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OSHA 30 Ergonomics OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education ERGONOMICS OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education o The study of work and the relationship of work to the physical and cognitive capabilities of people o Fitting the job (tools, tasks, and environment) to the employee, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job What is Ergonomics? OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education Ergonomics' Why it is important – Prevent Injuries Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD’s) o Injury to soft tissue caused by prolonged exposure to multiple ergonomic risk factors o Also referred to as Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) o Can affect back, shoulders, arms, wrists, neck, etc. OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education CTD Trauma Bucket Balanced Your Job Your Body Trauma Healing Valve OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education Your Job Your Body Trauma Healing Valve CTD CTD CTD Trauma Bucket Unbalanced OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education Financial Impact of Top 10 Workplace Injuries $$$$$$$$$ o Overexertion 12.5 Billions o Falls on same level 5.7 o Bodily reaction 4.7 o Falls to lower level 4.1 o Struck by objects 3.9 o Highway incident 2.3 o Struck by object 1.9 o Caught in 1.7 o Assaults and Violent acts 0.4

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OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

ERGONOMICS

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

o The study of work and the relationship of work to

the physical and cognitive capabilities of people

o Fitting the job (tools, tasks, and environment) to the

employee, instead of forcing the worker to fit the

job

What is Ergonomics?

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomics' Why it is important – Prevent Injuries

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD’s)

o Injury to soft tissue caused by prolonged

exposure to multiple ergonomic risk factors

o Also referred to as Cumulative Trauma Disorders

(CTDs)

o Can affect back, shoulders, arms, wrists, neck,

etc.

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

CTD Trauma Bucket Balanced

Your Job

Your Body

Trauma

Healing Valve

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Your Job

Your Body

Trauma

Healing Valve

CTD

CTD

CTD Trauma Bucket Unbalanced

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Financial Impact of Top 10 Workplace Injuries

$$$$$$$$$o Overexertion 12.5 Billions

o Falls on same level 5.7

o Bodily reaction 4.7

o Falls to lower level 4.1

o Struck by objects 3.9

o Highway incident 2.3

o Struck by object 1.9

o Caught in 1.7

o Assaults and Violent acts 0.4

OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Some Common Upper Extremity CTD’s

o Tendonitis—Tendon Disorder

o Tenosynovitis

o Trigger Finger

o Epicondylitis

o Thoracic Outlet Syndrome—Neuro Vascular Disorder

o Carpal Tunnel Syndrome—Nerve Disorder

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Types of WMSDs

Tendon disordersoTendons connect

muscles to bones.

oTendon disorders typically occur at or near the joints where the tendons rub ligaments and bones.

Applied Industrial Ergonomics

WMSDs

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Tendon and Tendon Sheaths

Synovial sheath

Tendon

Carpal ligament

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Tendinitis

Inflammation of the tendon

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the tendon

and the tendon sheath

Types of WMSDs (Work related musculoskeletal disorder)

Applied Industrial Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

a

MEDIANNERVE

CARPALLIGAMENT

TENDONSBONES

Types of WMSDs

Nerve disorders

oResult from nerve entrapment or pressure on the nerve either by muscle swelling and/or irritation by the surrounding tendons or muscles

o Impede blood flow, oxygenation, and nerve signal transmission

Applied Industrial Ergonomics

WMSDs

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Types of WMSDs

Neurovascular disordersoAffect both nerves and nearby

blood vessels

oMay lead to reduced circulation, resulting in less oxygen and nutrients to the muscles

Applied Industrial Ergonomics

WMSDs

OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Applied Industrial Ergonomics

Tendon Mechanics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Muscle Blood Usage

Resting Dynamic Static

Blood flowneeded

Bloodflow

supplied

Bloodflow

needed

Bloodflow

needed

Bloodflow

supplied

Bloodflow

supplied

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Risk Factors = Ergonomic

Hazards

Force

Posture

EnvironmentalMechanicalcompression

Repetition

Vibration

Duration/Staticexertion

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Risk Factors

oRepetitionoForceful ExertionoDirect Mechanical PressureoStatic PostureoInadequate Recovery TimeoAwkward PostureoEnvironmental Stressors

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Repetition – Force –Awkward Posture

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Based on Medical Definition of RepetitivenessOccasional - 1% to 33% of an 8-hour

workday is spent performing this task

Frequent - 34% to 66% of an 8-hour workday is spent performing this task

Continuous - 67% to 100% of an 8-hour workday is spent performing this task

OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Hand and wrist

Elbow

Shoulder

Neck

Back

Legs

> 30 Deficient postures or manipulations

Per minute

> 2 Deficient postures

Per minute

> 2 Deficient postures

Per minute

> 2 Deficient postures

Per minute

> 2 Deficient postures

Per minute

> 2 Deficient postures

Per minute

Risk factors

Repetition Frequency

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and EducationFlexed 45°

Extended 45°

Hands/Wrists

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and EducationRotated forearm

Elbow

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Arm raised 45°

Shoulders

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Sideways Twisted 20°

Neck

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Squat Kneel Unsupported

Legs

OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Repetition:

o Use power tools when available

o Change tasks or take a break from

repetitive tasks

o Follow job rotation policies where

applicable – effective job rotations

work alternate muscle groups

between successive job functions

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Repetition

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Vibration & Torque

o To lessen vibration:

• Pad tool handles with a soft compressible surface

• Use vibration damping (gel filled) gloves

• Select tools (hammers and chippers) with built in damping systems (springs/hydraulics)

o To lessen torque reaction:

• Use electric tools as opposed to air driven tools

• Use pulse tools or auto-shutoff tools

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Awkward postures and prevention options

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

When this employee picks up the 30 lb box, and his arms are fully extended, when

placing the box on the pallet. It places 300 psi 10 x the weight of the box on his spine.

•Off loading of 30lb boxes. 830 boxes/shift @ 30lbs = 25000 lbs / 2 operators, 6 tons

each, per shift.

The lift analysis shows @ 1- 30 lb lift every minute, is only acceptable for 21%

of your female work force.

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Improvement/ suggestion:

•Extend the slot conveyor over to the pallet/lift table.

•Eliminate the lift, and allow the operator to slide the box onto the pallet.

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

o Avoid overhead reaching and

kneeling when possible

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Awkward Postures

o Work near elbow height to avoid

bending excessive bending

OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Awkward Postures

Where awkward postures are

unavoidable, change tasks, stretch,

and take short breaks frequently

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Awkward Postures

o Select the correct tool handle orientation based upon work

surface height/orientation (when possible)

Primary Use Surface Orientation Select this tool type

Above shoulder

height

vertical surface in-line grip

horizontal surface pistol grip

Between elbow and

shoulder height

vertical surface pistol grip

horizontal surface in-line grip

Below elbow heightvertical surface in-line grip

horizontal surface pistol grip

Pistol grip In-line grip

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Force

When liftingo Get a secure grip.

o Use both hands whenever possible.

o Avoid jerking my using smooth, even motions.

o Keep the load as close to the body as possible.

o To the extent feasible use your legs to push up and lift the load, not the upper body or back.

o Do not twist your body. Step to one side or the other to turn.

o Alternate heavy lifting or forceful exertion tasks with less physically demanding tasks.

o Take rest breaks.OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

o Inefficient lever

Applied Industrial Ergonomics

o Uneven forces

o Leaky discs

WMSDs

o Unstable structure

Back Disorders

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Compressive Force Distributions

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

© 2003 Humantech, Inc. Applied Industrial Ergonomics

Back DisordersUnstable structureo Leaky discs

WMSDs

OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Spinal Discs Under Various Loads

Normal

loadAdditional

load

Uneven

load

Torsion

load

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

The Forces Involved

The amount of force you place on your back in lifting may surprise you!

Think of your back as a lever.

With the fulcrum in the center, it only takes 10 pounds of pressure to lift a ten pound object.

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

The Forces Involved

If you shift the fulcrum to one side, it takes much more force to lift the same object. Your waist acts like the fulcrum in a lever system, on a 10:1 ratio.

Lifting a 10-pound object puts 100 pounds of pressure on your lower back.

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

The Forces Involved

When you add in the 105 pounds of the average human upper torso, you see that lifting a 10-pound object actually puts 1,150 pounds of pressure on the lower back.

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

The Forces Involved

If you were 25 pounds overweight, it would add an additional 250 pounds of pressure on your back every time you bend over.

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

How to reduce lifting hazards: lift tables, vacuum lift assistance

OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Force

o Use mechanical lift assists and carts

when available

• Avoid manually handling heavy objects

(more than 35 pounds)

• Avoid carrying objects more than 100 feet

o Practice proper cart handling

• Push instead of pulling

• Use both hands when pushing

• Stand directly behind the cart when

pushing (avoid twisting your body)

• Maintain good control and limit speed

• Ensure cart is not overloaded

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Force

❑ A lift, hoist or other mechanical assistance

is unavailable

❑ The object is heavier than you are capable

of lifting alone (typically more than 35

pounds)

❑ The object is not heavier than what two

people are capable of lifting (typically less

than 60 pounds)

❑ The object is awkward or oversized.

❑ Any object that does not have its weight

equally distributed within the load.

❑ Remember some objects are too heavy

or awkward to be handled with two

people

A Two-Person Lift Is Appropriate When. . .

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Recurrent Back Injuries

o Back injuries are the most frequent and most costly work related injury

o In Ohio 16% of cases account for 80% of costs

o These are typically second injuries to the back

o We need a method to assess risk of a second back injury given the worker status and job characteristics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Static loading and Muscle Blood Usage

Resting Dynamic Static

Blood flowneeded

Bloodflow

supplied

Bloodflow

needed

Bloodflow

needed

Bloodflow

supplied

Bloodflow

supplied

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Static Loading:

o Avoid prolonged awkward postures

o Change the position of the work or your

body position to get as close as possible

to the work area

o If prolonged awkward postures are

unavoidable, use a “supported” posture

to compensate

o A supported posture uses part of your

body to support the weight of another

body segment that is in an awkward

position

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Static Loading

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomic Tips to Minimize Contact Stress

o Avoid pressure on palms, wrists, and elbows:• Use padding on hard or sharp surfaces

• Change your position to eliminate the stress

o Avoid pressure on knees:• Avoid kneeling on hard surfaces for

prolonged periods

• Use knee pads when kneeling tasks are unavoidable

OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Remember OHIO

Only Handle It Once

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomics Is a Process, Not a Program.

Applied Industrial Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Early Reporting of Ergonomic Issues

o Proactive Reporting:• Report suspected ergonomics risk factors to your

supervisor and safety committee representative.

o Early Reporting Process: • Report pain or discomfort associated with work to your

supervisor or other designated person.

o Benefits to Early Reporting:• Leads to early care and quicker healing, preventing

chronic problems.

• Leads to quicker identification of the root cause of the injury.

• Will initiate an ergonomics evaluation by trained personnel.

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Ergonomic Risk Factors

Repetition

Force

Static Loading

Risk of injury increases with:

o Prolonged exposure to any of these ergonomic risk factors

o Presence of multiple risk factors within a single job task

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Warm-up/Stretching o Benefits:

• Increases flexibility/elasticity of muscles

• Increases circulation to warm the muscles, improving mental alertness, reducing fatigue

• Decreases muscle tension and stress

o When to Stretch:• Prior to starting your day

• During short breaks (at least once per hour)

• After breaks or lunch to prevent fatigue

• If tension or stress is apparent

• After a lengthy task duration or an extended awkward posture

o The use of stretching is appropriate as part of a comprehensive ergonomic program. Stretching must not be used in place of engineering and or administrative improvements.

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Summary

o Minimize ergonomic risk factors in your area

o Pay attention to your body and know your physical limitations

o Report ergonomics issues through appropriate channels.

o Ergonomic injuries are preventable, and you own your own safety

OSHA 30 – Ergonomics

OSHA Oregon Office of Training and Education

Discussion/Questions?

References:

1. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Ergonomic Guidelines for

Manual Material Handling

2. Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Construction Ergonomics