What does a “Jewish State” really mean?

Peter LarsonChair, Education Committee on

Israel/Palestine

NATIONAL COUNCIL ON CANADA-ARAB RELATIONS

Two conflicting narratives:

“Israel is the only democracy in the Middle East”

“Israel is an apartheid state”

A little geography reminder….. Haifa

Acre

Presentation Outline

European Anti-Semitism and the Zionist ideaThe creation of IsraelModern IsraelPalestinian Israelis (or Israeli Arabs)Citizenship rights vs. national rightsConsequences:

Land Education Employment

Conclusions

The spread of Judaism

• European anti-Semitism has a long history

Evolution of the Zionist idea

•1895 Theodor Herzl proposes the idea of a Jewish State as the only way to protect Jews

•1914 – WWI – opposes Britain/France against Germany/Ottoman empire

•1917 Britain promises to create a “homeland” for Jews in Palestine “Balfour declaration”

•1921 – League of Nations gives Britain a “mandate” for Palestine

States and borders created by imperial powers after WWI

Jewish immigration into “mandate Palestine”

• Population of Palestine (1914)*

• 657,000 Muslim • 81,000 Christian• 59,000 Jews_____________TOTAL 800,000

* est. J. McCarthy

•Population 1931•760,000 Muslim•91,000 Christian•174,610 Jews•____________•1,026,000•* British Census, 1931

1937 – ‘45 The holocaust ‘38 – ‘47 Massive immigration of European Jews ‘31 -48” Jewish population triples (to estimated 650,000)

Nov. ‘47 – UN vote to partition Palestine the “Nakba” – expulsion of 750,000 Palestinians

May 15 1948 - Israel Declaration of Independence

May 1949 – Israel admitted to UN

The “Naqba” (Dec. ‘47 – Dec. ‘48)

Starting immediately after UN vote, in December ‘47, Jewish militias move to “liberate” Israel

by May 15th, 400,000 Palestinians expelled

the operation continues another 6 months - in total about 750,000 flee

Resulting in a Jewish majority

1947/48 - Palestinians driven out of most arable land

But the “Judaisation” was not complete

• Jewish troops only got 78% of former Mandate Palestine • they couldn’t get West Bank or Gaza • About 100,000 Palestinians remained inside Israel

Why?Jewish militias limited – too many PalestiniansAfter May 15th Arab countries intervenedHesitations of western powersNazareth an interesting special case

In the end:They became citizens of IsraelFor 20 years lived under military rule (1948 – 1967)

Where are the Palestinians today?

1. Refugee Camps(Lebanon,

Jordan, Syria)* 3.7 M2. West Bank 2.4 M3. Gaza 1.8 M4. Israel 1.5 M5. Diaspora 2.0 M

Total 11.4 M

* - there are also refugee camps in Gaza and the WB

Israel 1.4 M

Gaza 1.8 M

West Bank 2.4 M

Israel

• a booming, high tech, modern, European-type country• “start up nation”• GDP/capita $32K

Palestinian Israelis (or Arab Israelis)

• About 20% of Israeli population (1.4 million)

• 90% Muslim, 10% Christian• Citizens of Israel

• Passport• Right to vote• Represented in Knesset• State supplied education• Elect own mayors of

towns and villages• Eligible for Supreme Court

• Arabic officially recognized• Religious freedom• Surveys show they prefer to

live in Israel > OPT or Egypt Israeli Knesset – 13 of 120 Knesset members are Arab Israelis

Furthermore:

• Palestinian Israelis can: travel wherever they want inside Israel shop at the same stores, go to the same beaches, eat in the same restaurants as Jewish Israelisgo to the same universities

But Israel is a “Jewish State”•i.e. the State of Jews around the world, NOT the State of its Citizens

Implications:any Jew anywhere in the world can immigrate to Israel and automatically gain citizenshipMost of the land of Israel (97%) is held “in perpetuity’ for Jews

Israel makes great efforts to recruit Jews

No possibility for the refugees to return to their homes

While Israel actively recruits Jews

Laws supporting “the Jewish State of Israel”

• Laws explicitly based on race/religion

• Laws that permit official discrimination on the basis of race/religion

• Administrative practices based on race/religion House building permits Employment Education Government services, etc.

Lack of laws that make discrimination on the basis of race/religion illegal

Citizenship vs. ‘Nationality’

By law – every Israeli citizen has both ‘citizenship’ and ‘nationality’(e.g. ‘Jewish’, Arab, Druze, etc. etc.)’

• some rights come from citizenship

• other rights flow from ‘nationality’

• 75% of the citizens of Israel have the ‘jewish’ nationality

Some citizenship rights:• legal equality• the right to vote• the right to be elected• the right to be named a judge• the right to a passport and to travel• the right to travel anywhere inside Israel• free education K- 12

Some rights that flow from ‘nationality’• the right to own property on 97% of the land• where one can live• various state subsidies• Immigration law• quality of school system• access to best jobs

Israeli basic law defines Israel as "A Jewish and Democratic State”

“The State of Israel will affirm complete social and political equality for all its citizens, regardless of religion, race, or gender."

- Israeli Declaration of Independence

But there is little legal foundation for equality or human rights.

These two notions are often in conflict and the High Court often has to balance them.

Three small examples

1. Can an Arab Israeli live in a ‘Jewish Municipality’?

2 Can an Arab Israeli get a license to produce and sell eggs?

3 Do Arab citizens have a right to have a say in planning?

Example 1: Can an Arab Israeli live in a Jewish municipality?

93% of the land of Israel belongs to the state

Jewish communities have “admissions committees”

September 14, 2014

Yesterday, Israel’s Supreme Court dismissed a petition by Adalah: The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel.

According to Adalah, the court’s decision upholding Israel’s Admissions Committees Law, “entrenches racial segregation; 434 small communities in Israel, or 43% of all residential areas, will be allowed to close their doors to Palestinian Arab citizens of the state.”

Example 2Can an Arab Israeli get a licence to produce and sell eggs?

For the first time in history, Arab farmers hatch official Israel egg licenseSix Arab farmers who met the ministry's quality standards have now been chosen; others complain conditions make it financially not worthwhile. By Amiram Cohen and Jack Khoury | Dec. 28, 2011 | 1:50 AM

Eggs at a Tel Aviv restaurant, 2010. Photo by Nir Kafri

Example 3 – Do Arab Citizens have any right to have a say in planning?

Court Rules in Favor of Arab Planning RightsUpdate:June 13, 2013

The District Court for Administrative Matters ruled in favor of the Arab-Israeli residents.

Up until now, Arab citizens of Israel have not been represented in the State planning committees and divisions that decide upon planning and building laws.

- From ACRI website

Practical consequences - A tale of two towns: Kufr Qasm and Rosh Haayin

Introducing Rosh Ha’ayin

• Created in 1955 as a new Jewish municipality

Rosh Haayin is a Jewish municipality in Israel. It could be a gated community in California with checkpoints at the entrances.

I was surprised to see how segregated Israel is. Apart from a few “mixed” cities, no Jews live in Arab towns and no Palestinians live in Jewish municipalities

Arab Israeli village of Kafr Qasim

KQ appears rather over crowded

But not “poverty stricken”

Two neighbouring towns compared:Kefr Qasm vs. Rosh Ha’ayin

• Pop’n: 18,500• (Cf: 1931 census – 989)

• Founded (Ottoman empire)

• 100% Arab Palestinian

• Area• 9,1 km2

• Av. Income 3663 NIS

• Pop’n 35,500

• Founded 1950’s (on site of earlier Arab village)

• 99.7% Jewish (many from Yemen)

• Area• 24,3 km2

• Av. Income 8408 NIS

Figures from Israeli Bureau of Statistics, 2000 census

Two neighbouring towns compared:Kefr Qassm vs. Rosh Ha’ayin

• no

• no

• no

• none

• 70%

• no

• YES

• YES

• YES

• SEVERAL

• 100%

• Yes

• Municipal library

• Swimming pool

• Cultural centre

• Irrigated parks

• % paved roads

• Train station

How to explain the striking differences between the two towns?

Two neighbouring towns compared:Kefr Qasm vs. Rosh Ha’ayin

• Pop’n: 18,500• (Cf: 1931 census – 989)

• Founded (Ottoman empire)

• 100% Arab Palestinian

• Area• 9,1 km2 • Pop’n density: 2000/km2

• Av. Income 3663 NIS

• Pop’n 35,500

• Founded 1950’s (on site of earlier Arab village)

• 99.7% Jewish (mostly from Yemen)

• Area• 24,3 km2• Pop’n density: 1440/km2

• Av. Income 8408 NIS

Figures from Israeli Bureau of Statistics, 2000 census

Rosh Ha’Ayin is designated a “Jewish community”

– Admissions committee– Subsidies from Israel– Zoning is in its favour– Government offices, etc.

93% of Israel is now

“State land”

Socio-Economic Consequences Jews vs. Arabs inside Israel

Some examples:

Income (average income $/year) Jewish $31K Arab $21K

Poverty rate (families after transfers)Jewish 12.3% Arab 44.9%

Education (Qualification for matriculation certificate)Jewish 75.9% Arab 30.8%

Unemployment (Unemployment rate)Jewish 6.9% Arab = 10.9%

Civil service employmentJewish 94% Arab = 6%

All figures from Dirasat (Arab Centre for Law and Policy), ADALAH, and Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel

Education in Israel

• State supplied education K – 12 (“Bagrout”)

• Israel fares very well on international tests

• But… education is segregated: • Jewish schools (in Hebrew)• Arab schools (in Arabic)

Education for the Palestinian minority in Israel

Four major problems:

1.Inadequate funding

2.Poor outcomes

3.Curriculum

4.Barriers to higher education for Arabs

Poor quality education for Arabs…

• Funding 3 to 4 times more per capita for Jewish schools

• Poor outcomes - few graduate

Arab Israeli Curriculum

“The primary objective of education is to preserve the Jewish nature of

the state by teaching its history, culture and language”. – Israeli State Education Law 1953

The Arab Israeli school system does not teach Palestinian culture and history – it teaches Jewish culture and history

Barriers to higher education for Arab Israelis

• No Arabic language university in Israel

• Hebrew and English test• Few Palestinians on

faculty (<2%)• Psychometric exam• Subsidies to those who

have done military service• Justified on grounds that

Israel is a “Jewish State”

• Israel tolerant of dissent (e.g. occupy movement) but Arab Israelis seen as ‘5th column

• even peaceful Arab demonstrations often violently suppressed

• Arab MK’s often attacked by police in demonstrations

Peaceful demonstration over Gaza by Israeli Arabs in Nazareth broken up by Israeli police

Repression of Arab Israeli dissent

Objective: to protect the Jewish State of Israel

Provides for:•military tribunals to try civilians without appeal, •sweeping searches and seizures, •prohibiting publication of books and newspapers, •detaining individuals administratively for an indefinite period, •sealing off particular territories, and •imposing curfew, etc., etc.

• First introduced 1949• Re-voted every year by Knesset.

•Always a potential tool against Arab Israelis•Almost never used against Jews

Defense (emergency) regulations (1949)(= The war measures act)

Suppression of traces of Palestinian culture, history and identity

• Above – ruined Palestinian Bedouin cemetery in downtown Be’ersheva

• Right – Canada Park – built on ruins of a Palestinian village – all signage in Hebrew and English

Elimination of traces of Palestinian culture in Israel

Pervasive Racism

• 50% of Israelis think “Arabs should leave Israel”

• Petty exclusions• Professional

limitations• No legal remedy

because Israel is a “Jewish state”

Palestinian Israelis(A second look)

• About 20% of Israeli population (1.4 million)

• Citizens of Israel Israeli passports Right to vote Represented in Knesset State supplied education Elect own mayors of towns

and villages Eligible for Supreme Court

• Arabic an official language• Religious freedom• Surveys show prefer to live in

Israel

Store sign: Help wanted “after military service”

My conclusions

Bahai Garden on Mount Carmel, Haifa

• Israel is a European type country with high level of socio-economic development and a developed political structure and legal framework.

• It has some aspects of a liberal democracy

• Its declaration of independence declares that there shall be no discrimination on the basis of gender, religion, ethnicity, etc.

Conclusion 1

Conclusion # 2

• But Israel legally defines itself as a “Jewish State”.

• This allows preferential treatment for Jews - in education, employment, housing, land ownership and many other areas.

• Commonly (but not always) upheld by the courts

• This is the basic rationale for the proposed “Nation State” law

NOTE: Being Jewish has little to do with religion. Many Israelis are secular. But you are a “Jew” if your document says so, otherwise …

Conclusion #3• The Palestinian citizens of Israel struggle against a

different form of discrimination than that faced by those who live in the West Bank.

• There are no settler only roads, settlements or checkpoints

• But it is a legalized, institutionalized discrimination based on race/ethnicity/religion

Conclusion # 4• Israel’s Jewish majority can continue to “democratically”

vote privileges for itself as long as the refugees are denied their right to return

Conclusion # 5: Canadian support for the idea of Israel “as a Jewish state” is very problematic for anyone who believes in equality and democracy.

What does a “Jewish State” really mean?

Peter LarsonChair, Education Committee on

Israel/Palestine

NATIONAL COUNCIL ON CANADA-ARAB RELATIONS

The “Forgotten Palestinians”:The Israeli-Arab search for democracy and equal rights inside today’s Israel

Thank youPeter.Larson@nccar.ca

UN Proposal – Nov. 1947

Britain out – Palestine partitioned

• Accepted by Ben Gurion and Zionist Movement

• Rejected by Palestinians

• Over next 5 months, armed Jewish groups move to take over the country – several massacres of civilians, Haifa and Jaffa shelled with mortars, etc.

• Palestinian civilians begin to flee to the interior or Jordan, Lebanon and Egypt

• May 14th, 1948 Ben Gurion declares State of Israel. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians flood into neighbouring states.

• Neighbouring states armies attack Israeli forces to defend Palestinians

Map Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1935

Population of Palestine (1931)• 734,000 Muslims• 169,000 Jews• 85,000 Christians

1931 British Census of Palestine

• Palestinian population mostly agricultural

• About 20% lived in 3 or 4 major towns (Haifa, Jaffa, Lud, Jerusalem)

• The rest lived in hundreds of small farming villages

• Source: UN Special Committee on Palestine

When the dust settled…

• Israel created - controlling 78% of former Mandate Palestine

• 85% of Palestinians (750,000) are outside Israel and not allowed to return

• Israel now has a majority of Jews (600,000 Jews vs. 150,000 remaining Palestinians)

• Israeli Parliament democratically votes a series of “basic laws” including the confiscation of all the land belonging to refugees in the name of Jewish people

Abandoned, evacuated and/or destroyed Palestinian localities (comparative figures)

Reference Towns Villages Tribes Total

Morris 10 342 17 369

Khalidi 1 400 17 418

Abu Sitta 13 419 99 531

What happened to their villages?

Sabra Jews (born in Israel)

Jews from Europe and

America

Jews from Asia/Africa

Palestinian Arab

Others

Israel is a complex society of 7.6 million people – about 76% are Jewish