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Page 1: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership
Page 2: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

What are leadership and management?

What are situational contingency

approaches to leadership?

What is implicit leadership?

What are inspirational leadership

perspectives?

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-2

Page 3: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Role of management is to promote

stability or to enable the organization

to run smoothly.

Role of leadership is to promote adaptive

or useful changes.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-3

Page 4: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Leadership

Process of influencing others to understand

and agree on what needs to be done and

how to do it; and

Process of facilitating individual and

collective efforts to accomplish shared

objectives.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-4

Page 5: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

“Great leaders are almost always great

simplifiers, who can cut through argument,

debate and doubt, to offer a solution

everybody can understand.”

- Colin Powell

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-5

Page 6: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Formal leadership

Exerted by persons

appointed (or elected) to

positions of formal

authority in

organizations.

Informal

leadership Exerted

by persons who become

influential because they

have special skills that

meet the resource

needs of others.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-6

Page 7: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Approaches to leadership

1. Trait and behavioral theory perspectives.

2. Attributional and symbolic perspectives.

3. Transformational and charismatic

perspectives.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-7

Page 8: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Trait theories of leadership

Assume that personality traits play a

central role in differentiating between

leaders and non-leaders, or in predicting

leader or organizational outcomes.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-8

Page 9: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-9

Page 10: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Behavioral theories

Assumes that leadership is central to

performance and other outcomes.

Focuses on leader behaviors rather than

traits.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-10

Page 11: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Michigan leadership studies

Employee-centered supervisors:

Place strong emphasis on subordinate’s

welfare.

Production-centered supervisors:

Place strong emphasis on getting the work

done.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-11

Page 12: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Ohio State leadership studies

Consideration

o Sensitive to people’s feelings and making things

pleasant for the followers.

Initiating structure

o Concerned with spelling out the task requirements

and clarifying other aspects of the work agenda.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-12

Page 13: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Situational Contingency Leadership

The effects of leader traits and behaviors

are enhanced by their relevance to

situational contingencies.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-13

Page 14: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Fiedler’s contingency model

Situational control

The extent to which a leader can determine

what his or her group is going to do, as well

as the outcomes of the group’s actions and

decisions.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-14

Page 15: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-15

Page 16: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-16

Page 17: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Fiedler’s model requires a match on

several parameters before leader’s

effectiveness can be predicted.

Good relations between the leader and the

members, AND

A highly structured the job, AND

Strong position power

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-17

Page 18: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

House’s path-goal theory of

leadership

Assumes that a leader’s key function is to

adjust his or her behaviors to complement

situational contingencies.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-18

Page 19: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-19

Page 20: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Directive leadership

Informing subordinates what should be

done and how to do it.

Supportive leadership

Showing care and concern for the

subordinates’ well being.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-20

Page 21: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Achievement oriented leadership Emphasizing challenging goals,

stressing excellence in performance

and showing confidence in people’s

ability to achieve goals

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Participative leadership Seeking, and seriously considering

subordinates’ input in before making

decisions.

13-21

Page 22: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Hersey and Blanchard Situational

Leadership Theory

Diagnose demands of the situation

Assess Readiness

The extent to which the follower has the ability

and willingness to complete a task.

Implement appropriate leadership response.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-22

Page 23: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-23

Page 24: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Graen’s Leader-Member Exchange

(LMX) theory

Emphasizes the quality of the working

relationship between leaders and followers.

Levels of mutual respect, trust, and loyalty

determine position in the leader’s “in

group” or “out group”.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-24

Page 25: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

In your current or former job, did your manager

behave the same way with each of the

people he/she managed?

A=Yes, B=No

If no, what was different about the relationships

between the manager and each employee?

13-25Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Page 26: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Substitutes for leadership

Makes a leader’s influence either

unnecessary or redundant in that they

replace a leader’s influence.

Romance of leadership

A symbolic view - attributing romantic,

almost magical, qualities to leadership.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-26

Page 27: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Leadership by Attribution

Inference-based

Leadership effectiveness is inferred.

It exists in the perceptions (attributions) of

others, particularly followers.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-27

Page 28: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Recognition-based prototype

A leader’s effectiveness may be based on

the evaluator’s conception of what

constitutes a good or effective leader.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-28

Page 29: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Charismatic leaders

Leaders who, by force of their personal

abilities, are capable of having a profound

and extraordinary effect on followers.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-29

Page 30: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Are decisions self serving?

Who wins and loses?

Have stakeholders been considered?

What is long-term impact?

Is there enough information?

Will this decision set a standard for all situations?

Will decision stand up

to CEO scrutiny?

Is the decision legal?

Would you want your

family or friends to

know?

Could you explain your

decision in a

courtroom?

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-30

Page 31: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Transactional leadershipInvolves leader-follower exchanges necessary

for achieving routine performance that is agreed

upon by leaders and followers.

•Uses contingent rewards to motivate followers.

•Identifies what must be done to accomplish the

desired results.

•Uses corrective action only when goals not met.

•Laissez faire style – avoids making decisions.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-31

Page 32: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Transformational leadership

Leaders broaden and elevate followers’

interests, generate awareness and acceptance

of the group’s mission, and stir followers to

look beyond self-interests.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-32

Page 33: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Dimensions of transformational

leadership

Charisma

Inspiration

Intellectual stimulation

Individualized consideration

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-33

Page 34: What are leadership and management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? What is implicit leadership? What are inspirational leadership

Charismatic/transformational

leadership is not uniformly better

Dark-side charismatics can have negative

effects on followers.

Effectiveness can be maximized when

used in conjunction with traditional

leadership.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13-34