys Ther : ‘00

• Perturbation training ACL deficient knee patients (athletes)

• 26 patients isolated ACL rupture

• Randomly assigned to group:» A standardized program

» Standardized program & pertubationtraining

Results: 91% pertubation group return to play (6 months)

50% standardized group return to play (6 months)

Perturbation Training to Enhance NM Control


7

Non-Operative Rehab Shoulder Instability

The Weekend Warrior

Knee Injuries – ACL +

The Weekend Warrior

Movements with Poor Stabilization What’s New in ACL Rehabilitation

Kinesiophobia


Linking LE & UE

Linking Arms & Lower Extremity What’s New in ACL Rehabilitation

Kinesiophobia


Linking LE & UE

Movements – Changing Directions


8

Movements & Change of Planes

Lateral Slides


Kinesiophobia


Linking LE & UE


Reactive Drills

Reactive Lateral Slides

Reactive Lateral Slides on Verbal

Movements with Stabilization


9

Movements with Stabilization Movements with Stabilization

4 Stages of Motor Skill DevelopmentIntroduction

Cognitive: new tasks & drills are introduced

Associative: time spent thinking about new tasks

Autonomous: automatic & efficient & develop skill

Refining: refines the task to level of perfection

Chmielewski TL: Principles of neuromuscular control for injury prevention & rehabilitation. 2007

Want to Reduce Re-Injury Rates

4 Things You Can Do !

Reduce Re-Injury Rate by 84%

Strict Criteria to Return to Sports

Grindem, Snyder-Mackler, Engebretsen, et al: BJSM ‘16

• Can we reduce re-injury rates in ACLR pts

• Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort Study

• 106 patients ACLR – 2yr FU

30% pts returning Level I sustained re-injury, 8% returning to a lower level (4x higher reinj rate)

Every month delayed returned to sports until 9mos – rate of re-injury was reduced 51%

More symmetrical quadriceps strength prior to return to sports sign. Reduced re-injury rate


10

Paterno, Rauh,et al: AJSM ‘14

• ACL reinjury rate following ACLR

• 78 subjects underwent ACLR – return to sports

15x greater 2nd ACL in subjects with ACLR if they return to sports during the first year

6x greater 2nd ACL injury in subjects returning to sports within 12-24 mos

Females ACLR 4x greater rate of injury 24 mos.

2x more likely to tear opposite knee ACL

30% athletes sustained 2nd ACL inj – 21% on contralateral side 9% opposite side

Functional Movement Screen FMS

Functional Movement Screen FMS

Y Balance Test

Post-Op ACL Reconstruction Return to Play Criteria

3 P Program:

Performance

Practice

Play


3 P Program:

Performance Training: performance training –

sport specific drills

plyometrics

agility drills

speed drills

sport specific drills (cutting, deceleration, etc)


11


3 P Program:

Practice situations: control practice

gradual increase time, intensity, reps

lower intensity to begin gradually increase intensity 50-60% 75% 80-90% 100%

return to practice game (game simulation)


3 P Program:

Play: return to competition

game situation

100% effort

Return to Play CriteriaWhat’s New

CATAPULT SPORTS DATABASE

• Acceleration 80 per player/day

• Velocity 80• IMA (inertial movement

analysis) 80• Player Load 70• Metabolic 70• Heart Rate 80

• TOTAL300-400 data points per

player per day

GPS Tracking

• Total distance• Max velocity• Player load• Explosiveness• High-speed yards• Inertial movement analysis (IMA)• Other (metabolic, HR)

20.16

18.55

19.18

19.47

19.55

21.05

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21

21.5

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000

7500

8000

8500

9000

TOTAL DISTANCE AND MAX VELOCITY

YARDAGE

MAX VEL

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2014 AV

G

3/23/2015

3/25/2015

3/27/2015

4/3/2015

8/26/2015

8/27/2015

PLAYER LOAD AND EXPLOSIVENESS

PLAYER LOAD

EXP RATIO0

5

10

15

20

25Hi Accels

Hi COD-R

Hi Decels

Hi COD-L

EXPLOSIVE CHANGE OF DIRECTION

20

26

18

28

25

19

15

17

25

18

23

16

21

20

0% 25% 50% 75% 100

2014 AVG

3/23/2015

3/25/2015

3/27/2015

4/3/2015

8/26/2015

8/27/2015

EXPLOSIVE C.O.D. & SYMMETRY

HI COD

HI COD


12

McGuine et al: AJSM ‘17• Sport specialization association with increased

risk of lower extremity injuries in adolescent athletes

• 1544 participants (Grades 9-12) 29 Wisc HS

• 2843 athletic seasons (2015-16)

15% sustained LE injuries (n=235) Ankle 34%, Knee 25%, Upper Leg Inj 12%

Sprains 41%, Strains 25%

Athletes with moderate to high sport specialization were more likely to sustain LEI

Reduce Re-Injury in Throwers

Slower to Return to Play

More Submax Throwing

More time in ITP -Mechanics

Strict Criteria to RTP/ITP

Objective Functional Testing

*%#^

Failla, Logerstedt, Grindem et al: AJSM ‘16

• Does extended Pre-Op Rehab Influence Outcomes 2 years after ACLR

• MOON & Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohorts

• 150 patients in each group

• Criteria based when reconstruction is performed

DOC group: strength training, ROM & NM drills

The DOC group had significantly higher Return To Sports rate at 2 yrs

12-15% higher scores (IKDC, KOOS)

DOC pre-op average

Neuroplasticity Following ACL Injury

• Rehab Implications:

Dual tasking

Blindfolded

Eyes closed

Stroboscope glasses

Visual elements


Kinesiophobia


Linking LE & UE


Reactive Drills

Neuroplasticity


13

Neuroplasticity Following ACL Injury

• Rehab Implications:

Dual tasking

Blindfolded

Eyes closed

Stroboscope glasses

Visual elements


Kinesiophobia


Linking LE & UE


Reactive Drills

Neuroplascity

Unbalanced Balance Training

Unbalanced Bar Balance Drills


14


Kinesiophobia


Linking LE & UE


Reactive Drills

Neuroplascity


Motion Capture


15


Kinesiophobia


Linking LE & UE


Reactive Drills

Neuroplascity


Motion Capture

Proprioception & Neuromuscular Control

Train Bilateral

• Not an isolated injuryInjury affects both extremities

For at least 3.6 mosWilk, et al: CSM ’03

Alters firing mechanism

Wojtys, Huston: AJSM ‘94

OVERALL

01

23456789

Init

ial

2 w

eeks

4 w

eeks

6 w

eeks

8 w

eeks

12 w

eeks

16 w

eeks

26 w

eeks

52 w

eeks

Open InvOpen Non

Closed Inv

Closed Non

ACL Injuries

Train the Uninjured Extremity Too!!

Hamstring Exercises


16


Kinesiophobia


Linking LE & UE


Reactive Drills

Neuroplascity


Motion Capture

Proprioception & Neuromuscular Control

Immediate Stimulation of Receptors

Co-Activation to Enhance Dynamic Stability

Stabilization FromABOVE & BELOW

Stimulation to Uninjured Extremity


17

Train the Uninjured Extremity Too!! Step Down Test

Drop Vertical Jump

what’s new in acl rehabilitation acl injuries...

Documents