What do we feed livestock??? Major Nutrients Water Protein Carbohydrates Minerals Vitamins Fats and Oils Water Largest component of all living things Animals tissue is about 75% Regulates body temperature Perspiration Transports nutrients Involved in all biochemical reactions Proteins Major component of muscles and tissues Made up of amino acids Continuously needed to replace dying body cells Young animals need large amounts for growth Carbohydrates Composed of sugar and starches Provide energy and heat Make up 75% of most animal rations Main source: Corn Cereal grains Minerals 15 essential minerals: Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, etc. Example: calcium is needed in poultry for eggshell development Minerals are supplied by: Naturally Mineral supplements Mineral (lick) blocks Vitamins Needed in small quantities Need for vitamins varies from species to species Sources: Naturally found in feed Feed additives made from animal by-products Made by the body itself Fats and Oils Only needed in small amounts Improves: Flavor Palatability Texture Increases fattening and milk production Carriers of some vitamins Classes of Feed Concentrates Low in fiber Cereal grains Animal and Plant by-products Roughages (high fiber) Dry roughage is hay Green roughage includes pastures Silage is roughage fermented from green chop TDN Total Digestible Nutrients Concentrates are high in TDN Roughages are low in TDN What are the differences in feeding animals? Ruminants Ruminant Digestive System Ruminants Cattle, sheep, goats, deer Four compartments to their stomach Can eat more roughage in their diet Grass Hay Silage Green Chop Monogastric Simple Digestive System Monogastric Swine, horses, rabbits, humans Stomach has one compartment Rations must be high in concentrates Grains Corn Animals can not digest large amounts of fiber or roughage Poultry Chickens Turkeys Ducks Geese Poultry No true stomach Can not store large amounts of food Birds do not have teeth for chewing Food is swallowed whole Stored in crop Ground up in the gizzard Animal Science Terminology Cattle Terminology Steer: Male castrated before reaching sexual maturity. Heifer: Female that has not had a calf. Cow: Female that has one or more calves. Bull: Uncastrated male. Calf: Young Name Swine Terminology Barrow: Male castrated before reaching sexual maturity. Gilt: Female that has not had a pig. Sow: Female that has one or more pig. Boar: Uncastrated male. Piglet: Young name Horse Terminology Gelding: Male castrated before reaching sexual maturity. Filly: Female under the age of 3. Mare: Female over the age of 4. Colt: Male under the age of 3. Stallion: Male over the age of 4. Foal: Young name Poultry Terminology Pullet: Young Female Hen: Female laying eggs Cockerels: Young male Cock: Male Name Chicks or bitties: Young Name Sheep Terminology Ram: Male Name Ewe: All females Lamb: Young Name